AWESOME dental implant process in 4K

AWESOME dental implant process in 4K
In this video I will show you the complete process of a dental implant, from the placement of the titanium implant in the bone to the placement of the crown on said implant.
The first step is a good tomographic analysis, not just an X-ray, we specialists always ask for a tomography, whether or not you have much experience. It will serve to see the size of the bone that will house our dental implant, the space and the axis of the implant.
PHASE 1: SURGICAL
--Anesthesia and disinfection
A good infiltrative anesthetic technique is sufficient for most cases. Disinfection can be with any antiseptic or mouthwash.
-Incision and flap
Depending on the area being worked on, the cuts to the gum can be very small or extensive; Remember that we are simulating a case where everything is ideal and the technique that I describe to you is the TRADITIONAL technique. Once the cuts or incisions have been made, the dentist will separate this flap in order to directly see the top of the bone.
-Milling
The specialist will use a series of special drills calibrated according to the size of the implant to be placed. The first drill is usually the lance or "linderman" drill for the first layer of bone which is very dense. The motor used for this procedure is special since the revolutions and torque must be calibrated according to the type of bone, in addition to ensuring good irrigation with serum. Once the diameter of the implant is reached, a special "thread forming" drill is used that will give an exact finish to the bone so that the implant is housed very precisely. It does this with very low revolution and high torque.
-Implant placement
With the same torque as the previous drill, if the equipment has that function, the dentist will start placing the implant in the hole until the point where the torque rises, from this point the last section is done by hand with a special key. called "rache or torque meter". And ready, the implant is well placed, you just have to wait for the OSEOINTEGRATION.
-Placement of the implant or scar cover.
Depending on each case, this point may have variants: currently we place a "scar" which is a long cap that exceeds the level of the gum. The second case is when the dentist decides to leave the implant with a very small cover (2nd surgery is required to change the scar).
-Suture
With multiple points the specialist will ensure a good closure of the wound. These points will have to be removed around 7 days by your dentist.
PHASE 2: PROSTHETIC PHASE OR REHABILITATION
After 2 to 6 months, the implant will be OSSEINTEGRATED, and will be able to function and will be able to receive the dental load or crown.
-impression taking
The dentist must take molds or impressions of the implant through the use of "transfers", which allow the exact location of the implant to be replicated in a laboratory model in order to manufacture the implant crown.
-Placement of crown on implant
In this step, the dentist will be able to offer you different types of material to use according to the aesthetic requirements, the most used being: ceramic metal crowns, zirconium (white), E-max (white). The same day the crown is installed, the tooth is ready to go into operation and will require a good oral hygiene for its durability, even the patient must go to his controls with the specialist every year or as indicated.
That was all friends, do not forget to leave your comment, tell us your experience.
Chapters in this video:
0:00 Summary
0:38 Tooth extraction
1:11 Study and planning
1:20 local anesthesia
1:26 Incision and flap
1:54 Drilling protocol
3:23 Dental implant insertion
4:30 Scar Placement
5:20 Option 1: Cement-retained crown installation
5:45 Option 2: Screw-in crown installation
6:26 Clinical Case

[@jonmayer]

I've been randomly watching these after KZbin recommended one. For me anything past a simple filling was fear of the unknown. These videos have really taken a lot of that mystery away and actually is calming to me if I have a procedure done.

[@magorzatamargaret294]

This way of fixing teeth in XXI century is very primitive and terrible and backward. It looks awful, first of all because nothing from our body should be removed... The next thing is - I have read an article some 15 years ago. About using something like microvibration (if I remember correctly) to stimulate growing a NEW TOOTH. I was reading this in Dublin, Ireland - the text was about Canadian scientists who invented that way of "fixing". It also told this possibility will be available on the market in 2 years time. My question is - Where Is It ?? Is it only available for very rich as usually?? And for the masses they still use awful, primitive tools...

[@mahalak4383]

lol..you think this is primitive??

[@swollpenispok8172]

@@magorzatamargaret294 rich people can afford to take care of their teeth so they don't even need implants. Whatever article your reading is bullshit. We are born with all our teeth, we don't grow them.

[@magorzatamargaret294]

@@swollpenispok8172 - because you said it is a bullshit then it is?? NO, it doesnt work this way. Educate more.

[@Sparky_007]

If there's metal or magnetic material, then you may likely not be able to get an MRI in the future if you have health issues.

[@kamalmehta5504]

This video motivates me to brush my teeth properly 2 times 🙂

[@enclavesarsenal1801]

Same lol

[@sevenriversrummi5763]

😂🤣😃😅😅😀😁😂

[@vaibhavsinghchauhan2872]

Same 😁🤣🤣🤣

[@Thanjavurponnu1510]

Yes 😅

[@mayankdahiya853]

Well done 👍

[@realswoofed]

This video motivates me to brush my teeth 10 times a day

[@NicoleStevensHays11x]

This video is amazing, just like all the others. I can’t get over how awesome your models are. These models are SO REALISTIC!!!! Your patients must feel so much better. I had an implant 8 years ago. It’s doing great. They used bone graft, which I’m sure you do as well. For those watching, this process is necessary for a reason. First, if you don’t replace a tooth, the tooth that it hits when biting will fall out because nothing is pushing on it. When replacing it, you need the temporary abutment because jaw bone resorbs if nothing is in it. That’s so cool how you create threads in the bone! I love it! That way you can just screw the new root into place! I didn’t know they did that part! I love dentistry.

[@eniazambujamarcos1299]

Que trabalho fantástico.. É muito bom vc olhar um profissional, mostrando cm faz dx as pessoas seguras qd precisar usar um implante.pra vc👏👏👏👏

[@banglabd7849]

I’m so impressed! it’s awesome to see the process! Especially since I’m due to have 2 dental implants , Thanks for this informative video Dr!

[@111fedot]

Помню и мне делали эти два этапа, только мне не сразу ставили формирователь десны, сначало просто была заглушка и я просто ждал пока десна зажила, ну и разумеется ждал пока имплант приживётся!!! По видео впринципе всё легко, но на самом деле не так и легко, но главное не паниковать, если вы хотите чтобы доктору удалось удачно проделать операцию!

[@user-vp8uu7jp4i]

Скажите пожалуйста какие проблемы были у вас?

[@jewlee4u584]

Anything to do with the dentist sets my anxiety super high.The last time I actually went to the dentist he laughed at me because I was there to get a filling & as I told him I barely survive on disability & I can't afford to have my teeth done.But it sure has helped me lose a great bit of weight.That's the only positive thing I've seen through all of this.Praying one day I can actually eat something without a broken tooth hurting so bad that I cry😪

[@UK-mh3ir]

🥺

[@halinalewandowska8670]

Po9999000

[@halinalewandowska8670]

0

[@Kayoticmunkee]

Also on disability and terribly afraid of the dentist! Just got a root canal done and to say I was afraid was an understatement. Ending up going amazing and I'm so glad I got it done. Now, I need to fill a gap and I'm looking into a dental implant, but it costs $2,721, not covered one bit. It's like they think were made out of cash 😅

[@nealjones84]

@Sami hi, can u plez tell me the name of the dentist, that will charge you 2 ,700 becu my friend said if l could find a implant price like that we could go half Ty

[@user-ef1tc6gq8g]

Спасибо ролик появился мотивацию чистить зубы каждый день

[@kristinalifeblog4884]

Не вчегда это помогает

[@dimasgutarra2252]

Lo gratificante es que la tecnica y la tecnologia existe ahora el otro dilema es que este al alcance de la mayoria de la ciudadania hablando en terminos economicos. Y que excelente video que facilita a la docencia universitaria de enseñar y propagar la tecnica en el estudiantado. FELICITACIONES.

[@heribertomartinez7380]

Que. Importa que este caro lo importante es que la persona traiga su dentadura fija y no una que cada rato se le cae o traer placas postizas

[@kim0007]

As long as no pieces of bone are left, break off or escape because you can suffer for years when they are working their way out. Still, there is nothing much to fear with the procedure. It does not look like an infection is going to occur after messing around with the bones. Amazing. Thanks for the demo.

[@glorymanheretosleep]

New tooth even came with its own cavities!

[@frolic6366]

Brushing never seemed so appealing to me before.. As far as video goes... thank you so much for amazingly descriptive video. Thank you so much.

[@jhoantorres4282]

Excelente video Dr. Muy bien explicado la secuencia del proceso de colocación de un implante dental, felicitaciones 🤩

[@lopa-uw3et]

bnd

[@dr.razorx]

Inmediatamente luego de la exodoncia (extracción) dentaria se pueden tomar 2 caminos. 1. Colocación inmediata de un implante en el septum ( área de hueso entre las 2 raíces que vimos del diente y ahcer un relleno osea con hueso granulado de origen bovino mezclado con o sin PRP (plasma rico en plaquetas) obtenido de la sangre del propio paciente minutos antes de iniciar la extracción. Suturar y esperar la Osteointegracion. Luego abrir y seguir los pasos para la colocación del abuttment, impresión y confección d ela corona. 2. Extracción dentaria. Relleno con hueso (granulado) cerrar con suturas y esperar 3 a 4 meses colo en el video y después tal cual se ve en este video. Buen video Dr. gracias por compartirlo

[@GeorgeBonez]

The part I really like about this method is the multiple drillings. I actually wish there were more because I love the feeling, sound and psychological affect of a drill bit working it’s magic in my mouth bones. The only thing that’s even better is the massive cost for implants. I’ve been saving my whole life for this exact moment. The feeling of a drained bank account with added debt on top of it is like a childhood Christmas come true!!! I CANT WAIT! IM ALL IN!!!

[@burakyahsi3167]

Try Turkey in Antanya...fraction of the price ..worth looking into

[@1MrBanff]

I may be going through a full mouth anchored denture restoration in the future and you said it perfectly . Full procedure priced at $49,000. That’s $49,000 I don’t have . And then there’s the trauma to the mouth and jaw , potential problems down the line …..yikes .

[@stirik2673]

@@1MrBanff , the comment above is right. Try some Asia country like Turkey or Uzbekistan. You can do all procedures and with ticket cost for 2 000 - 5 000$ or less. The doctors there accreditized in South Korea every year.

[@user-gb2uq6pq5k]

@@1MrBanff What country are you from? . It's crazy money in Russia . With this money, you can buy an apartment in a small town

[@1MrBanff]

@@user-gb2uq6pq5k Canada unfortunately.

[@binte7560]

I saw a video which was posted 4 years ago, and got 15 million views This video was posted 4 months ago and it has 35 million views. You're growing man ❤️

[@maryzambruno1403]

Primera vez que veo como es una implantologia , me encantó el vídeo¡ ojalá estos tratamientos dentales tan buenos y con tan lindos resultados estuviesen al alcance de todas las personas !!

[@JBS-77777]

But this process how much painfull 🤨 ?

[@silviasegura3048]

@@JBS-77777 es mucho menos molesto que una extracción

[@rigobertoperezramirez779]

Hola. Yo vivo en Brasil. Aquí cuesta 2000 reales cada implante. O sea más o menos 500 dólares. Saludos.

[@hiramlopez5557]

La educacion si esta al alcanze de todos, la profilaxis (limpieza dental) es barata, incluso un tratamiento de ortodoncia es relativamente accesible, con una buena oclusion e higiene tus dientes pueden acompañarte toda la vida.

[@roxelifigueroa3936]

Me hubiera Gustavo verlo real

[@FearTokisaki]

Increíble video Me encantó de principio a fin Sublime fino 👌

[@ty.r4]

💞

[@ZmanOutdoorz]

This is really cool to see as I'm a dental technician, I do all the stone model work for implants, and crowns (crown Bridge department) also design bars with powder acrylic. Make bite rims, custom trays, wax up flippers, try-ins and finishes.

[@lamkieu4723]

từ Việt Nam. tôi thích bình luận của bạn.

[@animeshdey1010]

After watching this video I started brushing two times regularly. My mom is surprise by my drastic change of behaviour.

[@DrAbdomFora]

excellent!

[@leopardtiger1022]

My son is Dentist from NYU Dental School, he does implants in his clinics in California. Dentistry is a combination of technology skill and art.

[@dj_semperfi]

How much should an implant cost?

[@orichyu]

Glad to see you using same implant system that i have used for 20 years. I know that this is neobiotec system made in south korea. In my case show very high success rate. Most of all i do one stage surgery without incision for reducing painful procedure. But your skill is very excellent in FM . Good luck to u.

[@RealNotallGaming]

Im a CNC programmer/operator And watching this type of free hands work....with small size ..4mm mill and others things.... Its just wonderful, im almost jealous ^^

[@brivvy]

I never knew this was upward to a year long process. This is a really good video!

[@Simonsvids]

It isn't. I have 5 dental implants made by the Swedish Nobel company. The whole process takes just 3 months.

[@jajajaja2624]

@@Simonsvids cost about ? I going to Mexico

[@brivvy]

@@Simonsvids not UPWARD for some cases? This video showed a range. I want an implant but I don’t know the process or healing time

[@owinalsleben3530]

No one cares

[@poisberth9718]

Tremendo trabajo máster, un saludo

[@holiwis1821]

Increíble todo lo que pueden y saben hacer los dentistas

[@neptaligutierrez5691]

Gracias x darnos las pautas de un implante

[@intelligent620]

I am sure homies you haven't searched this,It was recommended by youtube.

[@user-mq3fx6mj6t]

Пока смотрела весь процесс имплантации на макете, чуть сердце не остановилось....

[@user-ki9ty4lp1q]

😁

[@Daniel-ex7fz]

Thank you for these important information 🙏the video quality is very very good

[@trollsthatlol1]

That's a cool model! I cringed a bit seeing it initially but halfway in I was fully invested and actually pretty impressed! :)

[@znate6730]

Simply curiosity bring me here, and I have to admit that the process look clean! Excellent job 👌

[@juttawenzel9638]

Wer kann einen beraten,an wen kann man sich wenden?Was kosten 2 Implantate?

[@ShiftNova]

It isn't. They are using a fake model mouth doing this. Trust me when I say, depending on if they need to remove the tooth first. The cutting to open up the gums, and drilling part will make it seems like it's a blood bath in your mouth. However, the doctor will do their best to contain such a thing with suction.

[@mt85]

Excelente trabajo 👌🏻

[@CatesCube]

Very nice video of the process.

[@GeraldoLFaria]

Parabéns pela iniciativa

[@eugeniamartinez5227]

Es increíble. Me encanta ver sus videos

[@user-ef7wg8nz9w]

Как же больно😩

[@teresaortiz6390]

Waooo impresionante muy buen trabajo👍👍

[@savesoil1374]

Mind blowing 💥

[@Niyamattech]

Good work brother

[@EdgarMendoza-sv6jh]

😯 Si que toma tiempo Buen trabajo Nice job Nice work

[@3DGamer_cool]

*Из всего процесса, впечатляет только ценник!!!*

[@mcjand121]

thats amazing!

[@saukitchenuk7809]

This is just an amazingly useful video lucky to follow from today 🤝

[@krynosisdreamer1421]

The amount of precision and accuracy a doctor shows is something to behold to the trained eye.

[@owinalsleben3530]

He did nothing

[@tiberio135]

This is a simulation....ET.

[@jessechaffin8593]

I know. To the untrained eye its just drilling a jaw open and putting metal and plastic inside calling it a tooth. Amazing how precise you have to be. Just like with my gf

[@aussietaipan8700]

I will be going through this procedure in the next 6 months. Thanks for sharing. Good to know what I will expect to go through.

[@DrAbdomFora]

everything will be fine!

[@stellaaguirre7053]

Perfecto 👌

[@macgyversensual5178]

Bagulho top. Show de bola. 👍👍👍

[@juan-carloselgueracuellar1287]

Muy didáctico y preciso. 👍👍👍

[@averagejoe8255]

This Doctor is literally amazing. Yes, I know this is a model, but the expertise involved is still phenomenal. Amazing technological advancement. I think this is truly a wonderful human achievement. Great job!

[@youdontneedtoknow5688]

What isnt amazing is the cost to have one of these implants.

[@Analekt]

@@youdontneedtoknow5688 straight on point. I remember i looked into final price break-down analysis and unfortunately the conclusion was that only robotic dentists could finally bring the price down dramatically without compromising quality and expertise. Technologically wise we are about 50-60 years away from this. I hope i could witness at least the prototype of this evolution.

[@R_Ali]

Nothing amazing about this doctor, pretty much any decent handyman/mechanic craftsman could do that. It’s just a matter of having the tools and parts

[@averagejoe8255]

@@R_Ali The fact that he’s taken the time to create/promote these videos and educate, to my mind, places him a cut above the mainstream medical establishment. I remain both gratified for the free education, and further respectful of the quality of this Doctors productions. Awesome job!

[@armaan_bruh]

@@Analekt i think before robotic dentists we will have robot chefs and other normal wage workers so their job is more at risk

[@Snicolo2948]

Beautiful work 💯💯

[@explodeblaster5090]

Omg super video thank you

[@DanielVargas-yh8dz]

Wao! sorprendente, parece natural, buen trabajo.

[@thangutabbycat]

I know it's a model but somehow made me think like all organs gone inside my heart at first while watching this video.

[@bety_672gracia8]

Que bien es MUI profesional que Dios los bendiga

[@drbhartisdentaltales]

Great Dr Abdom U r doing a wonderful job by creating awareness among common masses Regarding latest treatment modalities in dental science. Keep it up.

[@DrAbdomFora]

thanks!

[@joseemmanuelc.9127]

Dios mío puedo ver hasta los pensamientos de esos dientes jajaja excelente trabajo doctor!👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼

[@user-tb9vh1kv2f]

Это кожазаменитель🤗

[@zullyvalerarios3626]

Excelente vídeo de curación y reposición de este molar, gracias.🦷

[@ramirym2826]

سلامًا على من مرّ صدفة فاستغفر فزادني حسنة وزادت حسناته وخفف ذنبي وخففت ذنبه....

[@CasualLeague]

Me sorprende más la calidad de las maquetas de práctica.

[@familyjustplay4897]

Tan real que se ven Los dientez WOW!!

[@robelynsajot5112]

Mag Po mag pagawa ng 2 teeth kopo bangkil sa baba

[@svetlanashaidaeva4017]

Идеально👌 Браво мастеру👏👏👏 Мне предстоит 2 импланта🙊🦷🦷

[@reginaldsmith7897]

Excellent work‼️

[@elfoxy3490]

Me sorprendió

[@ily_jk9]

شكراً لان نبهتني بعد ماروح لدكتور أسنان

[@lucid212]

Masterpiece ❤️✨

[@sonic-boom-playground3304]

Nice detailed dental demonstration 👍

[@Khizar-ew7pc]

Its fascinatiing for me to watch these after a recomendation of youtube they are absolutely great

[@SMM-qp9ig]

Admirable appreciated for you effort sir

[@BrandonFP]

Que gran calidad de video, esto me inspira a seguir en esta hermosa carrera!👏🏻

[@gabrielsansah2103]

Please, where is your location

[@jesshughes8033]

Puedo ir a una escuela de dentista para hacerme eso por gasto o es mejor ir a un dentista regular?

[@pradyotguha2511]

Kindly give your address and price per teeth?

[@mayalabeille3184]

C est un travail passionnant et artisanal 👍👍👍

[@xingyunyukai135]

May I ask? Is this method better than having dentures? Does it have any after effects? The one u put inside the hole was a metal, am I right?

[@ozbad07]

Thank you for this video. I'm having a tooth done soon. Now I know what to expect.

[@DrAbdomFora]

excelllent!

[@Mary18264]

Es muy interesante él vídeo.

[@johnrambo7897]

Okay 😅 i use drill, tap & dies, also racheting wrench on daily basic. But never know that it could use on "another" way. Love your content btw.

[@karirondon8341]

La odontología es un arte perdi dos en la perte de atrás y los quiero exelente y las carillas

[@farjanatoya6157]

Thanks onk valo laglo video ta dekhen onk unnoto pojukti

[@jariolima2847]

Só de ver da aflição, parabéns dentistas 😄😁😄 vocês são nota 1000

[@DrAbdomFora]

obrigada!

[@SP-ov5iy]

Excellent..LOVE FROM CANADA 🇨🇦

[@DrAbdomFora]

thanks for watching!

[@nubiavegadetorrado3209]

Que bueno sufrido mucho con mi dentadura Que hermoso esos trabajos pero cuando no hay recursos nos toca quedarnos asi

[@SamuelNeely]

This is a superb DIY tutorial

[@teejay3426]

I have 5 of these implants (upper) that a open pallet upper bridge attaches to. The end result is absolutely fantastic. The 6 month healing process with a full denture sucked, but the end result was worth it. After 33 years of different partial dentures the implants are a whole new world. Closest thing to natural teeth you can get. Wish I had done it sooner!!!

[@DrAbdomFora]

excellent, remember to give it a good grooming and go with your specialist to the scheduled controls.

[@harlemfire]

How painful was this procedure?

[@Fulanito163]

@@harlemfire Very

[@teejay3426]

The procedure itself was nothing.(Anesthesia) Moderate discomfort after that for several days.

[@adryjanwinter9216]

I would like to do it too but it's abnormal expensive.

[@Americanpatriot-zo2tk]

I just had a full mouth implant job done believe it or not the washing your video help me to understand the procedure better and I’m a registered nurse for 34 years thank you very much for putting this on here.

[@DrAbdomFora]

Thank you for your comment, I'm glad you found this video useful.

[@americanatheart110]

I was given a quote of 30k for full mouth implant.

[@cross7387]

How much was your mouth implant..if you don't mind. I had all my teeth removed 10 years ago.

[@deosiewilson732]

That's a heck of a process

[@samirzdzayir7509]

Bravo docteur

[@KrolowaDzielni636]

Respect for your job 😀

[@marciaanjos4549]

Eu passei por esses processos!!! Excelente trabalho!!!

[@tatianatalarico5589]

dói?

[@sdklasdlskaldsa]

@@tatianatalarico5589 n kkk o dentista da anestesia

[@tatianatalarico5589]

@@sdklasdlskaldsa o que seria da humanidade sem anestesia? Que trabalho bonito

[@ivonetepereira9197]

Márcia cm foi a recuperação? Eu estou me preparando pra fazer este procedimento.. Abraço.

[@marciaanjos4549]

@@ivonetepereira9197 graças à Deus muito boa a recuperação, não pode comer alimentos e bebidas quentes, tem que seguir a recomendação do dentista, alimentos duros,,,, mais iogurtes, sorvete,, principalmente no começo

[@visibilityinfluence]

Super cool

[@quimeymedina8631]

Hermosooo

[@eagleeye5928]

That's really good job, planning to planet one soon 🇪🇬

[@MariluzEtisama]

Ojalá y fueran baratos y todo el mundo pudiera hacerlos ..son perfectos .muy buen y bonito video

[@luisalfredogarciatzaquitza4814]

Con razón son tan caros son una maravilla

[@silviasegura3048]

Es muy costoso el entrenamiento, el intrumental, los implantes , aditamentos, laboratorios, y demás materiales para poder hacer todo el tratamiento.

[@hecvireal3424]

No todas las personas tienen acceso a esos implantes .son bastante caros .los pobres clase media nunca .solo clase alta . Lastima

[@mariadasgracasfernandes]

SE APENAS UMA MOSTRA E DIFÍCIL ASSIM,IMAGINA O IMPLANTES REAL DR DEVIAM BAIXAR OS PREÇOS PARA OS POBRES TEREM ACESSO A ESTES TRATAMENTOS TAMBÉM

[@hecvireal3424]

@@mariadasgracasfernandes Si es difil pero la tecnologia es mas facil . Son bonitos

[@kirillavdeev4988]

Огромное спасибо вам ребят за это видео, сам не стоматолог, вот и было интересно как это происходит. Вы молодцы

[@nellyarias4003]

Increíble

[@educationandcricketareagoo1168]

The person who undergoes this process is great

[@blastoise6459]

Estos vídeos son espectaculares! Gracias por subirlos!

[@DrAbdomFora]

Gracias por comentar

[@AngelVargas-fs2yr]

How can get in touch

[@AngelVargas-fs2yr]

Where I can get in touch

[@moiben663]

Whoaah mad respect to dentists

[@cristianpereyra2905]

Con solo ver esto ya me desmayé y lo tengo que hacer tarde o temprano *

[@donlguerrero5141]

My dentist recommended pulling out the teeth on both sides in order to put in implant, now 3 implants to be put in. I see there is no need for that. Great video, Thanks

[@ladyrobinson8417]

Thank you for this sample procedure it was very informative

[@virtualhobbies9472]

Simple procedure? How u can say this

[@ginjirouundercover3652]

I just had a wisdom teeth surgery 4 days ago and this gives me pain watching it

[@Makkahofficial5]

Amazing

[@josefaanadasilvasilva6433]

Ja auxiliei vários é muito legal,e fica perfeito quando termina o protocolo do paciente !!!!

[@lonedruidaurso2316]

A pessoa sente dor no processo de perfuração?