Yes, there is a jump, but the missing content is only a single slide. Here is the slide content: Evaluation of the Permutation-based versus the Neyman-Pearson Approach to the MCP The MCP is solved in the same way as in the Neyman-Pearson theory, but now the evaluation is much more positive: 1. The distribution under the null hypothesis does not depend on auxiliary assumptions 2. The test statistic, which depends on the data at all samples jointly, can be chosen such that it is maximally sensitive to effects that are biophysically plausible.

it is all artefacts.

Carter, hello! I think this idea of the individuals being "syncronized with the universe" is very beautfiul! But here is some information: frequency syncronization of different neuronal regions is something known to happen in humans, but not in other animals. Knowing this, we can see that has to do a lot with cognition. You can learn a lot from new studies, like "The frequency architecture of brain and brain body oscillations: an analysis" (Wolfgang Klimesch). The rhythm of the brain and body is essential to unravel the riddle of the human brain.

@@danilo_debarros @Danilo Barros Thank you! Just what I've been looking for. Gnitty gritty source material for understanding the works of brain synchronization and the potential to discover the root of human consciousness. Your insight on humans being unique in regional synchronization is most interesting! Definitely food for thought.

@@carterstrickland930 Hey Carter. I am a Neuroscience PhD student and can give some of what I know. I am not an expert, and no single human can list an encompassing list of facts and sources to address your intuitions, but I will still do my best to help you out (even though you posted your comment 2 years ago). First, @danilo_debarros states "frequency synchronization of different neuronal regions" and is incorrect. In fact, frequency synchronization is a fundamental property of neural circuits, and enables different brain regions to sync spike rates to coordinate processing and stimulus transduction. This is an energy conservation principle (which you intuited with your idea about intelligence), and happens in most nervous systems, especially animals that have evolved neocortical layers. Pyramidal cells in the cortex are layered with interneuron (I advise exploring the work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal who was the first to identify cell types in the brain). Interneurons tune circuits via feed-forward inhibition with the release of GABA (a neurotransmitter). Like radio frequencies, these neurons can reduce noise, increase signal gain, and facilitate excitation of pyramidal neurons. I will name drop and use specific vocabulary in my response. I suggest copying and pasting into google and exploring: I will not use any words, concepts, or scientific work that I myself do not understand or have verified (as that is my job as a scientist!). The reference you received is not quite gnitty gritty, and is a proposed, hypothetical framework. I would avoid these kinds of articles until you learn fundamental principles about how the nervous system works (ie. the ground rules). Your intuition is great, but if you want to explain consciousness you will need to learn the language of the system and especially the anatomy. Use your intuition to guide your reading based on interest and what makes sense to you, but remain always skeptical of your own theories. I suggest creating two alternative hypotheses which are mutually exclusive (if A is true, then B is false) so that you can measure your learning progress. "I have been incredibly interested in brain synchronization and it's potential manifestation of consciousness" - same here, but realize even this principle of wave properties and synchronization is reductionist, ie. the theory reduces the consciousness to the properties of brain waves. To explore the science, of which there is a LOT, I suggest waiting to make your "big theory" until you know more! Furthermore, oscillations and wave properties originate from physics, and are properties of rhythmic movement (like a pendulum or spring). Neural activity is often compared to electrical properties, but this is to enable scientific study. For example, The Hogdkins-Huxley model (required reading) of a neuron conceptualizes them as circuits with capacitors, resistors, and voltage potential. I would start here and get an intuition about how a biological neuron produces an action potential. Ultimately, these action potentials are the reduced property of all oscillations. "How does synchronization of neuronal firing manifest consciousness and other manifestations of the brain?" You can investigate this question by defining consciousness. You can check out the well-studied literature on sleep cycles and brain waves (brain waves; neural oscillations; frequencies; these are all similar terms). The method of measure they use is EEG (electroencephalography) which measure cortical electrical fields through the skull. With animal models more invasive techniques allow more precise measure of neuronal activity (skull/skin interferes with EEG, and EEG represent global activity). In patients with epilepsy (seizures, representing a disruption of healthy neuronal activity) scientists can get Electrocorticography ( ECoG ) measurement (which is done during brain surgery to make sure language areas are not being damaged) and collects cortical electrical fields directly from cortex. You can also look into the effects of anesthesia on brain waves, but significant expertise is required to gain an intuition at the level. "Synchronization is definitely an attribute of learning as to recall something the neurons would need to be firing in a synchronized fashion as to provoke the the correct patterns of information" - This is a great intuition, and sort of describe the function of the hippocampus. Memory is a hot topic in neuroscience. I would learn the anatomy of the hippocampus: dentate gryus, entorhinal cortex, CA1/CA2/CA3 pyramidal neurons, and how information flows through. Scientists have built whole careers trying to understand the hippocampus. Furthermore, look into thalamocortical and basal ganglian loops. This will give you can idea about the complexity of the system you seek to understand. "Personality would likely be manifested this way, and would an individuals intelligence depend on the brains ability for neurons to synchronize, and thus the reason why brain efficiency is the leading hypothesis as to what makes an Individual intelligent." - reducing intelligence and personality to electrical oscillations and synchronicity would seem to make sense, but might be *too* reductive. I would study psychology for a better intuition about personality and intelligence. Oscillations might be more relevant to state-switching, modulating attention, and recruiting cognitive resources. MRI BOLD signals can give insight into functional location of activity related to certain psychological and cognitive processes. EEG and electrical activity gives insight into the temporal/timecourse of activity. Also, read some Carl Jung! "Also to go into more abstract information, and somewhat spiritual, does the synchroniacities and frequencies of the universe affect consciousness, or how the neurons themselves begin synchronize, as it would want to be in sync with the universal frequencies and synchronization patterns?" - super cool thought, have thought similar things myself. Science and spirituality aren't that far from each other, but I will still share my personal insight. Keep some of your scientific ideas a little separate from the magic of life. You cannot explain everything. Focus more on *why* proving this assumption would be helpful? How would that fact help people live a better life? I have personally chosen to commit to studying, and develop my bigger philosophy as I go. I keep the big picture behind everything I do, but I commit to studying the practical knowledge first. Otherwise, one remains perpetually "lost in the sauce." Nonetheless, yes, primary visual cortex is where you want to look: these neurons are responding directly to visual input from retina and thalamus. Research the visual pathway. Each sensory pathway has a unique way of bridging the "external" and "internal" realities. Finally, here is one of my favorite visualizations of the functional spectrum of frequencies during the auditory brain stem response. The visualizations highlights some points I made. In order for the scientist to build this visual, they chose a well-studied, robust neural phenomenon (auditory brain stem response is used to measure the likelihood of comatose patients to recover) as each spectral property of the waveform is the same in every person, as the sound is transduced through the same brainstem nuclei and primary auditory cortex, in the same order. Therefore, any difference is abnormal and likely due to injury (like a heart rate!) and occurs even when someone is not conscious. In this visualization, they are conscious, but the video also explains EEG, and frequencies REALLY well!! please enjoy: "Brain Rhythms: Functional Brain Networks Mediated by Oscillatory Neural Coupling" kzbin.info/www/bejne/hXTTipeJg8SeqtU I hope this does not discourage you -- there is a lot to know! -- and it is SO worth studying. But it seemed you were looking for an info dump, and it is my pleasure to share, especially because I found myself with similar intuitions as you when I was in high school. I still think that way, too!

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It's not a sales pitch. I found it very clear and helpful.

neurofeedbacks loreta database is a good start