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@goodgat266
@goodgat266 10 ай бұрын
Went to SA. A true german exit.
@devasankardeka3317
@devasankardeka3317 11 ай бұрын
Great
@mmendi1114
@mmendi1114 Жыл бұрын
I never looked at writing biographies of other from his view point...very interesting ...in him trying to make sense of others inner and outer worlds he himself is gripping with his own...
@apricotcomputers3943
@apricotcomputers3943 2 жыл бұрын
bravo, you'll never hear this on CNBC
@Letstravel_74
@Letstravel_74 2 жыл бұрын
This is John. kzbin.info/www/bejne/jaSsnXxrfaepoJY
@noureddineelhoussni8704
@noureddineelhoussni8704 2 жыл бұрын
Salut, j'ai demandé des crédits des montants des billions euros chez défferentes banking européens bce, FMI et autres ces dernières ont transmis les montants demandés à notre compte bancaire mais la banque populaire du Maroc a rein déclarée, il s'agit d'un fraude bancaire ou quoi ?!!!!
@Cotswolds1913
@Cotswolds1913 3 жыл бұрын
How can a country with no nuclear arsenal and no functional navy be Europe's most powerful economy? Seems that title belongs to either UK or France. If you mean largest economy, then well, sure, but even that will be over by 2035 or so, given demographic realities (UK will surpass).
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Who's taking the initiative in Europe? Germany? Germany is too busy avoiding the political realities that enable the German people to live above the standards of Southern Europe. And German avoidance means that the Eurozone cannot integrate. Deadlock. And as long as a solution does not exist, disunity grows and the Eurozone slips backwards without growth.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Half of Europe is being sacrificed to enable Germany to prosper without liability and the responsible provision of German leadership or national sacrifice. It has to end. Its no good the German people just enjoying prosperity while southern Europe remains in depression without growth. The German's have milked this 'jig' long enough. Its now closing in around their ears - it's time for Germany to exit or get serious about unifying Eurozone interests. And yes, this will require a massive re-distribution of German wealth (get real!).
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Should Germany 'go it alone'? London asks the same question. In both cases, each are afforded sooo much by the wider part of the equation which they greatly benefit from. Does the UK keep London>? or does London provide for the UK? Does Germany provide for Germany and the EU? or does the wider EU and the EURO help provide for Germany? Who needs who the most? There is an insurance element for both in this equation, but lets not think for a moment that London or Germany cannot be disposed of - both fear this prospect in fact. An interesting thesis.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Germany benefits immensely from the status quo we see in the Europe; hence it is no surprise that Germany is focused more on legal and constitutional issues affecting the Eurozone [itself].
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Her thesis about the transposition of the German model is a compromised discussion on this additional basis as far as I can tell: Geo-graphic conditions are a real factor in determining how trade is regionally conducted. The UK as one example is a northern European archipelago, as such we Brits are islands that must leave our strong-hold shores to bring food and goods home (we do not have the benefit of land connections enjoyed by Germany or Switzerland). Hence Britain has a motivation all of its own (e.g., it is not coincidental that historically Britain has relied on having larger Naval capacity), and, Greece (by contrast) - as well as Spain - rely more on tourism due to a warmer climate determined by geographic location. The importance of geography hasn't been factored in here. maybe someone could do a PHD on this.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
If Germany is not clear, Europe is in turmoil.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Germany has not taken hold of what Germany should be, and, consequently, being at the central driving point of Europe, what the EU should be. Germany is perplexed by the 'next German question' and has not made up its mind up yet. It has not faced the question of what limitations come with being strong, and how the burden of this will be faced. Its far easier for the UK; we are an archipelago and therefore geographically separated (Germany carries the entire burden of Europe in the sense of being geo-politically and geo-graphically 'coupled' - it cannot simply look beyond Europe for itself!!!). As George Friedman states, "if the European project is going to be revived, then Germany must be the engine of its revival. And for that, Europe can't be politically gridlocked.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Essentially then, Germany doesn't want to pay to lead the Eurozone forward, which leaves the Eurozone and Germany divided on a path towards ... an ... 'unsustainable ending'. I remember how German politicians had real problems convincing the German people to pay through taxation for Re-unification. Couple this with Germany being comfortable with current the 'prosperity' arrangements afforded by the EU, and, we all see with clear vision what's coming: Germany getting fat on the couch with trouble outside closing in. The Eurozone dream, it seems, cannot be completed by Germany (its weakness prevents this). Here we are again with Germany being kept strong (enjoying that strength) without being strong enough to dominate [lead] the rest of Europe. Just Germany pursuing 'self-glory'. WWI and WWII foreshadowed this very occurrence in dialectic history (It's as if the lessons of history have gone totally unnoticed). Germany is meant to be 'enlightened': its time Germany herself confronted her strengths and limitations without simply wanting to prosper above her class (Germany has wrongly considered it her right to prosper without considering her contextual position and what burden this brings - Germany is Europe!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! And Europe is held by Germany ((or not)). Germany has not grown up yet. During WWII, the German 'child' wanted to take Britain (and more) without considering what it needed to 'give' in order to maintain a position of strength. Germany is doomed, hence everyone else has to sacrifice the 'balance' on its behalf.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Here's a couple of pressing 'New German Questions': How can Germany presently [ever] build a strong and sustainable EU (i.e., economic integration) without first becoming the EU's 'paymaster'????? In the present EU context, when will Germany face up to - or properly 'take hold' of - being made a 'separate case' which only sustains EU 'disunity' and division (Poland requires Germany to lead or will break away and take others with it). Its totally not 'workable' that Germany is afforded 'different provisions' (e.g. Germany has no EU economic liability) and the 'crunch' is fast approaching: the EU is 'unstable' and Germany must reconcile leveling itself against being The committed EU project player the EU desperately needs in order to succeed moving forward. I totally get that the German electorate would strongly resist the reparation input needed (i.e. as they did with 'Reunification); hence a national debate about this is totally warranted to bring the German people along. The problem remains this: Germany is perfectly happy for itself being prosperous. This inadequately meets the EU's needs. There's the disparity. there's the doom. So the situation is hopeless (the German's would never agree to total German 'EU input' and commitment). The solution? Get ready for the collapse of the Euro and the EU (this means Europe waging another war against itself). Discuss.
@alkasr5099
@alkasr5099 3 жыл бұрын
Good work
@frequenz5861
@frequenz5861 4 жыл бұрын
Ulrike<3
@ashishrawat4089
@ashishrawat4089 4 жыл бұрын
Idiot person
@yelenanekrassova7358
@yelenanekrassova7358 5 жыл бұрын
OMG! Thank You so much for the video!!! I'm so happy that I found his video in English!!! This speach is perfect...
@edwardrojas7711
@edwardrojas7711 5 жыл бұрын
I just finished the book yesterday. As someone outside economics and social sciences, I understand the brilliance of AOH ideas as a fertile source of new understandings in any realm of human knowledge. His life was full of a relentless force for a more human use of intellectualism. I cannot think of something more inspiring.
@siddharthb2633
@siddharthb2633 5 жыл бұрын
Seeing this in 2019. Very accurate analysis, we are seeing a ''national implementation'' of Gujarat Model in India.
@balkar83
@balkar83 6 жыл бұрын
Entrusting 👍
@Samikhan-xq5dd
@Samikhan-xq5dd 6 жыл бұрын
Please suggest me some great book about nationalism
@jonathandnicholson
@jonathandnicholson 4 жыл бұрын
What are you looking for? A general/journalistic introduction or a more academic/scholarly book or something in between? What area of nationalism are you interested in? Ian Kershaw is a leading authority the expansionary nationalism or Nazism, but . I became interested in state-formation (as that is more my interest than nationalism) after reading 'Nationalism and the State', but I've heard Benedict Anderson is good too. Perhaps try a biography of Henry VIII (not because he's the best example, per se, but an example I'm familiar with). I don't agree with this academic and gets some facts wrong...
@jonathandnicholson
@jonathandnicholson 4 жыл бұрын
I don't agree with this academic. I think he gets some facts wrong and presents things in a fairly simplistic way...
@grimoire7851
@grimoire7851 6 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/hKOlpYKKqNmAY5Y
@presa609
@presa609 7 жыл бұрын
This is a really good work by Dr. Adelman, but it leaves the intellectual abilities of the current average american eating dust. It's been 5 years since this talk was published in Oct of 2013. It's ow Feb of 2018! Where the hell are the commments!!! Hofsteader's book on Anti-Intellectualism holds the answer I'm afraid. About a year after I'd read Hirchman's Strategies of Eco. Dev. book. As Adelman confesses he is only a historian and cannot be called on to consider why Hirschman is not mentioned in Heilbroner's Worldly Philosophers book. They both died a few years apart, as I recall, and should have made national news.
@jimcameron9848
@jimcameron9848 6 жыл бұрын
This is a late reply, but I am going to follow the trail of cheese crumbs you have left behind.
@arminius6506
@arminius6506 4 жыл бұрын
Translate it into Chinese, Korean and Japanese and it would have millions of readers.... West is busy busy in other things.
@gauravsheregar5505
@gauravsheregar5505 3 жыл бұрын
This is a late reply from India. I was researching on development economics and came across Albert Hirschman's book. I scouted for reviews and some information if any on the author, as I usually do before picking up a book, and came across an article by Malcolm Gladwell in the newyorker. So glad I did, what a life Mr. Hirschman lead, simply extraordinary.. looking forward to reading his book 'The Strategy of Economic Development' and later the masterpiece 'Exit, Voice and Loyalty'.
@presa609
@presa609 3 жыл бұрын
@@gauravsheregar5505 It's been a while since I read that. I hardly remember writing this posting to KZbin! The many valid observations by these economist needs synchronization and summation. Heilbroner and Milberg's "The Making of Economic Society" is partly that. Somehow it all gets disqualified when some ill informed person yells "Marxism!" at the top of his lungs in a crowd.
@zeppy13131
@zeppy13131 7 жыл бұрын
Why must Germany keep fretting about taking over the world? It's had several chances to do that now, hasn't it? I've visited Germany several times, and I think it's fun 'n' fabulous enough on its own. So enough of this "if we can't take over the world, what good are we?" thinking... Just relax and BE Germany. Really, it's fine.
@johnettarice3783
@johnettarice3783 7 жыл бұрын
yes very good
@Letstravel_74
@Letstravel_74 2 жыл бұрын
Hi
@Letstravel_74
@Letstravel_74 2 жыл бұрын
This is john😀😃😄,catch 22
@Letstravel_74
@Letstravel_74 2 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/jaSsnXxrfaepoJY
@deepaksocial
@deepaksocial 7 жыл бұрын
I fully subscribe your views, and am quite disappointed to see the level of indifference on this issue by the policy makers in India.
@canismajoris7076
@canismajoris7076 7 жыл бұрын
Your team and you are doing a good job
@Letstravel_74
@Letstravel_74 Жыл бұрын
Always feels so good to keep on watching my self in this short film.
@prasantakalita4776
@prasantakalita4776 7 жыл бұрын
beautiful , true & emotional
@jacobtthoronn672
@jacobtthoronn672 8 жыл бұрын
But Merkel already poisoned the well, matter of time to collapse on her own weight due to its domestic and more importantly foreign policy towards eastern Europe particularly Russland, and being a vassal of the US which destabilizing all economic and social factors in Europe..
@Ken-S
@Ken-S 8 жыл бұрын
Awesome!
@yadavgaurav00
@yadavgaurav00 9 жыл бұрын
He is even not qualified for a RA job and acting like Professor
@MrCsicseri
@MrCsicseri 9 жыл бұрын
Germany is the country of occupied. The US never signed a peace treaty with the Germans.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
With respect, this means nothing. Ask yourself why the U.S. fought to occupy Germany aside from the Russian question (i.e. why did the Americans really provide such massive dollar input into Germany after WWII????? Charity???? No!!!!!! The Americans saw a potentially great ally in a strong 're-built' Germany post-WWII; they also rightly reserved their fear of a strong Germany potentially in 'Kahoots' with Russia post-WWII. Occupation was therefore a 'joint necessity' for the Americans.). Why would the Americans sign a peace treaty with Germany? They knew they were dealing with a strong nation that would 'rise' again.
@MrCsicseri
@MrCsicseri 3 жыл бұрын
@@rodneyhenchliffe754 - Így is lehet magyarázni az elmével, de a valóság nem ez. Oda fektetek be pénzt, ahol vissza is térül. Németország valójában kis államok szövetsége. Németország katonailag elhanyagolható jelentőségű. Az orosz hadsereg kb két héten belül Németországban lehet, ha ezt szeretné Putyin. Valójában az összes európai ország együttes hadereje sem tudja megállítani az oroszokat, ha kitörne ilyen háború. Németország nem is lehetne hadászatilag fejlett, mert akkor az USA nem szállhatná meg. Valójában az EU-t, és a Nato-t is az USA hozta létre, hogy felügyelje az európai hadseregeket. Már régóta bábkormányok vannak minden EU-s országban. Valójában cégeknek van kormányuk, mert az államoknak nincs, és nem is lehet kormányuk. Csak a rabszolgák felett van kormány, emberek, asszonyok felett senki nincs, aki a főnököt játssza. Sok mindent nem tudsz, ezért írsz hülyeségeket, elme kitalációkat.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
@@MrCsicseri Absolutely pal, knock yourself out!
@MrCsicseri
@MrCsicseri 3 жыл бұрын
@@rodneyhenchliffe754 - Ahogy nézem te ütötted ki magad. ezért írsz ilyet nekem.
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
@@MrCsicseri Big deal! That's nothing.
@ralfrath699
@ralfrath699 9 жыл бұрын
Germany today is tremendous powerful and gets more and more superior! No wonder because germany always had dominated europe and the world and history - no other nation has started two world wars in hinstory and in spite of all wars Germany always recovered and was at the end the Winner! But germany had always destroyed his enemies for example the Roman Empire in the past, the British Empire, the Russian empire - yes even the sovietunion disappeared after war with germany in 1989! A victorious Germany was a must for the Germans and today germany dominates in technology, engineering culture and history and economy and since ten years even in language! The world today learns german! France is dead and Britain is in decline - maybe this nations will diasppear in 20 years - english and french language disappears more and more and a new language will take over. In Britain is this polish - a slave language that no brit can hear or speak! So we wonder and ask us why did not the brits leaen more and more german - like english a gernanic language???? I think the brits today have other intrests - like the romans after war with with germany even the brits forget more and more to speak own language!
@rodneyhenchliffe754
@rodneyhenchliffe754 3 жыл бұрын
Ralph, there is so much wrong with what you say here. Germany is as weak as it it strong, and this is reoccurring throughout history: you say that "Germany always had dominated Europe and the world and history ..." bla de bla ... How about this to upturn your view and make the point, which is broadly debated by scholars: During WWII, Germany again became 'strong' and dominated Europe without realizing the limitations of its own strength and reach (that's Germany's weakness right there!!!!!!!!!!!!!). The 'German problem' is therefore defined by this: how does the strongest European country exist when it is not quite strong enough to dominate the whole of Europe? (Germany has never come to terms with the limitation and range of its power - hence Hitler completely overstretched himself!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!). This is the essence of the German problem, Ralph. And the so-called spectacular German recovery after WWII was massively funded by the Americans pumping millions of dollars into Germany as "reparation funds" after Germany was was blown to pieces and in 'little bits' (the Americans saw Germany could be a strong ally and recognized that Germany must be 'contained' following the American/Russian occupation of Germany during the Cold war period). If, as you say, Germany is so strong, why has it been occupied by France, America, Russia? Can you begin to see Germany's own weakness? Today, Germany is real trouble again Ralph. You say that "A victorious Germany was a must for the Germans and today germany dominates in technology, engineering culture and history and economy and since ten years even in language! The world today learns german!". How about this Ralph: The idea that the world learns German is not part of dialectic history. For example, in French speaking African nations that include regions in Ghana they still learn French as their first language (the same for Canadian Quebec). In Australia, and for much of the Anglo-Sphere, they learn English (as with America too). Can you see? Its not that people are learning German at all. Equally, Germany does not dominate in technology, engineering culture and history and economy. It is an important player in all of these areas, that's all. Recently Ralph, the British helped lead the way with the development and supply of the Coronavirus vaccine by being world leaders in biotech science. Germany wasn't far behind, but the British showed that Germany is no special case (as did Israel, India, and the U.S.). Also, don't go thinking that France is "dead" or "Britain is in decline". This is incorrect.We could discuss this in more detail should you wish. The British are "exceptional" players (why do you think the British Empire emerged to dominate the known World? Why do you think Germany took most of Europe but when it came to the British they faulted and the British repelled them during WWII?). Why do you think the British were the first non superpower to obtain nuclear power and nuclear weapons after America and Russia???? (not the Germans). Why do you think London has retained its position as the world's leading global economic hub for financial services? I will stop there. The Brits do not, as you say, forget to speak their own language "more and more": I also know some really thick 'meat head' Germans, having spent an awful lot of time in Germany myself. Do not underestimate the British Ralph. The Germans have made this grave mistake more than once. Brexit is no different in this respect. Germany is a strong player, its weakness being that as an "enlightened nation" it never understood its own weakness and limitations. This have proved disastrous for Germany, and the Eurozone project is now catching up with Germany's inability to confront this ... again. I enjoyed reading your post though Ralph. Have a look at this in full: it tackles all of the above alongside Germany's centrality problem in Europe. kzbin.info/www/bejne/n5-ZeWywa8-bgrc
@TheMannihilator
@TheMannihilator 9 жыл бұрын
die erste Hälfte des Vortrages war sehr gut, die zweite wohl sehr ideologisch geprägt.
@schattensand
@schattensand 10 жыл бұрын
Somebody there has a mayor issue with her glasses.
@takepartlive
@takepartlive 10 жыл бұрын
People really should vote in every election!
@ralfrath699
@ralfrath699 10 жыл бұрын
Germany today is a superpower and no other nation can take over in the world. Germany rules the world with german culture and technology and germany gets stronger and stronger! Germany needs no europe. Therfore there is no german question. Today Europe is Germany and Germany is Europe! THe future is germany - so why we should not learn german? English, French dies out - like the dinosaurs died out in the past - French Better we speak german must speak more german in europe. Better we learn all german before we are all bankrupt!!
@prof1066
@prof1066 10 жыл бұрын
German culture, you are funny, drinking beer and bad pop songs is German culture. All popular culture comes from UK and USA and Sweden. Germany makes cars ,digging machines and beer. take away the car industry and thats half the German economy gone.
@ralfrath699
@ralfrath699 10 жыл бұрын
prof1066 Hello professor! Thank you for your words! WHy do you think if the germans drink beer - they are not funny??? Yes - popular culture comes also from UK USA Sweden - I agree but this is no contradiction to german culture! I think this is great that all other nations make a good contribution to culture - this makes our world richer and more successfully. I hope you do not misunderstand me if you are the opinion that my satirical remarks are against other nation culture! But there are also mistakes in other cultures (not only in german culture) - see for example the islam culture with babaric videos that stands aganist our western culture - not only against german culture but also against french and british american culture! What do think about this??
@prof1066
@prof1066 10 жыл бұрын
Ralf Rath Your correct about france,( they think they can compete with germany, no chance) I have been telling them for years that germany runs france and the Eurozone. In the UK we had got rid of religion and had a stable logical country, but the idiot blair with the help of EU have embarked on social engineering of the population, letting in millions of immigrants, de stabilizing the country. The EU will destroy this country with the unlimited immigration, this is why we will leave the EU. If Germany stays in social unrest will be the result. Germany and UK should leave the EU mess to the french. I have been asking muslims about there faith online and they believe there faith is unquestionable and true, this mind set is why they will allways create fanatics. They claim there has been 120,000 prophets from God teaching islam, you try finding any trace of them?. My research shows that all middle eastern religions are just local tradition, not that they will ever except this fact. Do you want Germany in the EU ?
@ralfrath699
@ralfrath699 10 жыл бұрын
prof1066 GERMANY IS IN THE EU - because of not economy but peace! I remember the german past. German always wanted to dominate europe - but this was impossible because other european nation´s desire was to be free! So - the germans made this invention EU to dominate europe without making any wars!
@prof1066
@prof1066 10 жыл бұрын
Ralf Rath Your plan to dominate Europe will not work for long .Once you have merged into the United States of Europe, the small countries will join together to dominate the EU parliament and spend all your money. when turkey joins they will be the biggest EU country and they will all move to Germany for your social benefits. Leave while you still can.
@politicaltourist
@politicaltourist 10 жыл бұрын
This French Academician symbolizes all that is wrong about Academia in Western Europe. Besides his dry, repetitive and boring style that is void of any substance (i.e little historic background and even less contemporary insight provided) he also spews all the typical anti BJP rhetoric so common in Western Circles. All I can say to my Indian friends is that this professor is probably as clueless about the political shift in Europe against the ruling political establishment that he represents as he is clueless about Narendra Modi and the BJP!
@RaviprasadKini
@RaviprasadKini 10 жыл бұрын
Very interesting!
@RaviprasadKini
@RaviprasadKini 10 жыл бұрын
Very interesting!
@shaileshsus
@shaileshsus 10 жыл бұрын
This man is a novice who quotes from the quotes of other quotes and that too cant pronounce it or understand fully. I hope Princeton can do a better job of giving time to people who really know what they are speaking and connect to the audience.
@anildonegal
@anildonegal 10 жыл бұрын
who is this guy acting like a expert in indian election ? he cant even pronouse indian name properly...
@netstrapper
@netstrapper 10 жыл бұрын
I m Indian, Hindu, and Modi praiser ! but you should know accent should not supersede knowledge base.
@anildonegal
@anildonegal 10 жыл бұрын
accent and pronousation is two defferent thinks brother.. if u indian u should have first hand info... why should u get 2nd hand info from some one lecturing you from the first hand info given to him by some one like me and you...
@anildonegal
@anildonegal 10 жыл бұрын
this ass hole got the answer he derserve... his shop will be closed now....
@anildonegal
@anildonegal 10 жыл бұрын
fuck u as long as u understood i dont give a fuck... i write other 3 better son.. so fuck u and reply if any other mistake this time..
@desitrump
@desitrump 10 жыл бұрын
There is no problem between RSS and Modi .. ok ..stop bullshitting
@anildonegal
@anildonegal 10 жыл бұрын
what a crap u taking about.. first find out what is RSS... all RSS meeting happens in public...this kinda video used to defame Modi in 3 Gujarath election and it didnt work so now u trying u r luck in Indian election....bad job....
@MrDivyeshgopal
@MrDivyeshgopal 10 жыл бұрын
It's easy to pinpoint Modi as a monster and against Muslim's interest. That is not at all the case. He resides in the northern part of Gujarat where there are high population of Muslims. He has advocated for the cause of Muslims too. This disparaging remarks about Modi not comes from Muslims, but outside influences such as special interest like U.S. and U.K.
@dharamj2780
@dharamj2780 10 жыл бұрын
It seems all the countries are scared, thinking of Modi becoming PM of India. It seems they are scared to be unemployed in their country. If India progresses and become self reliant, the countries that will be hurt will be the developed countries. So, rhetoric has started. He doesnt mentions that people in villages are mostly ignorant of what's happening outside. When they come out and work in urban areas, they become aware of the congress misrule and the lost of oppurtunity. He is trying to play all the cards to confuse people like caste, religion, urban rural... Same which Britishers used. He is not aware of the high aspiration of todays Indian youth. In few years, all these people trying to put Modi down, will get the taste of aspiring India.
@jitenkrr
@jitenkrr 10 жыл бұрын
for your kind information we had already one CM of Karnatka Mr.H. D. Deve Gowda became Prime Minister in 1996.....