Thank you for very much for such an informative and helpful video. I am trying to measure the battery voltage of 4xAA alkaline batteries using an Atmega16A MCU on a custom project PCB. I am trying to use the internal 2.56V internal reference described on the datasheet. However, I don't think my code is correct. Since I need to read a voltage of at least 6V, I have a resistor network connected to pin PA0 with values of R1=100k and R2=33k. Do you mind checking my batteryRead() function for obvious errors? With my current code, the MCU is reporting a voltage of around 5.2V on the serial monitor; however, my meter shows that the 4xAA battery voltage is around 5.8V...some type of discrepancy. Thank you again. Here is the code: long readBattery() { long total = 0; int numReadings = 5; // Number of readings to average for (int i = 0; i < numReadings; i++) { long result; // Set the reference to the internal 2.56V and the input to ADC0 (PA0) ADMUX = _BV(REFS1) | _BV(REFS0); // Internal 2.56V Reference and ADC0 (PA0) // Wait for the reference to settle delay(2); // Start the conversion ADCSRA |= _BV(ADSC); // Wait for conversion to complete while (bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADSC)); // Read the result (10-bit ADC value) result = ADCL; result |= ADCH << 8; // Add this reading to the total total += result; // Small delay between readings delay(10); } // Calculate the average ADC reading long averageResult = total / numReadings; // Calculate the battery voltage in millivolts // ADC result is a value from 0 to 1023, representing 0V to 2.56V float vRef = 2.56; // Reference voltage (2.56V) float vADC = (averageResult * vRef) / 1024.0; // Voltage at PA0 (in volts) // Resistor divider scaling float R1 = 100000.0; // 100kΩ float R2 = 33000.0; // 33kΩ float scale = (R1 + R2) / R2; // Scaling factor due to voltage divider float batteryVoltage = vADC * scale; // Actual battery voltage (in volts) long voltage_mV = batteryVoltage * 1000; // Convert to millivolts // Print the results Serial.print("Average ADC Reading: "); Serial.println(averageResult); // Print the average ADC value Serial.print("Calculated Voltage: "); Serial.println(voltage_mV); // Print the calculated voltage in millivolts return voltage_mV; // Returns the battery voltage in millivolts }

Anyone? 😂

Why is half the level sometimes -3dB and sometimes -6dB ?

excellent videos

Very useful~ 4B1 material seems to be a FERROXCUBE product~ This is similar to FAIRRITE's 52 material~ In the LOOP state, it is useful up to 50 MHZ, but when used as an OPEN LOOP of the BAR type, the permeability of 250 seems a little insufficient. Even if the loss increases slightly, the permeability should be high so that the self-absorption ability of the radio wave improves a little more~ And the important thing is the length~ Since the relative frequency is relatively low, the length should be increased to increase the potential of the input signal~^^

The CASIO FX-7000G/GA have all those keys even under shift function apart from 1/x. I used it for my masters exams. Needed some of the more advance functions that don't exist on standard calculators.

Is it possible to combine both ICs to have an array of 8 half bridges to drive, for example, a bipolar stepper motor?

Thank you

No 32 s or 42 s

Another method for eliminate ground loop mostly used in USB is to connect ground between PCB and case (or cable shielding and pcb ground) by resistor 1MOhm and capacitor 1nF which eliminate some of the noise. To avoid problems with ESD capacitor must be rated for 2kV.

On semi 1N4007 has typical Ir=50nA and max Ir=10uA so for typical value you will have Voffset = 500uV not 100uV

For me the HP32S is far better than the HP15C/HP11C. It has all functions needed for my everyday use. I got it at my first work in 1985.

sehr gut gemacht, didaktisch ausgezeichnet. Danke Kainka Labs!

I learn everything about eletric through pratical experience, but never knew the definition and why Until I saw your video Thanks, genuinely

I recently bought some JFETs from AliExpress. The BF245Bs were fake: NPN BJTs as per your video. The BF245As gave very peculiar readings on a component tester similar to the one you used. Vb was 385mV and Hfe was 184K and it showed up as a NPN BJT. I was able to repeat these tests with a Peak Electronics DCA75 component tester. The BF245s tested as NPN transistors as before but at a collector current of 5mA, Hfe was 278 and not over 400 as before. I think they are 2N3904 or similar. The BF245As, however, tested as n-channel JFETs, as they should. The pinch-off voltages were around 0.5v or slightly less. Perhaps the cheap testers cannot test JFETs with low pinch-off voltages.

Update 2024: The ELV download is now *free* - and no registration required. The Circuit ED link is dead.

Very informative, thank you

Hello thank you for a very informative video on cleaning variable capacitors/pontentiometers

It was left to show the complete assembly circuit with hall effect for measuring DC current

dB or not dB .....that is the q...........

I like it. The only thing I'd do differently, is add a 9V tap and add one tap that runs through an LM317 with a potentiometer for adjustment. In fact, that's what I did when I built a very similar board for my own lab. That said, this board is much "cleaner" and neater than mine, and I might just buy one or two of these to have around. 🙂

One downside to the silicone mats I’ve found is that they carry a very heavy static charge. I have an L shaped glass desk that got bought some silicone mats for and they have such a great static charge that I’m afraid to use them on the desk because that’s where my computers will be. Trying to figure out a good way to either ground them to the metal frame of the desk ,of discharge the static into/onto something else but still looking into how I can do it. Any suggestions?

🙏🙏🌹🌹🌹🌹

Hi Mr. Very good video! I found the same issues with mine that I bought assembled. I was in doubt if it was defective or a design error. You solved the doubts. Thanks! Just one issue: I've tried to download your schematics with optimized components and instructions but received a "The request is blocked" message. Could you please help me with this issue?

Just bought the Super fx 991D and waiting for it to ship. It’s nice and thin, which is perfect, but the persistent engineering mode is amazing for circuit analysis. It’s not a 61f, but it’s also 15-20x less, so more than worth it.

It is all about minimising self capacitance. This maximises the tuning range. The coil that looks like a star is the right way to do with this - keep the turns far from each other.

Hello, Thanks for all your incredible work on this fix. For some reason I can't access the link in description for fix. Do you have an alternate link I could download instructions for fix please?

Why do rockets use silver instead of copper? USA tomahawk missiles use lots of silver. Why is that?

fx-50f plus

This is circuit diagram link give me plez

Flatcable is typicaly 0.08mm^2 and the knipex 12 62 180 is designed for 0.2 to 6mm^2, so you cannot complain that it doesn't perform well enough for something that it wasn't designed for! From the video I am guessing that you are right handed ... might sound silly but use your right hand for the tool. I have the mulstrip 10 and it performs as expected (I mainly use for thin electronics cables)

Thank-you!!!! When I first began learning electronics I came across a super simple circuit of two LED's in parallel but flipped in opposite directions. It called for applying an AC Sinewave which would alternate the flashing of each LED. My oscilloscope had a function generator BUT the sinewave's voltage output was so low it couldn't power on an LED. So I bought this same cheapo XR2206 but was once again disappointed in that it would only light one LED solid but the other LED stayed off. As per your suggestion, I added a 100uF Capacitor to the output AND NOW both LED's flash as expected and I can even adjust the frequency!! Can someone explain why adding the 100uF capacitor solved my issue??

RMS-Power is not a correct term, I(rms)*V(rms) = P(average)

Thank you for the great explanation of how an AC/DC clamp meter works. This video was very informative and helpful.

I bought a bunch of LM35 which should be a temperature sensor and it turned to be an NPN transistor

isn't deci 1/10? a deci liter is 1/10 of a liter. Why is a deci-Bel 10 times a Bel instead of 1/10 a Bel?

The link is kinda "brokenISH" at least my antivirus (ESET Internet Security) is blocking it due to an issue with the ssl certificate, like it is not trustable or something or it is revoked...

Thank you very much for this video! I am from India, a Bio-Medical Engineer by profession & a radio & vintage audio & tape recorder hobbyist. I want to know the reconditioning process for the compact film type ganged capacitors. Please let me know through your video in case you have done any work particularly on these components. Regards!

I'd sure like to read Roger's customer Review on this Impossible disaster !! .....How possibly can this "machine" work with non-conductive "Painted" segments ?? ....Maybe it's really a Bonetti "Sectorless" Machine !!

I like the white clip but not the last one

Thank you and appreciate your effort. Greetings to you from Turkey .

It’s been a while since KL released a video. Hope all is well. Yours is one of the best ECE channels around. I have a bunch of questions about the ks7000. Let me know if you wouldn’t mind answering a few. Thanks for all the great videos!!

price please

As incredibly Impossible for this Poorly designed screwed up Chinesium Wimshurst machine to Work, it somehow manages to Produce some sparks & actually Shock the irate Presenter !!!

Brilliant. Thank you.

Yep HP-35S is GREAT! ...But INSANELY priced, when HP still sold them. Now used still crazy price! :( The newer CASIO Fx-981EX on the other hand is GRAT VALUE! ...even though they F...ED up the u m k etc. is now a three button sequence , ....MORONS!!!!!!!!!!!! :(

You can't measure RMS power with anything because there is no such thing. You only have RMS values for voltage and current; the product of these is average power.

I think you meant AD8436 not AD8736.😁

$68 on ebay

For each size of capacitor, resistor it will cost me at least 65$ each easily