Thank you for the comment. You're right if the element's ground state configuration does not follow the expected pattern, which is common for large atoms. However, in traditional general chemistry courses (which this video was developed for), we teach patterns because it's not possible to predict the real configurations. There are some common exceptions, like copper, where it's easy to propose the exception based on a known stable configuration (4s1 3d10 instead of 4s2 3d9) - in these cases, you're right that this method won't give you the most stable configuration.

These would come from individual experiments where you are monitoring the rate of the reaction. For example, if you set up an experiment that monitors the absorbance of a product and plot it vs. time, the slope of that line would be related to the rate - if this is done under controlled conditions, that would be your V0

Yes, in a perfect scenario where alpha impacts Km and Vmax equally. I would expect this to be the case for most instances you'd see in a biochemistry course.

The idea is that we are trying to understand what variable impact the interaction between one electron and the nucleus. This is the foundational concept for understanding all of the periodic trends and essentially every basic concept that deals with the energy associated with electrons in an atom. We treat the nucleus as a single point charge with a charge of Z (The number of protons) and one electron as a single point charge (always a charge of -1). Things get much more complicated if you start thinking about multiple electrons. I hope that helps.

@@dr.g5043Thank you for your reply! Yeah i see your point, but for the Helium case in the video you already represented 2 electrons but didnt take that into account in the equation. Why? Shouldnt it be (-2)? And my main question is, is the potential energy always negative? If we always have positive charge x negative charge, id assume that this would always be the case <0

​@@ing.anthony7097 Hi. It boils down to the idea that we are focused on one electron at a time - what is the energy that describes the interaction between one electron and the nucleus. Adding in more electrons is certainly possible and necessary as you move on in chemistry and physics, but the point of this video is to introduce the most basic aspects of understanding the simplest case scenario (one electron and the nucleus). Is the energy always negative? Yes, for the interaction between an electron and the nucleus because they have opposite charges, but it there is no limitation to the equation that the energy must be negative. For example, if you're investigating the interaction between two electrons, then q1 = -1 and q2 = -1, so the potential energy is positive.

Approximation is inherently flawed if your goal is to get a correct answer. However, it can be a very good guide in many instances. The dataset I show here intentionally creates a situation where the approximation is misleading because the dataset is not complete - the measured velocity does not approach Vmax. Consequently it is not possible to accurately estimate Vmax, which means the Km estimate is also flawed. Conversely, the Lineweaver-Burk approach also has some inherent issues that I don't discuss in this video which can result in incorrect Km and Vmax values.

DF is the experimental value and DF max is the signal when it is fully saturated with ligand. So the Y-axis is a fraction of bound ligand.

Good question and I'm not sure my explanation will be perfectly clear, but I'll try. Exponents can refer to any number raised to a power. Orders of magnitude specifically refers to power or 10. In the expression 2^3, the 3 is an exponent but not an order of magnitude. In the expression 2 x 10^3, 3 is still an exponent and 10^3 is an order of magnitude - three orders of magnitude (x 1000). I hope that helps.

@@dr.g5043 It was perfectly clear. Appreciate it.

Great to hear, thank you and I'm glad it helped!

glad it helped!

Yes, it will invert (1/p)

No, this would be the structure in an organic solvent or the solid phase where functional groups do not speciate. At pH 7, the amines would be protonated (NH3+) and the carboxylic acids would be deprotonated (COO-).