Solar Performance   Sept 2023 Update
29:13
Solar Performance   July 2023 Update
26:24
Solar Performance   Sept 2022 Update
27:31
Enphase System Overview
34:59
2 жыл бұрын
Solar Performance   August 2022 Update
39:10
Solar Performance   July 2022 Update
44:10
Solar Performance  - June 2022 Update
26:31
Solar Performance   May 2022 Update
35:34
Solar Performance   April 2022 Update
49:49
Пікірлер
@joebloggs4191
@joebloggs4191 Ай бұрын
Thanks for the video, I am looking at a second hand Skoda Octavia most of which do not seem to have optioned the variable boot floor. Althought different car the basics will be the same, one easy way to mark the screw holes would be to put masking tape behind and then mark that with a black marker pen which would then allow you to make an incision in the correct spot.
@davidbrock5118
@davidbrock5118 2 ай бұрын
Add another one to the list. Local TPS said they weren't allowed to sell to the public, despite wanting to, so ordered from the Audi dealer and got 10% discount. It took a little over an hour including vacuuming. All 6 bolts fitted and I found it just as easy to locate the holes for the front pegs which obviated the need to use a hacksaw. The video was extremely useful. Thank you.
@markkujokipii8897
@markkujokipii8897 2 ай бұрын
Hello, Thank you for this video. I ordered parts 2weeks ago and I installed those with your instruction in one hour!
@chrisblunt7627
@chrisblunt7627 3 ай бұрын
Good to see you back. With regards to gas, I have been on Octopus tracker since late December 2023. Tracker works on the wholesale price and varies daily. During Q1 when I'm using a lot of gas for heating I saved about 46% vs the price cap rate. Now that price cap rate has dropped I'm still saving about 24%, my June average cost per kWh of gas was about 4.5p, even factoring in about 20% efficiency drop from your old boiler you'd still be better off financially, heating the hot water from Gas.
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun 3 ай бұрын
very interesting. I'll have to look into this and do an experiment.
@serraios1989
@serraios1989 3 ай бұрын
Welcome back!!
@letsgoelectriclge1320
@letsgoelectriclge1320 5 ай бұрын
hi Bud, just came across you vids but they are long mate, struggling to get through them. Its a world of quick video less than 10 mins I believe will be viewed more. I am thinking of Enphase Solar & batteries so thats how I came across you vids
@gurski2338
@gurski2338 6 ай бұрын
Maybe as next project you will change your singleframe Grill into a black one? 😂❤😂
@gurski2338
@gurski2338 6 ай бұрын
Great explanation! You made my day and saved Hours of my life! THANK YOU
@andrewkelly1485
@andrewkelly1485 9 ай бұрын
I definitely agree with you that installing Solar and Batteries makes tremendous savings. Of course it depends on affordability. Also agree having a big array as possible makes sense and maybe two Batteries depending on use with cheap storage and the Demand Flexibility Scheme Can l ask you for a link to your Data Spreadsheet that you do near the end of the video please as it’s quite detailed
@johnb7644
@johnb7644 11 ай бұрын
Check your car tyre pressures if not getting good mileage, just a thought
@brianrussell6988
@brianrussell6988 11 ай бұрын
Sounds like Scottish Power!
@KeithBenham
@KeithBenham Жыл бұрын
Hi thanks for the videos which I have been watching since you started which swayed me towards the Enphase Microinverters which though more expensive I have not regretted. One point to note is that now you can import at 7.5p for six hours on Intelligent Go Tariff and get paid 15p for any export we do not use the solar for the car or hot water and do this all at the cheap rate and also charge our Puredrive batteries. This is due to any 1kWh export recoups 2kWh import at the cheap rate so does not make financial sense to use the Eddy and divert any excess solar to the immersion when you can earn more money exporting.
@nosh121081
@nosh121081 Жыл бұрын
How much did they charge for putting in the battery
@BritishAnts
@BritishAnts Жыл бұрын
Visually way to much to absorb here in 3 mins for a first look! Zoned out with cod eye within minutes and I’m not sure what I’m supposed to look at or listen to! Old timer subscriber here but you are info dumping here! 😂 love your work, could be me tho! Delivering my thoughts undesired! Prefer the shed with battery’s in background. Xx ❤
@godisnowhere4u
@godisnowhere4u Жыл бұрын
production guarantee / warranty ... it is a simple game played on simple people .. your warrantied production is based on the estimate given. so by low balling your promised production . the system can loose a greater portion of the . ORIGINAL production and Not Qualify . for a warranty guarantee claim for UNDER production . meaning .. if they promised 100 units of energy in a given period of time. but , real world first year production was 120 units . and the manufacture warrants 80% production 25 years ( or any other number ) out. to qualify for a claim your provable real world production has to fall below 80 units. not a 20 % loss but a full 35% ( from 120 to 80 ) so even if in year 5 years product has reduced by 30% from 120 to 85 . you do not Qualify
@se62hy
@se62hy Жыл бұрын
One i see is people do not consider the insurance difference and add that in there cost. For example we are getting a model 3 but we currently have a petrol 308. The insurance for the 308 is 350 the insurance for the tesla is 700. Double. Yh youl still save money in the long run but the pay back is alot less. when u add that into the equation. You can consider maintenance cost but I've never had a single engine issue with the 308 other that the basic upkeep. Tires, wiper blades etc. 64 plate and weve had since 2017.
@cmhhawley7962
@cmhhawley7962 Жыл бұрын
whats up with this video? My Enphase shows none of this. Is this video produced for UK?
@rudes001
@rudes001 Жыл бұрын
Hey. Excellent spreadsheet. I have tried using the spreadsheet you created. When inserting new rows the formulas seem to go wrong, in particular with the pivot. What is the best way to insert rows without disturbing the formulas?
@johnb7644
@johnb7644 Жыл бұрын
Just signed up to add 2.8 more solar and a 9.5 battery to my original 2kw system. Of the extra 2kw will be south facing no shade so hopefully will make a big difference to our production and use. Will still use the Eddie for hot water though
@simon7790
@simon7790 Жыл бұрын
Interesting analysis that clearly confirms the financial benefits of solar. Just a thought - the gas boiler won't be as efficient as heating the water with the Eddy. There are greater efficiency losses with gas boilers - often 10-20% of the energy goes up the flue, compared to just a few % loss with electricity at point of use. Plus consider for the sake of 6p the environmental benefits (or social responsibilities if you will). If the externalities (costs of pollution) of burning that gas were calculated and added into the price as tax to pay for the healthcare and environmental damage, it would likely be more than the 6p.
@chrisblunt7627
@chrisblunt7627 Жыл бұрын
My thoughts exactly, given the inefficiency of gas boilers, it's probably cheaper to use the off peak electricity.
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
you're absolutely right. One of our boilers is 18 years old, so most certainly inefficient. I'm just waiting for it to die, before eliminating it entirely. It's been on it's last legs for several winters, but somehow makes it through.
@thomasjacques5286
@thomasjacques5286 Жыл бұрын
Brilliant tutorial thank you. We are about to have solar PV panels installed, 31 Q Cell 405-watt panels (8 facing east and 23 facing west) mated to Enphase 31 IQ8A Inverters then an IQ Combiner 4C. We will add batteries next year and considering getting 2 Tesla Power Wall 3s or 4 Enphase 5Ps. Installer says my system will include a Cell Modem with 5 years of free cell service, then I pay for that service. I guess the advantage is I can still access all my data from the Enphase Cloud server on my phone even during a power outage if I don't have batteries. I think that's what he's inferring? Cheers from southern Illinois.
@gslongdistance
@gslongdistance Жыл бұрын
Very informative video. I have been struggling for over a year now to find a reputable and "non-cowboy" installer in Hertfordshire. Starting to lose the will to go ahead with my project due to all the sharks out there. @HarvestingTheSun: How does the DNO application work where you have the Enphase system generating more than the G98 cutoff of 3.68kw, and AC battery inverter on top of that that can also export to the grid? Is it one G99 application or seperate?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Hi there. My installer submitted a single g99 application with the entire system design on there. I think they applied for the maximum 6.5kw even tho my system would never export that much, just so we've got the approval in case we did anything else in future. My understanding is that the DNO are primarily looking that you're not going to be exporting loads of power back to the grid...they don't want it! So they're checking your smart meter to see if your generation and battery storage would mostly meet your houses demand. Regarding installers, try Climateshield Solar. I know people who have used them, although I hear they have put their prices up recently (and they were already expensive)! Alternatively, try Oval Renewables, or Artisan Electrics. Both are highly rated on KZbin, tho I've not used them myself.
@chuckeastwood1
@chuckeastwood1 Жыл бұрын
Ran I to a bit of bother fitting a new hub. do I need to set the harvi as the master ??? I've selected the eddi as the master and I'm not getting any surplus to my eddi
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
no. you need to set the Eddi or a Zappi as master. The Hub and Harvi are slaves to that. Do you definitely have surplus going back to the grid? Have you got a CT clamp around your incoming meter tail, which is connected to the Eddi/Zappi directly or via a Harvi? If I recall, when setting up the Eddi, there is a way to test if it is correctly receiving a signal from your grid CT..
@brianrussell6988
@brianrussell6988 Жыл бұрын
Have you looked at fitting a longer heater that would go further down the tank. I have seen 27” and 36” elements. You may be able to install yourself. Brian
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
thanks for your reply. Yes, unfortunately I have a top mounted immersion, and when it was replaced last year they fitting the biggest one they could. I tried reducing the output to 6A for the last couple of weeks, but it's not really making much of a difference. I've increased the Eddi output to 10A today, so lets see if that does anything. I know it won't help the stratification, but maybe it will allow the water to heat faster with the surplus, so we don't have to top up with the gas boiler.
@remco2777
@remco2777 Жыл бұрын
Very comprehensive video - thank you!
@grahamhill7845
@grahamhill7845 Жыл бұрын
with the inverter and all the other bits
@grahamhill7845
@grahamhill7845 Жыл бұрын
Hi I'm thinking of buying a second hand 8.2 Gen 1 they want £3,500 is that a good price and do u think I could use with it a second hand 30 kw used leaf battery? excellent video
@hendrik3471
@hendrik3471 Жыл бұрын
Many thanks as ever for these detailed updates every month - extremely insightful. One question: are you thinking of replacing the gas heating elements with electric heating at some point? I am in the process of replacing my gas combi boiler with 2 systems - one for heating one for warm water - this summer to go completely fossil free in my house. Can't wait to say good bye to the 'gasman' ;-)
@steve_787
@steve_787 Жыл бұрын
I'm looking at options for panels at my house and have a question someone might be able to help with. My main Consumer unit (fuse box) is maxed out (as in there are no spare fuses) but I do have one feed going to a small CU in the shed and another to my garage. Could a PV system be connected to these smaller units or does it have to be fed into the main CU? I'm just trying to do some homework at this stage to see what issues I might have as the orientation of my house isn't ideal and connecting to the outbuildings could be better. Cheers.
@steve_787
@steve_787 Жыл бұрын
Great update. I have seen studies to say that an East/West system can actually produce more energy.
@cnjelly7876
@cnjelly7876 Жыл бұрын
How fast do they charge, if for say during octopus cheap window is hte max they will take 3.6kw or 5kw, I cant find a straight answer anywhere.
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
The answer is in the product data sheet for your inverter and battery. If you have the AC inverter, then the max it will charge is at 3kw.
@damyv975
@damyv975 Жыл бұрын
⁠ have my installation completed almost a month back but have not yet received the app login details even after multiple follow up (Envo Energy in UK). Is there any way you can help?
@johnmcguinness2847
@johnmcguinness2847 Жыл бұрын
You did not mention one of the most important settings. You must ensure that all the devices are using the same rf-channel 1 to 8 otherwise no connection and much frustration.
@fazkhan8009
@fazkhan8009 Жыл бұрын
Does your system has this thing that Tesla has gateaway in case of power cut ? Battery kicks in ?
@fazkhan8009
@fazkhan8009 Жыл бұрын
Also do you have any advice for me please, just ordered a give energy 9.5 battery and 3.6 inverter paid the deposit £1662 And insulation date in 16 th June . Thank you 😊
@fazkhan8009
@fazkhan8009 Жыл бұрын
From LR renewables
@terryobrien9865
@terryobrien9865 Жыл бұрын
Confused,, I understand that Octopus would give me a better off peak rate as I wish to charge my 5.2 GivEnergy at night occasionally as my panels are only 2.35kw, but I do not wish to lose my tariff from them, its the best rate, i believe ones tariff is stopped in place of a new lower tariff, is this true??
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Yes, to switch to a tariff which gives you an off peak rate with also means your peak time price changes too. If you have a good rate then I would suggest to wait until that tariff expires and you have no choice but to move onto a different tariff. That’s how I did it.
@SteveKeogh-on-google
@SteveKeogh-on-google Жыл бұрын
HI - Any reason why the EDDI couldn't be installed at the other end? The Consumer unit end - using the feed straight out of the Immersion fuse?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
I don’t see why not. It’s basically the same thing. I guess it all depends on the layout of your property and how easy the wiring runs are to everything that needs connecting.
@dnb466
@dnb466 Жыл бұрын
very interesting , have been on octopus intelligent for a while , its great , the longer off ppeak window really helps , and it works really well with my zappi charger . I also rate rhe eddi , not all about the pay back , i lkke the boost functions and the way it works with other myenergy products
@TommysDaddy
@TommysDaddy Жыл бұрын
Excellent clear overview! Now I know what all these devices do !!
@lynnfisher4396
@lynnfisher4396 Жыл бұрын
One of the things that put us off Intelligent Octopus was that the t&c’s stated you had to turn off smart devices ie our Zappi which we use to put the majority of our power into the car during the summer. I believe that stipulation is there so it doesn’t interfere with their own Intelligent algorithms. Have you had any issues with Octopus yet as you are using an Eddi and car charger in smart mode ie to symphony off the excess solar?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Hi Lynn, I didn't spot that in the t&c's but I am definitely having that issue. To override things, I have to set Octopus Intelligent to 'bump charge' (which overrides all their intelligence), and then I can use my Hypervolt to smart charge as I want. It's certainly more hassle, and won't allow the system to be truly smart as you describe, but it's the work around I've found so far. As I've got 2 EV chargers, if I find it's annoying me, I might plug the car into the other charger during the daytime so it's not controlled by Octopus, and then back to the main one for night time so Octopus can be intelligent! Or, I'll just switch onto another tariff.
@lynnfisher4396
@lynnfisher4396 Жыл бұрын
@@HarvestingTheSun Octopus Intelligent is similar to the Tesla Energy Plan which they ran for Powerwall owners. The non-smart stipulation was in that one too. The TEP has now been discontinued. We stuck with Go as we can do all our house or car charging in the four hour window ( albeit we were on Go Faster with the five hour window previously, which has also been discontinued). Our off peak has been reduced from 12p to 9.5p this month. Hopefully they will drop further this year. Having said that, at least Octopus are evolving and offering new products to suit a wide range of people, Go, Intelligent, Flux , Cosy, Zero etc and appear to be sensitive to passing on market changes ie the recent price drops. We wouldn’t be with any other supplier.
@campbellcopeland
@campbellcopeland Жыл бұрын
​@@HarvestingTheSun I'm looking at install options just now and considering Enphase IQ7+ or perhaps IQ7A microinvertors - are you seeing much clipping on your highest performing panels given they're 385W and the this exceeds the quoted specification of the IQ7+ you have? I imagine this might only be for a very small period of time on optimal days - but curious if you have a generation graph for a panel to show clipping rather than a graph of the entire system?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
@@campbellcopeland a very good question. I’m aware that I probably have clipping, but the data I need from enphase to figure this out is not available in a report. The only way to get it is via an API which is now a paid for service, so I haven’t done it. I suspect I do have clipping, especially on my south facing panels, and most probably on my east facing panels at the height of the afternoon. In hindsight, I would probably have got smaller panels more closely matched to the microinverter output, and then fitted more of them to make the most of the space I have. It would cost more, but would probably still pay off.
@Fritsvrolijk
@Fritsvrolijk Жыл бұрын
Maybe use less energy .If the planet has to provide even more people like you it will go quickly down the drain
@amperenetwork101
@amperenetwork101 Жыл бұрын
Hi I'm trying to use your referral link, however it didn't apply, so I emailed them and they have asked for your email and name, I'm not sure if this is common practice, however is there a secure way you can send this to me ?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Hi thanks for your message. The referral links should work.. several other people have been using them, and I’ve used it myself just this week. But if you drop me an email, then i can give you the info needed to make it work. [email protected]
@gavintillott1394
@gavintillott1394 Жыл бұрын
Really informative video as always. Where did you get the yearly grid voltage data from? I have a Givenergy system but can only see a way to get that data daily from the inverter in the GE portal
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Hi Gavin, so yes, in the portal, if you click on the inverter, then at the top right there is an icon of a grid. click on that, and it gives you a huge table with lots of data. the column called 'VAC' is your voltage reading. At the top right there is a download button. There is no way to get the entire year downloaded in 1 go (I called GivEnergy to ask). So I downloaded each day one by one, and then found a macro online which would take all these individual files and make them into 1 giant file for me, so I could then plot a graph. each month when I update it, I have to download 30 files to get all the readings. Not very slick, but that's how I do it.
@dbcooper7326
@dbcooper7326 Жыл бұрын
My harvi suddenly stopped reporting any voltage on the CT clamp. Still connected to hub and flashing green. Reported it to myenergi
@serraios1989
@serraios1989 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for the video and the information about the Enphase system. You are the most reliable resource. On a different subject, have you tried to calculate the round trip (kWh out/kWh in) efficiency of the GivEnergy batteries ?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
thank you for your feedback. I haven't yet attempted to calculate this number. I realise that the round trip is not 100% efficient, and will impact my numbers, but at the moment, I can't think of how I would be able to measure this. When GivEnergy batteries get towards the bottom, the low point is not very consistent as they have a weird calculation to determine when the battery is fully discharged. So I can't depend on that metric to help me figure this out...but I also haven't found a way to do a decent calculation on this yet.
@serraios1989
@serraios1989 Жыл бұрын
@@HarvestingTheSun During our absence I did a forced discharge test from 100% to 0% charge, with all the circuit breakers down in the consumer unit (apart from the 50w ventilation system and the alarm) and then fully charged to 100%. I took the half hourly readings from the smart meter (exported 6.9kwh/ charged with 9.8kwh) and the roundtrip efficiency was 70.40%. I will repeat the test soon, as GivEnergy asked me to record the battery temperature. I have noticed that when discharging at high power the battery can go from 25% to 0 within 1-2 minutes and then charges back to 4%
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
@@serraios1989 very interesting! 70% roundtrip is pretty poor efficiency. I'll have to do the same experiment on my system at some point. Regarding your issue of going from 25% to 0% to 4%, this is a calibration issue. I had this exact same problem last year. Ask GivEnergy to force through all the firmware upgrades to your system, and then to do the calibration run again. They did this to mine, and then it got a lot better. Basically, the issue is the way that they calculate the %. Rather than knowing how much power is in the battery, they do a weird calculation based on voltage. And this is where it goes wrong...it's all a software problem reporting that you have more power in your battery than you actually do.
@georgebarr5102
@georgebarr5102 Жыл бұрын
Leasing an ev is much more expensive than a petrol car- you should include that in your savings?
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
if you see an earlier video, I explain why I have not included that in my costs. There are many factors involved in the cost of leasing a car, not simply if it is an EV or/ICE vehicle. Features on the car, the amount of commission (or not) the broker has built in to the price, manufacturer promotions etc.
@georgebarr5102
@georgebarr5102 Жыл бұрын
@@HarvestingTheSun My point is if you take the exact same model there is a premium for EV - usually about £150 a month So you can’t ignore that when claiming all the free miles or money saved using solar, I’m pro solar and currently researching my options and factoring in the extra cost for ev rental in my pay back calculations It adds time to pay back Which is why most you tubers prefer to ignore it
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
@@georgebarr5102 I hear you. but I upgrade my car every few years, and calculated the avg depreciation vs leasing costs - I only got a lease on the basis the cost of ownership is equivalent. Plus I got the EV on a manufacturers promotion and further subsidised by the broker and dealer, so it worked out cheaper than the equivalent petrol/diesel car for me. Check it out for yourself...Audi Q4 e-tron S Line with C+S pack and metallic paint. I pay £400pm inc maintenance over 4 years and 5K miles pa. I got 5000 free miles, and a free EV charger thrown in by Audi. The same deal right now costs £627pm (not including the freebies). By comparison, the cheapest equivalent Q5 TDI is £515pm right now, or the equivalent Q3 eTFSI is £595pm. These are current prices from the same broker I ordered the car from.
@georgebarr5102
@georgebarr5102 Жыл бұрын
@@HarvestingTheSun ok Thanks I should add for the detailed info Ad for ev My wife’s PCP is up this august will have a fresh look at ev deals We are just building a big workshop in the garden - I looking at solar for a 20m2 pent roof on the shed Save putting them on my new house roof Lots of variables in my calcs but mostly pay back comes out on a knife edge choosing medium range kit that may not last until pay back So I’ve kinda came to the conclusion it’s more of a lifestyle choice than a big financial no brainer
@spikebmth
@spikebmth Жыл бұрын
I would say your information is incorrect, as its not as simple as gen1 or gen2 choice in getting correct cable. ***GivEnergy All-in-one to All-in-one Cable*** Battery connection cable for GivEnergy products. It has an All-in-one connection at both ends to connect the Unlimited range of GivEnergy batteries to one another. This cable must be used in the following instances: Connecting an Unlimited battery (currently only the 9.5kWh as of 14.10.22) to another Unlimited battery. ***GivEnergy All-in-one to Ring Terminal Cable*** Battery connection cable for GivEnergy products. It has an All-in-one connection at one end to connect to the Unlimited range of GivEnergy batteries, and ring terminals at the other end to connect to Gen1 and Gen2 inverters, or any other battery. This cable must be used in the following instances: Connecting an Unlimited battery (currently only the 9.5kWh as of 14.10.22) to a Gen1 Inverter Connecting an Unlimited battery (currently only the 9.5kWh as of 14.10.22) to a Gen2 Inverter Connecting an Unlimited battery (currently only the 9.5kWh as of 14.10.22) to any other GivEnergy battery
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
thanks for your comment. This video was published before the dates shown in your guidance and before there was any documented clarity. But I think we're saying the same thing anyway..
@nashdpatel
@nashdpatel Жыл бұрын
Hi, I’m considering a new solar and battery setup alongside our Zappi charger. Is the GivEnergy battery and inverter smart enough to work with “other” branded EV chargers? I know MyEnergi have recently released the Libbi battery inverter system which would be ideal for the Zappi, but it’s very expensive compared to GivEnergy. If you were starting from scratch today, which would you choose? Thanks
@HarvestingTheSun
@HarvestingTheSun Жыл бұрын
Hi there. yes it does work, but the integration isn't as smart as you would like. The different brands don't talk to each other. The way I manage it is to set a delay before they react to the CT reading. By having the battery react immediately, and the Eddi react after 20 seconds, I can effectively, prioritise the battery in all cases. It's not ideal, but it works perfectly most of the time. If you want to prioritise the Eddi over the battery, you can do this aswell, but you just need to call GivEnergy to change the config on the battery. It is definitely, easier to manage if you have just 1 brand, but as you've pointed out, sometimes there are other reasons causing you to have multiple brands.
@thiagopadilhatma
@thiagopadilhatma Жыл бұрын
Great explanation
@rslade1468
@rslade1468 Жыл бұрын
I’ve been searching for a video explaining all this in one video and so simply and in detail. THANK YOU SO MUCH!!
@simonloker8334
@simonloker8334 Жыл бұрын
I will have to email you when I have mine completely finished same ideas principles but to get rid of gas! Some good work and like you said just what you needed.