A very good video indeed 👏

I think you meant india 😢

So the scamble for these vitriol types, going back, was downright je'ne se que

Indians produce alot of nitrates ,because their number was bigger ,thats why england waged war against them ,in the times of mhatma ghandi

In the years 1600-1800 ,the world was in a peeing race

Rameses: “Mansa Musa eat your heart out.”

Geotechnical Engineer from Ethiopia and great job from you

19:42 thanks, I hate it!

I lived in UP for twenty years and knew many copper miners. I knew several who worked underground as "cutters"....that is , they cut up chunks of pure copper which were too large to extract. It was not unusual to locate and chop up lumps the size of automobiles.....so, you might want to lighten up when you infer that the old boys were exaggerating.

"Funnel of Gold," Peterson, 1976. A brilliant and readable history, reprinting many actual contemporary accounts of the Spanish Gold Trade in the 16th to 18th centuries. It can be found on Amazon, probably, for copper-coated zinc pennies on the inflationary paper dollar. As a page turner, I could not put it down for it makes the Wild West look like a children's petting zoo. Excellent video, enjoyed the wry humor, and a superb summation of three hundred years of history in ten minutes.

Funnel of Gold, Mendel Peterson, 1975. This historical research book reads easily but makes the Wild West look like Mr. Roger's Neighborhood. It is a real page-turner, citing contemporary accounts from the 16th and 17th centuries. Probably available on Amazon for pennies (made of coated zinc). After I finished reading it, I turned to page one and started all over again. That good.

presumed by who? the conquerors? white wash is unnecessary, besides, teh torture devices employed by those presumers(presumpters?) are the some of the most heinous abuses of humanity that has ever been written, even way worse than the made up bible stories, and they claim they were doing it for some made up sky guy god. Stuff like using african slaves because the natives died in a week the donkeys in 2 weeks but african slaves lasted 3 weeks in their mines....so they used african slaves, in the name of god and jesus and all thats unholy and still usurping the planet.

Words have meaning: Iron DOES rust. A sword will snap, not shatter.

Mercury is like water from the rock. I’m convinced Mercury poisoning caused people to talk with gods.

This whole series is sooo amazing. It reminds me of a high quality educational shows on PBS. Thank you for producing! Viewing events in this angle, the materialistic consumption of commodity scale minerals to feed industry, simplifies history and makes it appear to move cyclically. It makes me view recent events differently, like Putin's recent conquest of Eastern Ukrainian electricity production and Crimean oil fields.

Sutulov

Native Americans did not practice Extractive metallurgy, they found copper in=situ

Another great video I wish I was enrolled there

Again the best videos I’ve seen on metallurgy and the history of the people involved with all of it excellent video

This video is absolutely great discussing the details of the alloying of the metals I’ve never seen that anywhere before just on this video boy I subscribed that’s for sure and saved it

Mining for good with our technology is difficult . Imagine ancients mining for the amount of gold they had . They had soooo much gold

I wish my partner; Bryan King was still alive to see what the place looks like now. I worked there for the Laborers AGC Education and Training Fund as an Assistant Underground Mining Instructor back in 2000-2005.

Silver was more precious to Egyptians

Thankyou really enjoyed that. I have to be honest I hadn't heard of Damascus till say a few year ago when purely by chance I came across the blade maker Sharup on you tube (love watching things being crafted but anway) so yeah looked up the cost of one and hmm yeah. Till 3 weeks ago I was in a gun shop and they had a selection of old damascus 3,5" outdoor knives for want of a better word so bought 2 for lets say dirt cheap took em home sharpened cleaned and dressed them And honestly I cannot stop gazing at the pattern once I start Sorry for the bad grammar and waffling On buy a nice Damascus you wont regret it lol

So many people that live in Michigan have never been in the UP. Some have never seen the bridge. The UP is so beautiful. I don’t know why they don’t go up there.

As a Latino young adult I feel so proud looking at this

These are absolutely delightful videos, thank you so much!

Iron working was independently invented in subsaharan Africa 4-5 kya around central-west Africa. It didn’t arrive by way of Nubia or Meroe or Carthage which all have much later carbon dating than subsaharan Africa. Blacks discovered iron smelting due to the process of making pottery using iron rich clay deposits that yielded iron as a byproduct. The rest was history. Little known fact. Jamaican ironworking slaves also were pivotal in the production of steel & wrought iron in the Cort process that was an invention on the level of the steam engine by James Watt according to the British government.

How did the feudal Japanese realize the ore was valuable, was there knowledge spread from China or the west?

This is randomly exactly the question I had in mind thanks

Lilly Tomlin?

<3

Interesting to think that Copper was in the pool of amino acid chains from which life first emerged.

This was a great effort by Xenia and all the faculty involved. Go Cats!

We should remember about carbon nanotubes and cementite nanowires in Damascus steel, they are important for it's amazing properties.

This is an awesome series. Highly recommend!

The Damascus steel is Orginally Orginated present day TELEGANA, Hyderabad Region south india, India.

Great series. FYI, Austria was the worldwide supplier of magnesium before the war, and then stopped shipments of this material to the USA and Allies when the war began. The USA had 55% of the world’s known iron ore, but initially could not increase iron production until alternative magnesium deposits were found. Magnesium block is used as smelter brick. Initially some deposits were found in Northern California, but later the largest deposits in the world were found north of Spokane in Washington State. Soon a large magnesium smelter was built there to allow construction of more iron smelters in the USA. Before WWI, the USA thought it had all the critical minerals it needed. After WWI, the USA realized it needed to create a catalog of what minerals it had, and its Allies, and its enemies. The iron deposits were like money in the bank that could be used in war. But USA didn’t realize that magnesium was so important. W/o magnesium, the iron could not be withdrawn for making iron at a faster rate.

Very interesting!

Great series! Awesome!

Awesome story and presentation!

How many years for a degree? What's the cost ... total?

my god,, this video is full of misinformation and badly researched history. And by the way, what they are passing as damascus steel images here are actually pattern welded steel examples

The narrator skipped a kneeling. Annealing did take place in some cases they would like fires beneath areas that are dug out in the minds, and then they would start hammering away. The heat would allow the metal to come off more easily. There is proof of this because they find the burn marks the charcoal another things they find the fire pit. But annealing to take place because some of the blades work too well done to of been just hammered into shape.

Thank you for covering this topic

I love your channel! These videos are so informative!! Thank you.

Ontonagon Ahn-Tuh-Nah-Gun. Not Ahn-Tuh-NAY-Gun

Excellent presentation, amn increibly important or people to unerstand.

now explain how the settlers in now usa had their own gun powder .... how the british ran out of gun powder, then who was mixing gun powder in early America ?

Metal supply not matching the overall size of the economy is a big problem with precious metal standards I had heard of running out of slaves as a reason for Rome's collapse, running out of gold may be related given such brutal and toxic mining methods