9. Gluconeogenesis from lactate, glycerol, propionyl coA and glucogenic amino acids

Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrates precursors
Precursors/ substrates includes
1. Lactate
2. Glycerol
3. Propionyl coA
4. Glucogenic amino acids
Not exactly reversal of glycolysis
3 irreversible steps in glycolysis reversed by 4 important enzymes
1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
3. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
4. Glucose 6 phosphatase
Gluconeogenesis
Site - cytosol/ mitochondria
Mostly in Liver and to some extent in renal cortex
1. Important source of glucose during starvation after depletion of glycogen ( after 18 hrs)
2. Important source of energy for brain and RBCs
Energy utilized - 6 ATP/ glucose synthesis
Regulation
1. Induction and repression
Insulin represses pyruvate carboxylase
Glucagon induces
2. Covalent modifications
By phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of enzymes by hormones
Glucagon phosphorylate enzymes and activates
3. Allosteric activation
By acetyl coA
And inhibition by F2,6 BP

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