In my opinion, the growing use of visual communication and digital tools makes it simpler to present complex information in a more interesting and accessible ways. Thus, it helps make complex data more accessible to non-expert audiences. In addition, I think Websites are the most popular ways of dissemination due to their ease of use, ability to store detailed information, and ability to provide continuous updates.

90% confidence E = 1.46 Lower limit = 30.54 Upper limit = 33.46 Therefore, it means that we are 90% confident that the population mean score is between 30.54 and 33.46 98% confidence E = 2.06 Lower limit = 29.94 Upper limit = 34.06 Therefore, it means that we are 98% confident that the population mean score is between 29.94 and 34.06 P = 0.75, it means that 75 out if 100 , null hypothesis will be true t statistics of the data (t) is equal to 1.4433

Confidence Interval (Exercise): 2) 90% confidence - Margin error, E = 1.46 - Lower limit = 30.54 - Upper limit = 33.46 - Therefore, it means that we are 90% confident that the population mean score is between 30.54 and 33.46 3) 98% confidence - Margin error, E = 2.06 - Lower limit = 29.94 - Upper limit = 34.06 - Therefore, it means that we are 98% confident that the population mean score is between 29.94 and 34.06 P value in null hypothesis (Exercise): - when P = 0.75, it means that 75 out if 100 , null hypothesis will be true Exercise 3: - the t statistics of the data (t) is equal to 1.4433

Exercise 1: ii) 90% confidence= mean score is between 30.55 and 33.45 iii) 98% confidence= mean score is between 29.972 and 34.028 When P value=0.75: 75 out of 100, the null hypothesis of 75 times will be true Exercise 3: t=1.44

Sir, for the 2.1 we dont have to divide it with the sum of all (x) values is it? As we are finding the mean?

Ok dr thank you very much. I hope you have a nice day.

f2= 2.27MPa

Since the fugacity of gas in any system is a measure of the difference between its chemical potential in that system and its chemical potential in its hypothetical ideal gas standard state at the same temperature, fugacity is applied instead of chemical potential.

2.27Mpa

The highlights are: 1. Gibbs Energy as criterion for chemical equilibrium 2. Partial molar quantities 3. Gibbs-Duhem Equation

f2=2.27MPa

Water fugacity at 250°C and 2.5Mpa is 2.27MPa.

Poor Recording and bad interpretation.

f2 = 2.2737 MPa

f2 = 2.274 MPa

f2=2.27MPa

Three highlights are: 1. Gibbs Energy as criterion for chemical equilibrium 2. Partial molar quantities 3. Gibbs Duhem equation

Three important highlights of this chapter : 1. Gibbs energy as criterion for chemical equilibrium. 2. Polar mixture quantities. 3. Total functions and Partial Molar functions : The Gibbs-Duhem equation

Highlights: 1. Chemical potential 2. Partial molar quantities 3. Gibbs-Duhem Equation

f2 = 2.27Mpa

f2= 2.27MPa

f2= 2.27MPa

Fugacity is used instead of chemical potential because there are two limitations for chemical potential. The limitations are (1) as the mole fraction of species i goes to zero, that is, infinite dilution, and (2) as the pressure goes to zero, that is, the ideal gas limit. In both these cases, the value of chemical potential goes to negative infinity. Fugacity is introduced instead of chemical potential to overcome the limitations of chemical potential.

f2=2.27 MPa

fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant. It is equal to the pressure of an ideal gas which has the same temperature and molar Gibbs free energy as the real gas.

2.27 MPa

The value of fugacity is 2.27MPa.

Fugacity is a thermodynamic property of a real gas which if substituted for the pressure or partial pressure in the equations for an ideal gas gives equations applicable to the real gas.

f2=2.274MPa

The fugacity of water at 250-degree celsius and 2.5MPa is 2.2737 MPa.

Fugacity is an alternative to chemical potential as it plays the same role in real gases that partial pressure plays in ideal gases. The concept of fugacity goes beyond gases and the equation is valid for an isothermal change from the reference state chemical potential to that of the system for all real spaces. Whereas the chemical potential has two very important limits which are the mole fraction of species i goes to zero which is infinite solution and the pressure goes to zero which is the gas limit. In both cases, the value of chemical potential goes to negative infinity.

f2=2.27Mpa

f2= 2.27 MPa

f2= 2.27MPa

f2 = 2.27 MPa

f2 = 2.27Mpa

f2 = 2.274 MPa

f2=2.27MPa

The fugacity is most useful in mixtures. It does not add any new information compared to the chemical potential, but it has computational advantages. As the molar fraction of a component goes to zero, the chemical potential diverges but the fugacity goes to zero. Besides, the fugacity is uesd instead of chemical potential because as the pressure goes zero, the value of chemical potential goes to negative infinity, that is the ideal gas limit. Fugacity is not restricted to gas phase. It applies to liquid and solid as well. In addition, there are natural reference states for fugacity (for example, an ideal gas makes a natural reference state for gas mixtures since the fugacity and pressure converge at low pressure). The fugacity of a gas in any system is a measure of the difference between its chemical potential in that system and its chemical potential in its hypothetical ideal-gas standard state at the same temperature. The chemical potential of A in a particular system, μA , is the change in the Gibbs free energy when the amounts of the elements that form one mole of A pass from their standard states as elements into the (very large) system as one mole of substance A .

f2 = 2.27 MPa

f2 = 2.27MPa

Fugacity (alternative to chemical potential) for chemical equilibrium. It is a measure of the difference between chemical potential (hypothetical ideal gas standard state) at the same temperature or isothermal condition.

Answer: f2 = 2.27 MPa.

Chemical potential can be described as a mathematical problems which has two limits: 1. infinite dilution (as mole fraction of I species goes to zero) 2. Ideal gas limit (as pressure goes to zero). The fugacity of a gas in any system is a measure of the difference between its chemical potential in that system and its chemical potential in its hypothetical ideal-gas standard state at the same temperature.

Fugacity is an alternative to chemical potential to write the criteria for chemical equilibrium between species. Fugacity is a measure of the difference between chemical potential in the hypothetical ideal gas standard state at isothermal condition and the chemical potential in the system. Fugacity is more amenable to engineering calculations.

Highlights: -chemical potential -gibbs-duhem equation -thermodynamics of mixture -pure species phase equilibrium

Fugacity is in the dimension of pressure and it is a kind where the pressure is effective. This means that fugacity is the pressure required by the hypothetically ideal gas to achieve the same chemical potential of the real gas.

Fugacity is used instead of chemical potential because of fugacity enables modeling of the behavior of real gases using thermodynamics relationships. Equation of state establishes a relationship between pressure, temperature, and volume (PVT) in its chemical potential . Therefore, fugacity is undoubtedly one of many ways to get around the mathematical anomalies of the chemical potential for its component.

Fugacity is used instead of chemical potential because there are two limitations for chemical potential. The limitations are (1) as the mole fraction of species i goes to zero, that is, infinite dilution, and (2) as the pressure goes to zero, that is, the ideal gas limit. In both these cases, the value of chemical potential goes to negative infinity. As fugacity is a measure of the difference between the molar Gibbs free energy of a real gas at pressure P, and that of the pure gas in its hypothetical ideal-gas standard state at the same temperature, fugacity is used instead of chemical potential to overcome with the limitations of chemical potential.

Chemical potential can be described as a mathematical problems which has two limits: 1. infinite dilution (as mole fraction of I species goes to zero) 2. Idealgas limit (as pressure goes to zero). Hence, we can said that chemical potential is only valid for ideal gas but not real gas. However, fugacity, which can be described as "corrected pressure", can be used to express the role of "partial pressure" in the ideal gas for the real gas. To conclude, fugacity is applied instead of chemical potential because the fugacity of a gas in any system is a measure of the chemical potential difference of gas in that system and its chemical potential in its hypothetical ideal gas standard state at isothermal condition.