Great thanks 🙏🙏🙏🙏

very helpfullllllllllllll...........

understood easily

I've been stuck in this concept for whole 2 days, searching the whole internet, going through books, interpreting my own flow charts but none seemed to help me even a bit. On the contrary, the doubt grew further. Until, I found this video. I let out a deep sigh of contentment after watching this video. I thank you from the bottom of my heart. I wish you grow more and keep helping us with such amazing contents like that. Thank you✨

So helpful ❤

very useful🎉🎉🎉🎉 🎉

Messy conceptions changed into clear One . Tysm 🙂👍

Sir, need videos on metagenomic sequencing and different PCR techniques

perfect

Thanks its the best lecture for med exams

Waaw

Thank you for this amazing explanation ❤️

I need you to come replace my doctors

Suppress CD4 and CD8 in any cancer cell and expose that cancer cell to a robust killer T cell and the killer T cell should recognize the the cancer cell as non self and destroy the cancer. Immunotherapy

Awesome video.Thank You

Why do you stopped making such great and useful videos😢❤

Thank you ma'am

your explanation is amazing! thank you so much i wouldnt have understood anything from my textbook

Best video.... Explained excellently ... Best teacher!!

The best❤

Thank you, it is a wonderful explanation

Hai D

Clearly Explained!

It was easy to understand. thank you.

Thank you so much 💓 💗 💛 💖 ☺️ ♥️

Thanks so much ❤❤❤

How simplified you made it!

Yes sir your lecture was completely helpful

This is an amazing lecture. Perfect explanation 👌

😊😊

this video is so clear, amazing stuff, thank you so much!

Best explanation hands down

Excellent explanation 👏

❤❤❤❤❤

❤❤❤❤

Absolutely the best ❤❤❤

8 still can't believe that I just understood that 😮😮

is this an alien class for humans?

I like the voice of the speacker is calm and clear

Thanksssss

Thank you madam😇🙏🏻

The voice is not good 😢

T cell activation is a carefully orchestrated process in which T cells, a type of white blood cell in the immune system, become equipped to recognize and fight specific pathogens (like viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells). The activation involves several key steps: Antigen Presentation: When a pathogen enters the body, immune cells called antigen-presenting cells (APCs)-like dendritic cells-detect it and engulf it. Inside these cells, the pathogen is broken down into small fragments called antigens, which are then displayed on the cell surface, attached to a molecule called MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Engagement with T Cells: The APCs travel to lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes, where naive T cells (T cells that haven't encountered their specific antigen yet) circulate. T cells have receptors on their surfaces (T cell receptors, or TCRs) that can recognize specific antigens presented by the MHC on the APCs. Only the T cells with a TCR that matches the presented antigen will respond. Signal 1 and Signal 2 (Costimulation): T cell activation requires two main signals. Signal 1: The TCR on the T cell binds to the antigen-MHC complex on the APC. This is the first signal that tells the T cell that it has recognized something foreign. Signal 2 (Costimulatory Signal): To prevent accidental activation, T cells also need a secondary signal from other molecules on the APC surface, called costimulatory molecules (like CD80/86 binding to CD28 on T cells). Both signals together confirm the presence of a real threat, ensuring the T cell is fully activated. Proliferation and Differentiation: Once activated, the T cell begins to proliferate, or multiply, creating a large population of cells specific to that pathogen. During this expansion, T cells differentiate into various types, such as: Helper T cells (Th cells), which secrete cytokines to coordinate and stimulate other immune cells. Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), which directly kill infected cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help prevent excessive immune responses that could damage healthy tissue. Effector Phase: These activated T cells now seek out infected or abnormal cells displaying the specific antigen and eliminate them. Helper T cells support the immune response by releasing cytokines, while cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by releasing enzymes that trigger cell death (apoptosis). Formation of Memory T Cells: After the infection is cleared, some of the T cells remain in the body as memory cells. These cells “remember” the pathogen, enabling a faster and stronger response if the same pathogen enters the body again in the future. In summary, T cell activation is a tightly regulated, multi-step process designed to identify specific pathogens and mount an effective immune response, ensuring both immediate protection and future immunity through memory T cell formation.

thank u very much

真的可以治療癌症嗎？

Thank you so much. This really helped me understand haploid and diploid cells. Appreciate it

Well explained , awsome work❤❤