Depression has been a challenging journey, but the therapeutic benefits of mushrooms has been transformative, with other psychedelics like DMT and LSD are also playing a key role in my healing and personal growth.

U.S. flagAn official website of the United States government Here's how you know NIH NLM LogoLog in Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation AdvancedHelpDisclaimer By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed. Cover of Basic Neurochemistry Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition. Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders Jack D Barchas and Margaret Altemus. Author Information and Affiliations Authors Jack D Barchas and Margaret Altemus. Affiliations 1 Correspondence to Jack D. Barchas, Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10026. Go to: Biogenic amines have been important in hypotheses of mood disorders The catecholamine hypothesis of depression was an important organizing step that helped to define modern biological research in psychiatry [22-24]. It states that depression is caused by a functional deficiency of catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine (NE), whereas mania is caused by a functional excess of catecholamines at critical synapses in the brain. This hypothesis was based on a correlation of the psychological and cellular actions of a variety of psychotropic agents. Other biogenic amines in the brain have also been linked to depression and mania with the development of monoamine or biogenic amine hypotheses. These amines have included the indolamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and two catecholamines in addition to NE, dopamine (DA) and epinephrine. Go to: A number of strategies are used to investigate neuroregulators in mood disorders Several strategies have been used to examine the role of monoamines in the mood disorders. Precursor loading entails administering precursors of biogenic amines to subjects to raise monoamine concentrations in the brain. The serotonin precursors l-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), with or without concomitant antidepressant medication, and the catecholamine precursors tyrosine and levodopa have been attempted as therapeutic regimens. None of these compounds is in routine clinical use for mood disorders. Blockers of neurotransmitter degradation, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, have also been employed, as described below. See Chapters 12 and 13 regarding the metabolism and synaptic effects of these amines. Another approach has been to deplete amines by dietary means or by administering inhibitors of enzymes involved in the formation of biogenic amines. Although dietary depletion of tryptophan, the serotonin precursor amino acid, does not change mood in unmedicated depressed subjects, this procedure produces a relapse of depression in recovered subjects who have been treated with antidepressant medication or light therapy. Dietary tryptophan depletion also can induce depressive symptoms in subjects with a family history of depression but not in control subjects. Similarly, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, lowers levels of 5-HT and has been found to reverse the antidepressant effects of imipramine but to have no effect on mania. A competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), which lowers levels of catecholamines, also has been reported to worsen depression in some previously depressed patients treated with antidepressant medication. In addition, AMPT appears to improve mania in some patients. These intriguing findings are the subject of ongoing research. Another important strategy has involved studies of the metabolites of the neuroregulators by determination of their concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood or urine. There has generally been considerable inconsistency in such studies, but this may reflect not only the fact that such methods involve a summation of many events in many areas of the brain but also that the bulk of monoamine transmitters released at synapses does not spill over into the CSF or peripheral circulation. Techniques have been developed, based on radiolabeled tracers, to more accurately estimate synaptic spillover of catecholamines under different conditions. These studies have shown enhanced plasma noradrenergic activity in patients with severe agitated depression. Additional difficulties arise from the necessarily small number of subjects in these sampling studies and the likelihood of substantial clinical heterogeneity with possibly multiple disorders presenting as common syndromes. Go to: Catecholamine hypotheses remain important for depression and mania The norepinephrine-deficiency hypothesis of depression had several roots: one observation concerned the natural alkaloid reserpine. Treatments involving reserpine had been used in India for centuries as a treatment for mental illness. Beginning in the 1950s, reserpine was used more widely for the treatment of hypertension and schizophrenia. It was noted that, in some patients, reserpine caused a syndrome resembling depression. Animals given reserpine also developed a depression-like syndrome, consisting of sedation and motor retardation. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that reserpine caused the depletion of presynaptic stores of NE, 5-HT and DA. While it is now recognized that depression is relatively uncommon following reserpine administration, the drug had a key role in the development of psychopharmacology and was a powerful impetus to the study of the biochemistry of neuroregulators in the brain. In contrast to reserpine, iproniazid, a compound synthesized in the 1950s for the treatment of tuberculosis, was reported to produce euphoria and hyperactive behavior in some patients. It was found to increase brain concentrations of NE and 5-HT by inhibiting the metabolic enzyme MAO. Iproniazid as well as other MAO inhibitors were soon shown to be effective in alleviating depression. The clinical and cellular actions of tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, were considered to support the monoamine hypothesis of mood disorders. These drugs, resulting from a modification of the phenothiazine nucleus, were found to alleviate depression consistently, as did the MAO inhibitors. Their major cellular action is to block the reuptake by presynaptic terminals of monoamine transmitters, thereby, presumably, increasing the concentration of monoamines available to interact with synaptic receptors. Thus, the actions of reserpine, MAO inhibitors and tricyclics were initially thought to be consistent in supporting the monoamine hypothesis. Inconsistencies arose, however. The pharmacological activities of several other clinically effective compounds are difficult to reconcile with the monoamine hypothesis. Several antidepressant agents do not significantly inhibit MAO or block the reuptake of monoamines. The antimanic agent lithium (discussed below) can also be used to treat depression, yet it does not chronically increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines. Conversely, cocaine, a potent inhibitor of monoamine reuptake, has no antidepressant activity. More detailed examination of the actions of reserpine, MAO inhibitors and tricyclics also reveals inconsistencies among their actions. Reserpine induces depression in only about 6% of patients, an incidence quite similar to the estimated incidence of depression in the general population. More importantly, the cellular effects of MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants on catecholamines are immediate, yet their clinical antidepressant effects develop quite slowly, generally over 2 to 6 weeks.

just really need some hug right now.. having financial problem is just not easy. I thought my youtube channel can help but it only makes 3 $ a month. Why life like this

Does it cause confusion

I’m a med school student yet my senior profs undermine migraines. Really lack the much needed awareness. My solidarity with fellow migraine sufferers.

Great video! Planet Ayurveda's natural remedies for migraine are the best.

Very difficult to find help when insurance won’t pay.

Dr Aboda network on KZbin support ASD kids the supplement are very effective & active. No more speech delay great improvement, communication understanding eye contact we still in the program

If i would've been told the after effects of this i would've never dine it. I was sold on this surgery after being told having this would eliminate meds. I thought great and got it done. After, I'm at the dr like every 2 weeks, have trouble walking more than ever, having moments where my legs literally give out and i feel paralyzed. Told after the surgery that I'll be on meds for life. They asked who told me no more meds and that dr of course left the hospital to work somewhere else. If i was well educated on the after and not just the promise of ending this nightmare i would've never done the surgery ...

I've been a medic since 2010 and currently work in an Integrated Mental Health clinic where I provide Ketamine, Spravato, and TMS treatment modalities. This stuff is the real deal. Ketamine is life changing for some of these patients and I truly wish the FDA would approve insurance to cover it. Eliminate barriers and help more people, that's what every government agency should prioritize.

Migrane varies from person to person. I am facing right side headache after my jaundice, whenever I keep myself starving or spend on sleepless nights, headache gets triggered.. I recently consulted Dr and he asked me to work on GUT Health and cleanse liver with detox drinks .. I swear I am better now .. its been more than a month I have nt come across migraine.. And I ll be continuing to do this for my lifetime to take care of my Gut health

REALITY IS A PROCESS -- AN INTERACTION BETWEEN CONSCIOUS AGENTS 546 NEWBORN -- Q 546 WORLDS -- P 546 ILLUMINA -- O 546 GOD SEVEN -- N 546 VITAMIN C -- M 546 THE ANGELS -- L 546 PRIME DAY - K 546 NEUTRAL -- J 546 BLUE WAVE -- I 546 TETRIS -- H 546 RADIATION -- G 546 STARGATE -- F 546 BATTERY -- E 546 SPIRIT -- D 546 FAIRNESS -- C 546 MIRROR -- B 546 FUTURE -- A E ` V ` O ` L ` U ` T ` I ` O ` N E • V • O • L • U • T • I • O • N 444 English Gematria

Hello, I think you will be recvered. I wish You the best. I try to give some suggestion: 1. Wear the glasses, do not deal with what people said and which is nicer. 2. It is not the best way if you wants to contact lens. 3. Under 18 years old go to your doctor every year and pay attention to her/him suggstion. 4. Try to solve it covering your eye all days during 3- 4 hour. 5. After 18 years old you should go to the doctor who deal with adult' s strabismus too. 6. If you buy glasses, it is the best if you choose springy and strong frame. Just after it try to deal with the fashion. 7. You need patient, and big force, you should reach the recovering. 8. Vision therapy an opportunity next to the doctor consultations. 9. Try to trust in your doctor, if you talk about operation, because it is not just cosmetic things. I wish the best. I try to talk about what I know it. In my life there are 20- 25 years job to reach getting better. 10. If you will be adult, you should pay attention to the adult eye- problem too. (reading, computer- using and so on. If you go to doctor in your childhood, you should not be afraid of your adult eye-life. Have the best experiences. Bye

Great info, thanks !

The Great Dr. Aboda On KZbin has the best remedies & supplement 4 Autism kids. My son has really improve in communication language. #draboda

My favorite video

Why would you have flashing images in a migraine report? Trigger!

Ive been depressed in past bt as chemist my opinion is nothing 2do with person, depression comes from our environment, our interactims with life which brings on chem change in humans that leads 2 depression. 🙁documenteverything. To thine own self be true

The pain is mild, but I lost my life to shit that comes with it

Mobbing abuse

Blocked

Thank you so much 🙏you saved my life. You are my Angel . Do not worry about your bold head. Your heart is a piece of Gold Maysoon

An incident in my personal life hit me like a bolt from the blue. I wasn't prepared for that. Happened 6 months back but it still feels like just 6 days have passed. I started feeling stuck in life, started feeling like there's a chain tied around my head that's stopping me from thinking about anything else other than that incident. I was a happy man but suddenly i stopped feeling that emotion and it has been the same since the last 5.5 months. A friend suggested i see a psychiatrist. Last week i was diagnosed with depression. I'm now on the journey of healing from those wounds and finding my happiness again..i want to feel what it felt to be happy again..

Good u r better

Revolutionary insights and a valuable tool in what I think can help clean (produce new insights (there will be a lot of sighs; sighs can be associated with feelings off; letting go, new routine on organization solutions) within the public population) cities in third world countries like Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda. 🐘🐘 I would suggest Marketing as Help You Smile (Trademark)

I’m 38 with a cataract in my right eye from using steroid drops because I have uveitis.

emotions

The step-by-step explanation is very helpful for patients managing their condition

just lost my dad from drug overdose today. addiction is terrible and so are drugs. i was very upset at why he would choose drugs over his family but i knew it wasn’t him anymore and he only relied on drugs. thx for the video.❤

IT'S A BLESSING 4 ME SHARING THIS TESTIMONY HERE DOCTOR ABODA IT'S A GREAT HEALER, MY AUTISM CHILD IS NOW SPEAKING, UNDERSTANDING, READING ALSO DOES HIS HOMEWORK 85% HEALING #DRABODA

Pls help me to cure of my migraine I am a medical student and I am getting these attacks for about 4 yrs and it affects my daily life and my acadamic performance

Therapeutic Ketamine changed my life but the journey wasn’t easy. Tripping wasn’t part of my plan but just at the end of my last/sixth session… BOOM! Bliss. I knew everything was going to be ok. Worth all the hard work of getting over my fear of tripping.

I recently got off of abusing alcohol and drugs, and I’ve been going through such a change that I have never dealt with before. Ive had friends in the past that had depression (self diagnosed) but I understand now what it really feels like and it SUCKS. I’ve been happy go lucky and optimistic, but I go through most days thinking this is insurmountable. Luckily, I can maintain being positive around other people but when Im alone or idle, it’s like the walls cave in.

I'm sure that depression has an epileptogenic cause. An epileptic person, in the midst of a seizure, has areas of their brain that control their movements, affected by epilepsy. Depressed people have areas related to emotional control and fear, affected by a similar epileptic seizure.

I hope to see more videos like this explaining other aspects of diabetes care. This is so informative

the pain and nausea is so bad i get migraines all the time and it’s terrible

How we can rid of migraine head ache plz

Would not recommend!

Heart Arrhythmia sometimes happens due to coffee overload.

I would say that migraine’s are right up there with acne in terms of making life difficult.

This video would be better without music. Too much for people with post concussion problems trying to learn about neuropsychology.

When i got my furst migraine I was working night shift I was on my way to a patients room when all of a sudden my vision left and I grabbed a rail calmly followed it to my patients room one eye came back I saw to patient then left room and started to violently vomit I had an idea what was happening when the pain started to creep up my head and light was painful one of my staff grabbed an ice pack and thew it on the back of my neck it did help me enough so i could finish my shift . This lasted 12 days and i lost 20 lbs. I thought it was my spine till i saw him he sent me to a neurologist who diagnosed sudden onset violent migraine .I was actually happy I wasn't having a stroke.

The drug is, for many a medicine. It's the (perceived) solution to a problem. The "disease" (this word is easily misunderstood) is the dis- ease of the mind. The mind is I'll at ease. It needs help. And the drug; whatever that mind altering thing is, is the help; and a life wrecker.

Where does an abusive and exploitative system of finance and 'health' coverage come into play here? Every source seems to gloss over the unrelenting manipulation we all endure trying to keep up with a system that only benefits those in power for their enrichment.

Thank goodness there looking for a cure. Good luck to them x

I’m at the point where I’m sick of this shit. We’re going on 12 years now I don’t think I can take it anymore

Can you suggest some university for neuropsychology for master's degree?

Thanks for sharing amazing content. bodysculptingregina.ca/

Health Is Wealth Very good Video kzbin.info/www/bejne/anrZgJl9rq-prcU

Thanks to all the doctors who save my life. I had 5 aneurysms and 2 were ruptured. And without directly open my brain, now i can recovery quickly and back to my normal life.