4.2 Manufacturing of crystalline silicon

[@JasonCummer]

Finally found a good video that doesn't glosses over the basic. Thank you for putting this out there

[@no_more_free_nicks]

The most informative video about silicon production that I was able to find.

[@m.k.2162]

Excellent piece of presentation! Clear and to the point 👏

[@deshithadhananjaya3122]

one of the most informative video about silicon production that I was able to find.

[@AkshitaPuli]

Thank you sir, you explained it so clearly, whatever the doubts I was having it is cleared with your animations

[@Mendelpoet]

I finally see what my dad worked on all those years. I remember those odd ingots, thanks for the excellent explanation.

[@textbook2o11]

phenomenal video, great narration and animations. thanks much

[@ryans3442]

Excellent video. I enjoyed the depth and detailed information format

[@jonbigeffortthegoodness7437]

This channel has good power info! That silicon is made using geothermal 0 cost silicon factory heating.

[@unnatipatel2008]

When doping p-type junction...??? During silicon metaling process or after after texturing process...??

[@joelvahrenkamp1360]

What if you skipped the high purity and went straight to creating a crystalline structure? Would it still be able to perform the same uses, just at lower efficiency?

[@AlphaNerd132]

I don't know why an alcoholic early 30s man wanted to make this video essay, but it was highly informative!

[@theov3rmind]

This is an excellent sleep aid. Also very informative.

[@halogeek6]

I have been trying to find an independent explanation of this process for years. I didn't even know silicone ribbons was a thing. It sounds alot easier to make too. If I ever find myself in need of making cheap circut boards after the impending apacalypse this will most likely be the method I will use. After all silica if everywhere and is very VERY versatile.

[@justsomeone6985]

not necessarily in the apocalypse, pretty sure you can achieve the needed temperatures with as easy to get substances as SiC (Silicon Carbide) resistors with such (added to the fact you can use phosphor and aluminium as doping agents), it's technically possible to produce LED at home (added to the fact you're ready to produce all the energy by rotating a crank in an electromagnetic field because no way one will be able to get all of this into their electric bill and not raise eyebrows)

[@HarshGuptahargup]

Very good video, most other videos stop at how to produce metallurgical silicon

[@TheRomanTimesNews]

1:59 ❤❤❤❤ thank you sir you gave me us what we needed

[@bluebukkitdev8069]

Most useful video so far. Thanks!

[@kazimierzlenarczyk9067]

Scientist who laid the foundations for Silicon Valley honoured at long last Jan Czochralski, the largely forgotten scientist who made the modern world of ... he remains almost unheard of, even in his native Poland

[@funnybunnyt.v7737]

Lip smacking though

[@no_more_free_nicks]

kiss kiss

[@puppypi9668]

I like it, it's like ASMR XD

[@vishalpr3961]

Sir can we connect together pure silicon rode with silicon steel alloy or p_n_doped silicon using bolting

[@totalwhite3322]

4:58 cool

[@BlensonPaul]

Great Job.

[@zane003]

Feels like Jack sparow is giving me a lecture. I love it

[@manishchalodiya5557]

Excellent explain. Really very good

[@o2807]

Learned a lot, thanks, i'm going to make 0.5micron chips now

[@scottmartin7717]

Thanks, I was curious how they cut the stuff into wafers

[@ztoob8898]

There is a new method for making monocrystalline solar cell material that doesn't involve cylindrical ingots or ribbons. It's explained here in this (very short) tutorial: kzbin.info/www/bejne/e4u0pX2LZa6Vb7M Thanks to this process, it is no longer possible to tell monocrystalline solar panels by the little white diamond shapes at the cell interstices. Those diamonds were the backsheet showing through the cell corners, which were the original cylinder edges. For that reason and for the emergence of the PERC process, which improves efficiency in mono-si cells but not so much in poly-si cells, poly-si is pretty much over as of 2023.

[@kareemdyb7195]

Thank you so much

[@adriansilver1381]

Question... With the amount of heat we are putting in to create each crystalline silicon (for solar P.V. panel purposes) what quantity of energy are we getting back from it? You mention these huge temperatures, but wouldn’t this heat expenditure be better used once technology advances and we are able to get higher than 15-20% efficiency on solar panels commercially and up to 40% domestically?

[@toddweaver55]

I used to operate 6 Hamco Crystal pullers at MEMC Electronics. Each puller used a carbon/graphite heater that ran off 60 volts dc at 2000 amps. Thats 120,000 watts. There were 74 machines there. There was some power being consumed thats for sure. A typical growth cycle was 36- 48 hours.

[@saeedthabit8278]

@@toddweaver55 Good starting information, and if you could explain how many wafers are produced by each puller using 120 Kw in every 36-48 hr cycle, then we calculate the power efficiency of the system, please?

[@BlackRockExecutive]

Hi Adrian. Great question. This is one of the challenges of the PV industry and solar cell companies are always striving to improve on the energy consumption that is used to process them. Typically, a solar panel takes about 2 years of sunlight harnessing to obtain back the energy that is used to make them. One more thing, it is impossible to get up to 40% efficiency with this type of traditional commercial crystalline silicon solar cells. There is a theoretical limit (abt 30%) for that (SQ limit). Hence, reducing the energy consumption during processing is the only way (not increasing efficiency since it is theoretically not possible). There are non-traditional solar cells that can surpass the 30% mark but it is very costly and might require larger amount of energy. If you are interested to learn more about solar cells in an intuitive and fun manner, I'm starting a video series called "Shining Light on Solar Cells", covering the a-z of solar cells. Catch the series here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/a2TIc62vbcqNY5o

[@halogeek6]

I think it takes somewhere around 20-30 years for a single solar panel to reach carbon neutral. Depending on manufacturing techniques as well as quality of the solar panel. Considering most solar panels break by year 15. Solar energy is far from beinga. Clean green energy. But you will find that to be the case with most "green" energy sources. Such as wind turbines and hydroelectric damns. They often do more damage then they are worth. It's only fear mongering and human procrastination that keeps the industry afloat. Don't get me wrong. Solar panels and wind turbines are great alternative sources for power. They just aren't the end all be all most company's will have you believe. It's basicly new England's energy pipeline. Billed as being green energy to the voters when in reality its excess energy made by a Canadian coal power plant that cabt sell its powet to Canada so they sold it to the US as "green energy". Moral of the story? Don't believe what you are being told do your own research and the truth will become clear.

[@jonbigeffortthegoodness7437]

That geothermal heats the silicon production is a non cost silicon production.

[@vishalpr3961]

Please give ans .it is important for my research

[@lonewolfcoding5208]

how to make seed crystal from scratch from polycrystal?

[@rock3tcatU233]

That lip smacking is a clear sign of a previous meth addiction.

[@dorukhan8707]

ⵉⵜⵔⵓⵏⴰⵓⵜ lol

[@MEDICAL965]

Nice

[@Tim-Kaa]

Thank you

[@sanketkhatdeo6870]

very informative

[@Ruben9138]

Buena explicación del método pero dad like para que quiten los 2342341223 millones de anuncios que me salen cada vez que lo veo entero. Good explanation of the method but give like to remove the 2342341223 million ads that I get every time I see the whole thing.

[@clarencecherrone7914]

great video

[@johnaugsburger6192]

Great video, thanks.

[@shan_420]

what's 100/111 orientation?

[@waynebrehaut7183]

www.google.com/search?q=silicon+crystals+100+111&oq=silicon+crystals+100+111&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.11063j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

[@tosolar735]

Very useful

[@hedisal5694]

I have so much confusion on growth orientation. Example, If the seed is (111) orientation (lattice plane). (111) facet is introduced perpendicular to the direction of rotation and in contact with melt. This obviously means that any melt coming in contact with that particular plan follows its direction/orientation. Now, what about the other facets of the same seed dipped in the melt that may and may not have the same orientation and are in contact with the melt and spinning? Are seeds commercially available so someone can the pick the direction of growth depending on the desired wafer plane? Could you describe the size of the seed and its different facets' orientations. Thanks

[@toddweaver55]

The seeds that we used in rod growth were square, a little bigger than a pencil and they were cut from a much larger ingot that had either 1-0-0, 1-1-1 or 5-1-1 orientation. The seed was dipped into a molten charge and a small "neck" grown which looked like an icicle.That process forced out random crystal structures. After verifying zero dislocations, a tapered pancake disc was allowed to grow to certain target diameter then the lift rate increased till a round rod starting to be pulled from the molten charge.

[@brenorocha9407]

@@toddweaver55 Hello Todd, I am curious about how the seed crystals are made, since everywhere I have read about the CZ doesn't mention it. So, thank you for mentioning that it is cut from a larger ingot However, I am still curious about how the first seeds were made. Would you know about that, or do you know somewhere I could read about this in more detail? Thank you in advance

[@slthbob]

​@@brenorocha9407 just like any precision tool... repeated iterations of purification friend... low energy and copious time... the manufacturing processes shown are at warp speed compared to growing a seed ingot

[@johnelwood5775]

Understand coal is used to get to that 1900 degree temperature. So what's the environmental tradeoff?

[@andersonlucas1951]

Why coal? Electric resistances with tungsten alloy should be able to get those temperatures, or even high powered laser. The direct carbon footprint is in the SiO2 + 2C -> Si + 2 CO, yet carbon monoxyde can be turned into carbon dioxyde, then into methane (through sabatier reaction), then graphene or graphite using CVD technology. It isn't the cheapest way, yet it is a zero carbon footprint possibility.

[@MsAlarman]

Fantabulous

[@mortezahabibnia8120]

Thanks

[@hikmetsami]

Amazing!

[@yoskkdkdk]

i knew there was carbon subproducts

[@Eduardo-us2zm]

So much goes into making a chip no wonder people who make electronics are so creepy when you have their hardware in products you're using right now

[@bjhkggfjhgjn]

احسنت

[@diegomauricio8418]

muchas gracias ¡¡

[@monkofmayhem1373]

The answer is CVD on a rod. Jesus why is that so hard to find out

[@mesutokutan4265]

Perfect

[@mesutokutan4265]

Good video

[@custos3249]

Take a drink every time he lip smacks

[@romanibukharst9517]

thanks

[@aquilhall262]

he smacking like he going to town!

[@diduckd]

Stopping that annoying clicking sound, please and thanks, otherwise an excellent presentation.

[@NEVIXIA]

Manufacturing *

[@robinrich5667]

Das isses

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is indan

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is black

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is cool

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is kobe

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is Candian

[@ramirovasquez5708]

Drake is homedepot

[@untoldtruth5731]

I've seen how much coal they're using he only mentioned coal in passing 🤔😂

[@Anar10n]

SiO2+2C = Si + 2CO

[@jdroo]

That lip smack sound.... is too much

[@CairosNaobum]

NO. it provides this pleasant feeling in your heart. on a cold day. it's nice actyuyally. Downvoted you for making this stupid comment. Next time you should know better. ok. ?

[@user-qx7tm5df8j]

seriously what the fuk is wrong with him xD this sound is hilarious

[@broyojo]

hmm they use coke

[@asabhas]

Its not GLORINE its CHLORINE

[@HammadKhan-zq7qm]

You should care about what is he saying, rather how is saying..... English is not his first language and we all know how us "Desi" speak english. Respect !!

[@ShaliShaun]

Really?? Get out of here

[@DrNatemiester]

Jez, couldn't have any more ads could it? Thumbs down for that reason ONLY.

[@DrNatemiester]

Changed to Thumbs up, second time with zero ads. :)