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Correct Answer: Option (b) Context: The Hindu Editorial- The idea of one nation, one election is against federalism. Explanation: One Nation One Election/ Federalism/ Existing Constitutional Scheme: Constitution of India- Article 168- For every State there shall be a Legislature. Hence Statement-II is correct. In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court declared that the States have an independent constitutional existence, and they have as important a role to play in the political, social, educational and cultural life of the people as the Union. The Constitution provides for a specific tenure for the State Legislatures, which is five years from the date appointed for the first meeting (Article- 172). A similar provision also exists for the tenure of the Union Parliament. Therefore, the introduction of a common election process would necessarily require alteration of the existing duration of a number of State Legislatures. This would go against the express language in the Constitution and be in violation of the view expressed by the Supreme Court in the S.R. Bommai case. Hence Statement-I is correct. Therefore, any such action that impinges upon the independent constitutional existence of a State by altering the duration of its Legislative Assembly would naturally be anti­federal and unconstitutional. Altering the duration of its Legislative Assembly would naturally unconstitutional, because under the existing Constitutional Scheme, a specific tenure for the State Legislatures is provided which is five years. Hence Statement-II is not correct explanation for Statement-I. Reference: The Hindu Editorial- January 23rd, 2024. cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf

Correct Answer: Option (a) Context: A joint project of the city government’s Delhi Jal Board (DJB) and the Centre’s National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), the Okhla plant is touted to be the largest Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the country with a treatment capacity of 564 million litres per day (MLD) Explanation: River Pollution: According to official data, the Yamuna water leaving Delhi at present is highly polluted, with the level of faecal coliform (microbes from human and animal excreta) nearly 640 times “the desirable limit”. To dilute these pollutants and increase the Yamuna’s flow in Uttar Pradesh, the authorities plan to release about 200 cusecs of treated water at the upcoming Okhla plant into the nearby drain at Abul Fazal enclave, which feeds directly into the river. The water treated at the upcoming plant will have a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 10 milligram per litre. BOD indicates the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while decomposing any organic matter present in a sample of water. Hence statement 1 is correct. The lower the BOD level, the better the quality of the water sample. Hence statement 2 is not correct. Sewage water with its high concentration of organic matter increases the BOD of the water body significantly. Sewage with a high BOD has high pollution potential if discharged untreated into a water course because it can result in severe depletion of the oxygen content of the water and thus kill aquatic animals such as fish which need oxygen to breath. Due to Sewage release into Yamuna River, after entering into Delhi, the river’s BOD levels are very high in Delhi. Hence statement 3 is not correct. Reference: The Hindu- Delhi Edition- Page 3- January 23rd, 2024. www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/uploads/report/21825b6af67a40eeb6e1d065d9e535d9.pdf

Correct Answer: Option (c) Context: Science Article- The Hindu- What is Mpemba effect? Explanation: Mpemba effect: The Mpemba effect, named after Tanzanian student Erasto Mpemba, who brought attention to this counterintuitive phenomenon in 1969, makes for curious observation. The effect is that hot water can freeze faster than cold water in similar conditions. While Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes had noticed the effect centuries earlier, the Mpemba effect caught scientists’ attention only more recently. Hence option (c) is correct. The "Bambi effect" is an objection against the killing of animals that are perceived as "cute" or "adorable", such as deer, while there may be little or no objection to the suffering of animals that are perceived as somehow repulsive or less than desirable, such as pigs or other woodland creatures. The Eagle effect describes a phenomenon in which bacteria or fungi exposed to concentrations of antibiotic higher than an optimal bactericidal concentration (OBC) have paradoxically improved levels of survival than at the OBC. The ostrich effect is a cognitive bias that causes people to avoid information that they perceive as potentially unpleasant. Reference: Science- The Hindu- January 22nd, 2024. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich_effect blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp3203-2021s2-u11/the-bambi-effect/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30448198/

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Correct Answer: Option (b) Explanation: • The Statue of Equality is a statue of the 11th-century Indian philosopher Ramanuja, located on the premises of the Chinna Jeeyar Trust at Muchintal, Ranga Reddy district in the outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana. It is the second tallest sitting statue in the world. • The Statue of Unity is the world's tallest statue, with a height of 182 metres located near Kevadia in the state of Gujarat, India. It depicts Indian statesman and independence activist Vallabhbhai Patel (1875 1950), who was the first deputy prime minister and home minister of independent India and an adherent of Mahatma Gandhi. • To travel from Telangana to Gujarat, the least number of interstate borders to be crossed is 2. (Telangana - Maharashtra & Maharashtra - Gujarat)

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Correct Answer: Option (c) Context: After Rajasthan Assembly election defeat, CLP met, passing a resolution for high command to appoint Leader of Opposition. To attain the Leader of Opposition position in India, a political party must have a minimum of 10% strength in the respective house of Parliament. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. The Leader of Opposition, a statutory post defined by the Salaries and Allowances Act, gained recognition in 1977, solidifying their roles in India's parliamentary system. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.

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Hello Aranya Majee, As the question is Asking How many of them are just present, the answer can be considered as (d). If the question is "How many of the above are mandatory ingredients of crude oil", Then your Answer Stands correct. I Appreciate your effort in analyzing the topic, Such deep research is one thing that can take you to place. All the best.

Correct Answer: Option (d) Explanation: Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon are any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibres, rubbers,solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals. Many hydrocarbons occur in nature. In addition to making up fossil fuels, they are present in trees and plants, as, for example, in the form of pigments called carotenes that occur in carrots and green leaves. More than 98 percent of natural crude rubber is a hydrocarbon polymer, a chainlike molecule consisting of many units linked together. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. There are four main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. paraffins (15-60%) naphthenes (30-60%) aromatics (3-30%) asphaltics (remainder) Hence option (d) is correct. Elemental Composition of Petroleum Although there is considerable variation between the ratios of organic molecules, the elemental composition of petroleum is well-defined: Carbon - 83 to 87% Hydrogen - 10 to 14% Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2% Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5% Sulfur - 0.05 to 6.0% Metals - < 0.1% The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium.

Correct Answer: Option (c) India- Bhutan: • Formal diplomatic relations between India and Bhutan were established in 1968. ▪ Hence statement 1 is correct. • The basic framework of India-Bhutan relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 1949 between the two countries, which was renewed in February 2007. ▪ Hence statement 2 is correct. • Trade: • The Gelephu project • The India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade, Commerce and Transit - which was first signed in 1972 and revised most recently for the fifth time in 2016 - establishes a free trade regime between the two countries. • The Agreement also provides for duty free transit of Bhutanese exports to third countries. • India is Bhutan’s top trade partner both as an import source and as an export destination. • India is the leading source of investments in Bhutan, comprising 50% of the country’s total FDI. • The King of Bhutan paid a visit to India in November 2023 during which he hinted at his plans for a Mindfulness City at Gelephu in southern Bhutan. It is to be like a Special Economic Zone to attract foreign investment and advance prosperity for that nation. Naturally, India, including its business entities, is expected to play a significant role in this effort.

(c) Only Three is the correct answer Please pin my comment

Asphaltics can be both present or not

Yes, paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics are all present in crude oil:

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Correct Answer: Option (c) ► Context: The Ernakulam Rural police seized 1.810 kg of MDMA ► 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetically produced drug is known among users as ecstasy. (also known as Molly) ▪ Hence Statement 1 is correct. ► MDMA acts as both a stimulant and hallucinogen, producing an energizing effect, distortions in time and perception, and enhanced enjoyment of tactile experiences. ► Adolescents and young adults use it to reduce inhibitions and to promote: Euphoria, feelings of closeness, empathy, and sexuality. ► MDMA is mainly distributed and sold in tablet form. MDMA is also distributed in capsules, powder, and liquid forms. ▪ Hence Statement 2 is correct. ► MDMA use mainly involves swallowing tablets, which are sometimes crushed and snorted, occasionally smoked, but rarely injected. ► Effect: ► MDMA mainly affects brain cells that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with each other. Serotonin helps to regulate mood, aggression, libido, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. ► Clinical studies suggest that MDMA may increase the risk of long-term, perhaps permanent, problems with memory and learning. ► In high doses, MDMA can interfere with the body’s ability to regulate temperature. On occasions, this can lead to a sharp increase in body temperature (hyperthermia), resulting in liver, kidney, or cardiovascular system failure, swelling of the brain, and even death ▪ Hence Statement 3 is correct.

Correct Answer: Option (c) Context: Ongoing issues between North Korea and South Korea. Explanation: Korean Peninsula: • The peninsula is over 900 km long and is located between the Sea of Japan, also known as the East Sea, to the east and the Yellow Sea to the west. • The peninsula is divided into two countries - the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).

Correct Answer: Option (b) Context: The death of the last male in 2018 made the extinction of the northern white rhino an inevitability. But already in 2015, a group of 20 scientists from five continents had launched an audacious and expensive project to rebuild the subspecies through in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In January 2024, the scientists announced the first-ever rhino pregnancy achieved by transferring a lab-made rhino embryo into a surrogate mother. It took 13 attempts for the breakthrough with a southern white rhino, a closely-related subspecies that branched away from the northern whites about a million years ago. Explanation: White Rhino: • White rhinos are the second-largest land mammal and their name comes from the Afrikaan’s, a West Germanic language, word “weit” which means wide and refers to the animal’s mouth. ▪ Hence statement 1 is correct. • Also known as the square-lipped rhinoceros, white rhinos have a square upper lip with almost no hair. • Two genetically different subspecies exist, the northern and southern white rhino, and are found in two different regions in Africa. ▪ Hence statement 2 is correct. • Southern White Rhino: ✓ The majority (98.8%) of the southern white rhinos occur in just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Kenya. ✓ Southern white rhinos were thought to be extinct in the late 19th century, but in 1895 a small population of fewer than 100 individuals was discovered in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. ✓ After more than a century of protection and management, they are now classified as Near Threatened and around 20,000 animals exist in protected areas and private game reserves. ✓ They are the only of the five rhino species that are not endangered. ▪ Hence statement 3 and statement 4 are not correct. • Northern White Rhino: ✓ The northern white rhino was once abundant across Central Africa, but staggering rates of illegal hunting for its horn have already led to its extinction in the wild. ✓ There are now just two northern white rhinoceros remaining in the world. Najin and Fatu (both female) live under constant protection from poachers in Kenya’s Ol Pejeta Conservancy. Sudan (the last remaining male) died on March 19th 2018, effectively rendering the entire subspecies extinct.

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Correct Answer: Option (d) Explanation: National Livestock Mission: -The Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of India is implementing the scheme of National Livestock Mission since the financial year 2014-15. -In view of the present need of the sector the NLM scheme has been revised and realigned from F/Y 2021-22. -The revised scheme of National Livestock Mission (NLM) aims towards employment generation, entrepreneurship development, increase in per animal productivity and thus targeting increased production of meat, goat milk, egg and wool under the umbrella scheme Development Programme. -The excess production will help in the export earnings after meeting the domestic demands. The concept of NLM Scheme is to develop the entrepreneur in order to create the forward and backward linkage for the produce available at the unorganized sector and to link with the organized sector. -The realigned National Livestock Mission will have following three Sub-Missions: Sub-mission on Breed Development of Livestock and Poultry Sub-mission on Feed and Fodder Development Sub Mission on Innovation and Extension Sub-mission on Breed Development of Livestock and Poultry: -Proposes to bring sharp focus on entrepreneurship development and breed improvement in poultry, sheep, goat and piggery by providing the incentivization subsidy to the Individual, FPOs, FCOs JLGs, SHGs, Section 8 companies for entrepreneurship development and also to the State Government for breed improvement infrastructure. -In the very recent modification, establishment of entrepreneurship for horse, donkey, mule, camel also added under this Sub-mission. --Hence option (d) is correct. Sub-mission on Feed and Fodder Development: -This Sub-Mission aims towards strengthening of fodder seed chain to improve availability of certified fodder seed required for fodder production and encouraging entrepreneurs for establishment of fodder Block/Hay Bailing/Silage Making Units through incentivisation. Sub-mission on Innovation and Extension: -The sub-mission aims to incentivize the Institutes, Universities, Organizations carrying out research and development related to sheep, goat, pig and feed and fodder sector, extension activities, livestock insurance and innovation. Under this sub-mission, assistance will be provided to the central Agencies, ICAR Institutes and University farms for applied research required for development of the sector, extension services including promotional activities for animal husbandry and schemes, seminars, conferences, demonstration activities and other IEC activities for awareness generation. -Assistance will also be provided for livestock insurance and innovations.

Prelims Knack - Think and Learn - History - Lalita Kala Akademi Correct Answer: Option (a) ► Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Art), New Delhi was inaugurated on 5th August 1954 by the then Minister for Education, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and was registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, on 11th March 1957. -- Hence statement 1 is incorrect. ► The Lalit Kala Akademi is not a discriminatory body-it has projects and programs not only for folk and tribal artists but also for promoting and propagating these genres among modern and contemporary artists across various platforms. -- Hence statement 2 is incorrect. ► The National Exhibition of Art is the most prestigious annual event of the Lalit Kala Akademi. Begun in 1955, it is directed towards showcasing and representing visual advances in the year. Through the years the National Exhibition has evolved, keeping abreast of developments and alterations along the years. -- Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Very Useful from UPSC mains point of view

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