Abdominal Aorta - Gross anatomy ( Origin , Course , Branches ) : USMLE Step 1

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The abdominal aorta is the main artery that supplies blood to the abdominal and pelvic organs. It begins at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T12 vertebra and terminates at the level of L4 vertebra, where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries. It descends anterior to the vertebral column and passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm.
The abdominal aorta has four major branches, which are the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, and inferior mesenteric artery. These arteries supply blood to the organs of the abdomen and pelvis.
Celiac Trunk: The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta, which arises at the level of T12 vertebra. It divides into three branches: the left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery. These branches supply blood to the liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and duodenum.
Superior Mesenteric Artery: The superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of L1 vertebra. It supplies blood to the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and the transverse colon.
Renal Arteries: The renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta at the level of L1-L2 vertebrae. They supply blood to the kidneys and adrenal glands.
Inferior Mesenteric Artery: The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of L3 vertebra. It supplies blood to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
The abdominal aorta also gives off several smaller branches, which include the middle suprarenal arteries, inferior phrenic arteries, lumbar arteries, and median sacral artery.
The abdominal aorta is enclosed by a fibrous sheath called the retroperitoneum, which separates it from the peritoneal cavity. It is also surrounded by several lymph nodes and nerves. The coeliac plexus, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal aorta.
The abdominal aorta is an important structure that plays a critical role in the overall function of the abdominal and pelvic organs. Knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal aorta is crucial for medical students to understand the pathophysiology of various diseases and disorders that affect the abdominal and pelvic organs.
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