very appreciated lecture !!

❤❤❤

❤❤ thank you so much 🙏🙏

very nice..thank u ❤

amazing

21314008

21314008

21314008

Thank you a lot.

Hey bhagwan bachao😂😂😂

Thank u so much ma'am..❤

Mus say this professor does not know anything about HSI. He is simply reading the slides without any explanation or discussion. Very bad!

Leture Summary: **Lecture 6: Hydrogen** **I. Introduction (**0:18**-**0:54**)** * This lecture focuses on the applications of hydrogen, building upon previous discussions about its production, particularly through the electrolysis of water. * Electrolysis is highlighted as a key technique for producing large amounts of hydrogen. * The lecture aims to categorize the diverse uses of this produced hydrogen. **II. Applications of Hydrogen (**0:54**-**6:46**)** * **Ammonia Production (**1:03**-**3:52**):** * Hydrogen is crucial for ammonia (NH₃) synthesis, which is a vital process for producing fertilizers. * Nitrogen (N₂) from the atmosphere is abundant but difficult to convert into useful forms (like ammonia) due to its strong triple bond. * Nitrogen reduction requires multiple electron transfers and the addition of protons, effectively supplying hydrogen. * The Haber-Bosch process (mentioned but not elaborated in detail here) is the main industrial technique for producing ammonia. It utilizes hydrogen produced by processes like the electrolysis of water or from fossil fuels. * **Methanol Reforming & Refinery Processes (**4:02**):** * Hydrogen finds applications in the process of reforming methanol, and also in the refining processes. * **Food Technology (**4:10**-**5:40**):** * Hydrogen is used for hydrogenation, which saturates unsaturated fats and oils in food products. * This is essential in the production of products like "vanaspati" (hydrogenated vegetable oil, also known by trade name Dalda or margarine). * High purity hydrogen is crucial for the food industry to ensure the safety of the food products. * Catalytic hydrogenation with catalysts is used in the production of margarine and other hydrogenated fats. * **Metal Refining and Hydride Production (**5:40**-**6:27**):** * Hydrogen is utilized as a reducing agent in metal refining. * It's also used to produce metal hydrides, such as calcium hydride (CaH₂), titanium hydride (TiH₂), and sodium hydride (NaH). * **Electronics Industry and Miscellaneous Techniques (**6:27**-**6:46**):** * Hydrogen is used in electronics for cleaning surfaces and in various other applications. **III. Transport of Hydrogen (**7:52**-**10:13**)** * **Challenges:** Transporting hydrogen as a gas or liquid is difficult. * **Gas:** * Can be transported in cylinders or through pipelines. * **Liquid:** * Requires pressurized cryogenic (low-temperature) cylinders for storage and transport. * **Solid:** * Hydrogen can be stored in the form of metal hydrides, which may or may not be stoichiometric. These can release hydrogen when needed. * Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are being researched for their potential to store hydrogen gas within their void spaces, offering a safer solid-state storage solution compared to compressed or liquid hydrogen. **IV. Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) (**10:27**-**20:51**)** * **Introduction (**10:27**-**11:50**)** * After water and hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is discussed as an important compound. * It is a very useful material and it is available in the market in different forms and percentages (e.g., 35%, 50%, 70% aqueous solutions). * It has a unique structure different from water or hydrogen. It has a "book-safe" configuration with O-O bond in one plane and two O-H bonds in different planes. * It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic. * **Production Methods (**12:40**)** * **Oxidation of Isopropanol (**13:06**-**15:55**):** * Isopropanol is oxidized with air to produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and acetone. * This reaction happens at high temperatures (90-140°C) and pressures (50-200 bar). * The produced H₂O₂ is in dilute solution (35%, 50% or 70%). * Acetone, a by-product can be recycled back to isopropanol through hydrogenation or reduction. * **Electrochemical Process (**16:02**-**20:51**):** * Electrochemical oxidation of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) or ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) can yield H₂O₂. * This involves the formation of persulfates (e.g., H₂S₂O₈, ammonium persulfate) at the anode of the electrolysis cell. * The persulfates undergo hydrolysis to produce Caro's acid (H₂SO₅), which reacts with water to form H₂O₂. * The yield can reach up to 70%. The cost of electricity is an important factor for this process. **V. Anthraquinone Process for Hydrogen Peroxide Production (**21:46**-**27:22**)** * **Overview (**21:46**-**23:55**):** * Substituted anthrahydroquinones are oxidized by air at 30-80 °C and 5 bar to produce the corresponding quinones. * This process also produces hydrogen peroxide. * The hydrogen peroxide is extracted with water. * **Importance of Quinone-Hydroquinone Chemistry (**23:55**-**25:12**):** * The process is similar to how catechol oxidases work in biology. * The process can be made catalytic if the quinone can be hydrogenated back to the hydroquinone. * **Solvent Systems (**25:59**-**27:22**):** * The hydroquinone and quinone have different solubilities. * Mixtures of polar and aromatic solvents are used. **VI. Stabilization and Inorganic Peroxides (**27:22**-**34:14**)** * **Stabilization of Hydrogen Peroxide (**27:22**-**28:36**):** * Hydrogen peroxide is unstable due to the weak O-O bond. * Stabilizers (e.g., diphosphates, tin compounds) are added to prevent decomposition of H2O2 * **Sodium Perborate as an Inorganic Peroxide (**28:36**-**34:14**):** * Sodium perborate has a "per" structure, meaning it contains peroxide. * It is obtained from borax (Na₂B₄O₇) reacted with sodium hydroxide to form sodium metaborate, which then reacts with H₂O₂. * Stabilizers like magnesium salts and silicates are used to stabilize perborate compounds. * It has a peroxy linkage between two boron centers. * It can be used as a free radical initiator or for polymerization reactions. **VII. Conclusion (**34:14**)** * The lecture highlights the importance of hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide along with the various production methods and applications, along with important inorganic peroxides.

SIR values taken of temperature are wrong while plugging in the solution since given temp in diagram are T1 = 1350 AND T2 = 1650 giving total value of q = 2524.94 W

Mallu sir🫡

lucky to have in your ERA

Why Java does not support multiple inheritance

sir app ke english to bahut veek hai

🎉

Why did you don't use the frequency? The difference of the 3rd to fundamental voltage is, also, the frequency that is 3 times the fundamental frequency.

Well defined in my perception. Thanks a lot.

Vidamuyarchi update please 🙏 😢

06:25 We can change the size of dynamically allocated memory with realloc, though it relies on copying data and not resizing as such. 13:15 We do not have to copy the elements to the reallocated memory in modern versions of C, as the C runtime ensures it. but still vectors are very advantageous syntactically and security wise from dynamic memory in C.

So many mistakes

Sir has immense knowledge which is not a surprise since he is a professor in an IIT. But this playlist is another reminder that having good knowledge doesn't equal to having good teaching skills. The way he teaches is disappointing, the slides and content also don't help much. We need a better teacher who actually has passion and the teaching skills to teach such complex topics. I took this as a nptel course but very disappointed with sir's teaching style.

"Do you have a playlist for this course?"

What is invoke meaning

Thank you

Thanks for a beautiful explanation.