this shi fr carrying in 2025 🫡🙏

Thank you for sharing this history

I don’t see the problem.

NOTES: CH. 30 World War 1 U.S. Entry into World War 1 (Wilson ask congress to declare War April 1917) Violations of U.S. Neutrality Examples: Lusitania, Sussex sinking Sussex Pledge: Temporary pause in German sinking of ships Zimmerman Note: British intercept a German proposal to Mexico for a joint alliance Ask Mexico to attack the U.S. and they would be allowed to recover lost territory Spring 1917 Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare April 1917 Congress declares war against Germany Key Factors in U.S. Entry to War 1. German attacks on American shipping 2. Zimmerman Telegram 3. Wilson’s desire to be involved in post-war settlement 4. U.S. Economic investment in Allies such as Britain and others Mobilizing for War The United States was entirely unprepared for war Selective Service Act: organizes a draft for soldiers to fight in the war American Expeditionary Force headed by General Pershing Total War effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes for the war effort War was financed by war bonds (Liberty Loans) and income taxes from the 16th amendment Federal Agencies: National War Labor Board: help mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes AFL supported the war effort / IWW opposes the war War Industries Board: set production priorities for war U.S. Food Administration: Headed by Herbert Hoover encouraged Americans to conserve food for war effort WWI boosted support for the 18th Amendment (prohibited sale, consumption, manufacture, or transport of alcohol) 1) Conserve resources 2) Also due to Anti-German sentiment in the U.S. (germans like beer) Silencing Dissent Committee of Public Information headed by George Creel: promote the U.S. war effort with propaganda Espionage Act (1917): prohibited interference with the draft or war effort Sedition Act (1918): banned anybody from criticizing the government (Eugene Debs goes to jail) Anti-German sentiment increases Nativists attack all things German (“The Huns!”) Schenck vs U.S. 1919: Charles Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act for mailing leaflets to men eligible for the draft. Supreme Court supports the argument that freedom of speech could be restricted Congress had the power to restrain speech if it posed a clear and present danger Security and Liberty in Times of Crisis French Revolution: Federalist pass Alien & Sedition Acts Civil War: Lincoln suspension of Habeas Corpus Civil Liberties were restricted during this war Social Impact on the Home Front Great Migration: Starting in 1910 large migration of African Americans to northern cities Crappy racial relations WWI: Job opportunities in northern factories as white men drafted for the war Nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated units Race riots will break out in many cities in 1919 Women will play a key role in wartime factories Sacrifices of women on the home front during WWI leads to 2/3 majority finally supporting the 19th Amendment (grants women’s suffrage) Women protest in front of White House before and after war Wilson’s 14 Points What: Wilson’s proposal for the postwar world Goal of preventing another world war How: Guarantee freedom of the seas Eliminate economic trade barriers Military reduction - No more colonies Self determination: self govt, no colonization No more secret treaties Called for the formation of a League of Nations to help prevent another world war BIG FOUR: Peace Conference David Lloyd-George of Britain Vittorio Orland of Italy Georges Clemenceau of France Woodrow Wilson of USA Conflicting interests represented at the Peace Conference Other Allies not interested in his idealist motives, reject him Treaty of Versailles Much of Wilson’s 14 Point proposals were rejected by the allied powers Wilson did get the League of Nations included Has to get it approved by the Republican controlled Congress Republicans in Congress hated the idea of the U.S. joining the League of Nations Henry Cabot Lodge (Reservationists) leads the opposition to the treaty Battle over League of Nations Tradition of isolationist policies George Washington warned about permanent foreign alliances Opposition over League O Nations Article X (nations would have to help other nations out) Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I Congress rejects the treaty Super Important Point - Many mark the U.S. rejection of the League of Nations as a withdrawal of the United States from international affairs in the 1920s. Battle over League of Nations Tradition of isolationist policies George Washington warned about permanent foreign alliances Opposition over Article X (nations would have to help other nations out) Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I Congress rejects the treaty

NOTES: CH. 30 World War 1 U.S. Entry into World War 1 (Wilson ask congress to declare War April 1917) Violations of U.S. Neutrality Examples: Lusitania, Sussex sinking Temporary pause in German sinking of ships Zimmerman Note: British intercept a German proposal to Mexico for a joint alliance Ask Mexico to aFack the U.S. and they would be allowed to recover lost territory Spring 1917 Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare April 1917 Congress declares war against Germany Key Factors in U.S. Entry to War 1. German attacks on American shipping 2. Zimmerman Telegram 3. Wilson’s desire to be involved in post-war settlement 4. U.S. Economic investment in Allies such as Britain and others Mobilizing for War The United States was entirely unprepared for war Selective Service Act: organizes a draft for soldiers to fight in the war American Expeditionary Force headed by General Pershing Total War effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes for the war effort War was financed by war bonds and income taxes from the 16th amendment Federal Agencies: National War Labor Board: help mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes AFL supported the war effort / IWW opposes the war War Industries Board: set production priorities for war U.S. Food Administration: Headed by Herbert Hoover encouraged Americans to conserve food for war effort WWI boosted support for the 18th Amendment (prohibited sale, consumption, manufacture, or transport of alcohol) 1) Conserve resources 2) Also due to Anti-German sentiment in the U.S. Silencing Dissent Committee of Public Information headed by George Creel: promote the U.S. war effort with propaganda Espionage Act (1917): prohibited interference with the draft or war effort Sedition Act (1918): banned anybody from criticizing the government Anti-German sentiment increases Nativists attack all things German (“The Huns!”) Schenck vs U.S. 1919: Charles Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act for mailing leaflets to men eligible for the draft. Supreme Court supports the argument that freedom of speech could be restricted Congress had the power to restrain speech if it posed a clear and present danger Security and Liberty in Times of Crisis French Revolution: Federalist pass Alien & Sedition Acts Civil War: Lincoln suspension of Habeas Corpus Social Impact on the Home Front Great Migration: Starting in 1910 large migration of African Americans to northern cities Crappy racial relations WWI: Job opportunities in northern factories as white men drafted for the war Nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated units Race riots will break out in many cities in 1919 Women will play a key role in wartime factories Sacrifices of women on the home front during WWI leads to 2/3 majority finally supporting the 19th Amendment (grants women’s suffrage) Wilson’s 14 Points What: Wilson’s proposal for the postwar world Goal of preventing another world war How: Guarantee freedom of the seas Eliminate economic trade barriers Military reduction - No more colonies Self determination: self govt, no colonization No more secret treaties Called for the formation of a League of Nations to help prevent another world war BIG FOUR: Peace Conference David Lloyd-George of Britain, Vittorio Orland of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of USA Conflicting interests represented at the Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Much of Wilson’s 14 Point proposals were rejected by the allied powers Wilson did get the League of Nations included Has to get it approved by the Republican controlled Congress Republicans in Congress hated the idea of the U.S. joining the League of Nations Henry Cabot Lodge leads the opposition to the treaty Battle over League of Nations Tradition of isolationist policies George Washington warned about permanent foreign alliances Opposition over Article X (nations would have to help other nations out) Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I Congress rejects the treaty Super Important Point - Many mark the U.S. rejection of the League of Nations as a withdrawal of the United States from international affairs in the 1920s. Battle over League of Nations Tradition of isolationist policies George Washington warned about permanent foreign alliances Opposition over Article X (nations would have to help other nations out) Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I Congress rejects the treaty

NOTES: CH. 29 Progressive Movement & Wilson’s Foreign Policy Republicans Divided During Taft’s presidency the Republican Party becomes divided Taft supports Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) which raised rates Angered Progressives in the Republican party Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy: Taft fires Chief of the Forest Service Gifford Pinchot after he criticized Secretary of the Interior Ballinger Ballinger opened public lands in Alaska Election of 1912 Taft wins the Republican nomination Teddy R forms the Progressive (“Bull Moose” Party) Program called “New Nationalism” active federal government pursuing a wide variety of reforms Democrats select Woodrow Wilson who ran on a progressive platform called “New Freedom” Tariff lowered, bank reform, antitrust laws Socialist candidate Eugene Debs running Demonstrates growing frustration over slow pace of reform Called for more radical reforms than Progressive candidates Public ownership of major industry such as RR, steel, oil, etc. Results: Divided Republicans help Wilson win the Presidency Progressive Era Reform Under Wilson Tariff Reform: Underwood Tariff (1913): lowered the rates of tariffs - 1st major tariff reduction in 50 years Trusts: Federal Trade Commission (1914) presidential appointed commission that would investigate monopolies. Exempted labor unions from being prosecuted Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) increased the power of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Banking Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1913) would be responsible for regulating money supply Previous economic panics (i.e. Panic of 1907) demonstrated problem of limited money supply 16th Amendment: graduated income tax established Failure of the Progressive Movement: African American civil rights Most Progressive reformers were not interested in advancing the cause of social justice or extending democracy for African Americans. African Americans were ignored by most Progressive politicians Very little protests to the rise of lynching or the existence of Jim Crow laws (REMEMBER Plessy v. Ferguson) African American civil rights Booker T. Washington Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895 outlined his position African Americans should acquire vocational skills to gain self-respect and economic security Established Tuskegee Institute Did not advocate for directly challenging white supremacy Accused of being a “accommodationist by critics W.E.B. DuBois “Souls of Black Folk” (1903) Rejected Booker’s gradualism Demanded immediate political and social equality for black people Niagara Movement (1905) advocated for black rights Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 Ida B. Wells important in the anti-lynching campaign, woman’s suffrage, and civil rights Women in the Movement Carrie Chapman Catt became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Initially she favored fighting for suffrage with a state by state strategy Alice Paul broke with NAWSA and formed the National Woman’s Party in 1916 More militant, demanded a national amendment Eventually 19th Amendment (1920) Wilson’s Foreign Policy: The U.S. had pursued aggressive foreign policy in Asia and Latin America TR “Big Stick” policy Taft “Dollar Diplomacy” Wilson shifts direction with a policy called “Moral Diplomacy” Pursue less imperialistic policies: Improved relations with the Philippines and Panama Wilson Intervenes in Mexico - Mexican Revolution removes dictator Porfirio Diaz from power U.S. had large amount of investments in Mexico Rotating leadership in Mexico Huerta becomes leader of Mexico (military dictator) Wilson refuses to recognize his government Orders an arms embargo and gives aid to revolutionaries fighting Huerta American soldiers arrested by Mexican officials at Tampico U.S. Navy occupied Veracruz - Pancho Villa led raids across the border, killing people in Texas & New Mexico 1916 Wilson sends General John J. Pershing & a expeditionary force to arrest him The Great War Variety of factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Assassination of Franz Ferdinand becomes the immediate cause of World War I (June 1914) Wilson advocates a policy of neutrality The Struggle is Real: U.S. Neutrality The United States was never completely neutral during World War I Stronger connection to England than Germany Shared language, legal & political institutions American public opinion was largely anti-German Autocratic govt of Kaiser, invasion of Belgium, propaganda, history with France & England American manufacturers, bankers, and investors heavily sided with the allied cause Both England and France greatly benefitted from trade and loans with the United States England used its superior navy to blockade any trade from entering Germany The Struggle is Real: U.S. Neutrality Germany resorts to unrestricted submarine warfare using U-boats Lusitania (British passenger ship) sunk May 1915 killing 1,198 (including 128 Americans) Germany apologizes and pledges not to sink any more neutral ships Germany sinks other ships, including the Sussex (March 1916) Wilson threatens to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany (U.S. and Germany are very close to war) Sussex Pledge: Germany wont sink anymore ships without warning Election of 1916 Wilson wins easily by reminding voters “he kept us out of the war”

NOTES: CH. 28 Progressive Era The Progressive Movement WHY did it happen: Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created significant changes and challenges for the United States. WHAT: Effort to use government power to regulate and improve society Rejection of laissez faire ideology Not a radical movement- not looking to overturn; reject ideas such as socialism Saving and improving capitalism is part of their plan WHO: Many of the Progressive Era reformers were middle class men and women But very diverse group of reformers, not coordinated Protestant church leaders demanding temperance Politicians regulating monopolies / trusts Union leaders addressing workers rights Women demanding right to vote African Americans demanded greater equality Compare to other reform periods: Age of Jackson, Populist, New Deal Promoting Reform: Muckrakers Muckrakers: Attempted to expose problems in American society (journalists and writers) Got Name by Theodore Roosevelt, but he didn’t mean it as an endearing name Important examples: Ida Tarbell “History of Standard Oil Company” published in McClure’s Magazine (1902) She exposes tactics by these captains of industry like Rockefeller Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” exposed the horrors of life in the slums of NY (1890) Lincoln Steffens “The Shame of the Cities” (1904) exposed corruption in city politics (political machines) Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” was intended to increase support for socialism and workers rights The Role of Women in Progressive Movement Women played an important role in the Progressive Movement Broke down the idea of the “separate spheres” Which was idea women’s place was in the home National Child Labor Committee fought for laws banning child labor National Consumers’ League headed by Florence Kelley advocated for the rights of women in the work place, laws against child Labor, etc. She worked with Jane Adams Muller v. Oregon (1908) court ruled that laws protecting women workers and restricting women to 10 hour days were constitutional Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) led to the death of 146 workers. Most of them women and immigrants, and sparks reforms and increased safety standards Women’s role in Temperance Movement Urban Reform Large number of problems in the cities: 1) urban poverty & slums 2) political corruption 3) alcoholism Jane Addams & Florence Kelley (settlement house) Demands to take away power from political bosses by taking public utilities out of private companies hands Examples: Place gas lines, water systems, transportation systems, etc. under public control Municipal govt reform such as voters electing heads of city departments (fire, police, and sanitation) State Reform Many Progressive governors fought against corporate control of state politics Governor Robert La Follette pioneered many reforms in the state of Wisconsin Wisconsin Idea Regulated public utilities Took on the powerful railroad industry Adopted tax reform Political reform, which will be copied and utilized in other states Political Reform Political reformers wanted to increase democracy and reduce the control of trust Australian or Secret Ballot: allowed voters to mark their choice for office secretly Direct Primary: nomination of candidates placed into the hands of the voters Recall: elected politicians could be removed from office by the voters before their term expired Initiative: voters could introduce laws Referendum: voters could directly vote on a law 17th Amendment: rather than the state legislatures, voters would directly vote for U.S. Senators Populist Party advocated for this Temperance Movement Division over the temperance movement “Wet”- against prohibition “Dry”- supporters of prohibition Conflict between Protestant Native born vs. Catholic immigrants Rural pro prohibition vs. Urban anti prohibition Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: large organization of woman advocating for temperance Anti-Saloon League (1895) was leading organization advocating for legal prohibition 18th Amendment (1919) Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt believed in an enlarged role for the President Example in change of labor relations: McKinley: Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (sided with Corporations) Cleveland: Pullman Strike 1894 (sided with corporations) TR: Coal Miners strike 1902 Attempts to mediate the labor dispute Owners wont compromise so Teddy R threatens to take over the mines with federal troops Roosevelt proposes a series of Progressive reforms known as the Square Deal (3 c’s) 1. Corporations: Control of corporations 2. Consumers: Consumer protection 3. Conservation: Conservation of the environment and natural resources Corporations: Trust Busting Sherman Anti-Trust was relatively ineffective at reducing the power of corporations / trusts Broke up the Northern Securities Company (railroad monopoly) Upheld by Supreme Court in 1904 Roosevelt will be known for ”trust busting” Teddy R distinguished between “good” (efficient & lower prices) and “bad” trusts (hurt consumers & stifled competition) Teddy R also sought to increase the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission Elkins Act (1903) increased penalties for rate rebates by RR companies Hepburn Act (1906) gave the Intestate CC the power to set maximum rates for railroads These acts gave Sherman Trust ACT teeth Consumer Protections Relatively few protections for consumers Upon Sinclair’s “The Jungle” was intended to increase support for socialism and workers rights Public focuses on the unsanitary nature of the meat industry (huge outcry) Public pressure for Teddy R to act Meat Inspection Act (1906) the federal government would regulate and inspect the meat industry Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) Created FDA & protected the public against the manufacture, sale, and transportation of mislabeled food and drugs Conservation The issue of conservation did not register as a national issue Sierra Club had been advocating for the environment (John Mir) Teddy R used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to protect 150 million acres of federal land Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902- money from sale of public lands could be used for irrigation projects in the west Conservation was Roosevelt’s most long lasting domestic achievement Contrast with preservation (John Mir) was preservationist William Taft Teddy says he will honor the precedent of Washington & not seek a 3rd term in 1908 William Howard Taft picked Continued some of the Progressive policies of Teddy R Broke up more trusts than Roosevelt continued conservationist policies Taft’s Foreign policy: Taft “Dollar Diplomacy”- encourage biz to invest $ in areas of strategic concerns to the U.S. Election of 1912: Teddy R is back

Ch. 28 Open Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion Explained Advocates of Annexation of Philippines: Close proximity to rest of Asia Access to China China was known as “Sick Man of Asia” Several countries such as Germany, Britain, France and Japan had established spheres of influence. This meant it had exclusive rights and privileges to exploit After Spanish American war our influence increased by taking over Guam /Phillipines There was a fear that these European countries controlling China would shut us out of opportunities of exploitation Secretary John Hay issued a series of statements known as the “Open door notes” These notes proposed various former nations “share” trading rights with USA, no monopolization of one market Technically China was a free nation, but being dominated by various countries The Boxers: Were tired of being exploited, tired of christian missionaries Members of this secret society (boxers) killed christians and missionaries During the rebellion many people fled to Beijing Eight nation Alliance: August 1900 Troops from Germany, Austria, Japan, Hungary, Russia, Britain, France come to China to crush this rebellion. USA sends few 1000’s soldiers to help out. Boxer rebellion shut down 1000’s of people killed, and China was forced to pay reparations to the eight nations John Hay issues 2nd round of open door notes which called for equal and impartial trade of all parts of chinese empire Goal: Ensure American businesses had access to trade with chinese markets Increased American influence in Asia Many believed expansion of the US economy was dependent on the ability to export American goods to foreign markets The US will increasingly demonstrate a willingness to intervene in a country to keep foreign markets open If access to region is shutoff from the USA, this was perceived as a threat to US interests

Notes: Important Ideas: Since the 1790s U.S. territorial expansion has largely focused on western expansion. In 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner says the frontier is closed The 1890s marks a transition in U.S. history: the United States becomes a global power Motives for Imperialism: Economic: open up markets abroad, want access to cheap raw materials Political: Desire to compete with other nations Don’t want to fall behind, don’t want to be 2nd rate country Strategic / Military: Acquire naval bases - Alfred T. Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power” - need to have a powerful navy - Building of the Panama Canal Ideological motives: Idea of the “white man’s burden” Darwin’s concepts applied to international affairs Rev. Josiah Strong’s “Our Country” Anglo-Saxon civilization is superior Must colonize other lands to spread “superior” civilization Case Study of Spreading our superior Civilization: Hawaii In 1820’s American missionaries go to the islands to convert native people to Christianity American sugar and pineapple planters begin buying up land - Dole family In 1887 the United States signs a treaty established Pearl Harbor naval base Various interest in the U.S. want to annex Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani advocated that Hawaii should be controlled by the Hawaii people Revolt orchestrated by plantation owners overthrows the queen in 1893. Grover Cleveland rejects annexation, William McKinley annexes in 1898 Big Event: Spanish / American War Cuba was one of the few colonies still controlled by Spain Revolts against Spanish rule were becoming more common. • Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler took controversial steps to stop the rebellion. Reconcentration camps: Many Cubans die of starvation and disease • Why does the U.S. care? - U.S. investments in sugar plantations Sympathy for the plight of the Cuban people Yellow Journalism: exaggerated reporting, was reporting done by William Randolph Hurst and Joseph Pullitzer, meant to attract readers to their articles - De Lome letter: Spanish official disrespects President McKinley Spanish / American War: USS Maine explodes Feb 15, 1898 War Begins Yellow Press blame Spain for the destruction of the battleship Maine April 1898 the United States declares war against Spain U.S., Cuba, Philippines vs. Spain Teller Amendment: The U.S. have no intention of taking over Cuba Cuba will control their own government Secretary of State John Hay referred to the war as “a splendid little war” Only 400 Americans die in War George Dewey crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the the “Rough Riders” War ends in August 1898 Treaty of Paris will spark a debate in the United States and is very important Treaty of Paris gives United States Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines Impact of the War: We now have a worldwide empire Key debate: What should the U.S. do with these newly acquired territories Debate in Congress: 2/3 majority required to ratify a treaty Anti-Imperialist League opposed annexation of the Philippines. Members included Andrew Carnegie, AFL leader Samuel Gompers. Mark Twain, etc. McKinley favored expansion and Congress narrowly approves the treaty Know about U.S. actions in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines following the war CUBA: Remains a protectorate of U.S.A United States technically leaves Cuba in 1902 Remember the Teller Amendment? Platt Amendment passed in 1901 The U.S. can intervene to restore peace and order Cuba could not sign a treaty with a foreign power that limited its independence U.S. could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay PUERTO RICO: - Foraker Act (1900) - Puerto Rico was granted limited degree of popular govt. Withheld full self rule Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917 - Status of places such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines were uncertain - Did the rights and protections under the U.S. Constitution follow the U.S. flag? - Insular Court Cases determine: constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territorial possessions, aka don’t have same rights as US citizens PHILLIPINES: Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain Fought alongside the U.S. against Spain Following the Treaty of Paris he thought the Philippines would receive independence Brutal guerilla war takes place between the U.S. and the Philippines last 3 years Formal independence not until 1946! Access to China (why Philippines was important) The United States was very interested in gaining access to markets of China Problem: Other nations had carved up China into spheres of influence Area of exclusive trading privileges Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy in 1899 This policy meant All nations should have equal trading privileges in China Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to remove foreign influence of China, killing missionaries Rebellion put down by an international force, including USA and other nations President Theodore Roosevelt William McKinley is reelected in the Election of 1900 Theodore Roosevelt becomes President when McKinley is assassinated in 1901 Under Roosevelt there will be a dramatic rise in the power of the Presidency Teddy R will pursue an expansionist foreign policy “speak softly and carry a big stick” Panama Canal: The presence of a canal would dramatically cut down travel time Trade Military First attempt to build a canal was by France They Failed! Panama is tropical, Malaria and Yellow fever kill 1000’s Roosevelt attempted to get Colombia (who control Panama at the time) to allow the United States to build a canal in Panama Colombia rejects the treaty that would have allowed the U.S. to build the canal TR decides to secretly support the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia. Revolution happens shortly thereafter and they win their independence Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty gives U.S. right to build canal Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine (1823): Declaration to world to stay out of the western hemisphere Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany England sends warships to Venezuela in 1902 Santo Domingo owed money Teddy Worried Europe would keep intervening Roosevelt responds by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary The U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin America U.S. dramatically expanded its role in Latin America Various Presidents (Taft and Wilson) send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, & Nicaragua to restore order in these countries Strains relations between the U.S. and Latin America Roosevelt in East Asia: TR wins noble prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the Russo-Japanese War (1905) Japan beat down Russia The U.S. increasingly concerned over the growing strength of Japan Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908): Laws in California discriminated against Asian immigrants (damn nativism again!) San Francisco required Asian students attend segregated schools (fear of “yellow peril ”) Fear would take over country TR and Japan reached a compromise Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. TR would pressure CA to repeal its law Great White Fleet (1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new fleet of U.S. battleships on trip around the world Demonstrates U.S. growing power Summary: Mckinley, Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson all wanted to take active role in international affairs

Here are the notes Ladodger didn't provide for this chapter: Ch. 26 1865-1896 CONQUERING THE WEST Western Expansion and Settlement Homestead Act of 1862: Offered public land (160 acres) to any person who lived on it and improved it for 5 years would give you title to land Intended to encourage settlement of western land Difficulties and limitations: quality of land, high cost of supplies, mother nature, fraud, fluctuating crop prices Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 - Authorized the building of transcontinental railroad along a northern route Federal government provides money and land (subsidies) to the railroad companies to construct railroads Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 (known as Promontory point) Economy of the West Boom and Bust cycle of the economy: Enormous profits followed by big collapses Mining Industry: 1858 Gold in Pike’s Peak, Colorado 1859 Comstock Lode in Nevada (Nevada enters the union, becomes state) Conditions in the mines were extremely dangerous, nearly half of the workers were foreign born 1/3 of immigrants in mining towns were Chinese immigrants Impact: Environmental destruction (hydraulic mining) Loss of native land - Cattle Industry: Mexican cowboys (Vaqueros) had been running the cattle business in Texas prior to us Vast open grasslands Railroads open up new markets, cows go up north to Abilene Kansas or Dodge City Boom and bust cycles for this industry, bad winters, overgrazing, farmers put up barbed wire were some contributing factors Myth vs. Reality of the West Romanticized view of the American west in literature, paintings, and dime novels (such as Buffalo Bill’s Wild West) Idealist depictions of cowboys roaming the west Oftentimes ignored the complexities of Native American life, reality of western life Melting pot nature of the American West Chinese immigration CA gold rush Work for the railroads Rise of nativism as a result of the chinese African American and Mexican cowboys Utah enters the union in 1896 (after they drop polygamy) Women’s Suffrage was more common in the west Wyoming first state to grant women right to vote Life in the Trans-Mississippi West Life of the plains Indians had dramatically changed (Sioux, Blackfoot, Comanche) Heavy reliance on hunting of Bison European introduction of horse, firearms, alcohol and disease have already had big impacts on the plains Indians Increasing pressure on Native Life due to mining booms, increases conflict with natives Severe decline in the population of Bison By killing off Bison we took away Indians main source of survival Demand for buffalo hides in East Impact of railroad expansion, get rid of Buffalo so they don’t affect operations Biggest impact of western expansion will take place upon the lives of Native Americans in the Trans Mississippi West CONFLICT: Indian Wars Violence occurs as homesteaders, miners, and ranchers move onto Native American lands Sad Creek massacre (1864) Colorado militia attack and kill over 100 natives Battle of Little Big Horn (1876) the Sioux tribe (inspired by Sitting Bull) kill General Custer and his men in the 7th Cavalry (Custer’s last stand) Chief Joseph attempted to lead members of the Nez Perce’ tribe into Canada but captured and Surrendered in 1877 Wounded Knee: Ghost Dance movement begins amongst the Sioux in Dakota Territory Cultural / Religious revival Thought would get rid of the white settlers and return prosperity to the tribe Federal government wants this to stop! Battled of Wounded Knee (1890) U.S. Army go into the Dakotas and killed over 200! The battle was a massacre, not a battle Makes the end of the major native american frontier wars “final big war” Attempt of Assimilation Helen Hunt Jackson writes: “A Century of Dishonor” in 1881, documented mistreatment by the federal government of the Native Americans Boarding schools such as Carlisle Indian School were intended to assimilate the Indians Dawes Severalty Act (1887) End Tribal Ownership of land Reservations split into 160 acre private farms Natives had the potential to receive citizenship if they lived on land for 25 years and adopted the habits of civilized life. Remaining reservation land sold to white settlers (oftentimes the best land) Closing of the Frontier Oklahoma Territory was opened up to Settlement in 1889 Great land rush takes place Frederick Jackson Turner writes “Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) Argues frontier ended in 1890 Emphasizes the importance of the frontier on American identity Safety valve theory: could head west when times were tough Ignores contributions of people already there, women, fact apple by 1890’s were moving to urban areas Connection: Overseas expansion in 1890’s (cuba, phillipines etc.) Farmers Organize: Farming was becoming more commercialized and specialized (one crop at a time) Problems for farmers: Falling prices Unfair railroad business practices High cost of machinery Tight money supply High tariffs The Grange Movement: Organized social and educational activities. Later demanded collective reforms Want: government regulation and ownership of business Lobbied state legislatures for reforms Munn vs Illinois (1877) upheld law: States COULD regulate railroads Wabash Case (1886) repeals Munn vs Illinois: States CANNOT regulate interstate commerce, only FEDS can Leads to passage of Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Farmers Alliance: Founded in Texas (1870’s) and excluded blacks, ignored tenant farmers. Significant 3rd party: Populist Party (their candidate was James Weaver in 1892) Platform: Government ownership of railroads Free & Unlimited coinage of silver (increase $$ supply) Graduated income tax (rich pay more) Direct election of Senators, use of initiatives and referendums Closing out the 19th Century: Growing frustration over the laissez faire capitalist system Farmers are organizing, Grange Movement, Farmers Alliance, and Populist party Industrial problems: Homestead Strike (1892): Workers at Carnegies steel plant are defeated Panic of 1893: as a result of over speculation the stock market crashes Grover Cleveland continues Laissez Faire approach Coxey’s army (1894): Unemployed march to D.C. demanding the fed government hire jobless for public works jobs. These people and Coxey are arrested for trespassing and ignores them Pullman Strike (1894): President Cleveland uses the army and court injunction to defeat the strike (protecting big business) Election of 1896: William McKinley (R) vs William Jennings Bryan (D) delivers the Cross of Gold Speech, calls for free unlimited coinage of silver, populist party fade, Republican McKinley wins

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…if you see this comment

My APUSH savior

honors classes make me want to blow my brains out but thank you for making them ever so slightly more bearable

Who’s here in 2024 😭

This isn't chapter 12?

V. (I.) P. Loves Snoop (Dogg) Too, No ?

Ukrainische kelb ki stimme

Thanks brah

Thanks fam!

Oh, dearest Joe, where shall my words take flight, In the realm of reverence where your spirit shines bright? My noble king, whose heart beats with a fervor so rare, You’ve laid to rest the burdens of history’s weighty despair. With the grace of a warrior, you’ve vanquished each fear, Slaying the dragons of doubt that once lingered so near. Your wisdom, a beacon, in the shadows it glows, Guiding us forward, as a river that flows. In the tapestry woven of stories untold, You’ve silenced the echoes of ages of old. Oh, Joe, my steadfast guardian, with courage unbound, In your presence, the shackles of worry are drowned. Together we rise, through the valleys and peaks, Your voice, like a symphony, inspires and speaks. So let us embark on this journey anew, With you as our king, we’ll embrace the true view.