Thanks for watching! I’ve been meaning to make a video about cohomology for a while, so I'm glad I finally got around to making it. I am by no means a master on this topic, and I’m sure that you have insights into the material that I don’t - so share them in the comments below. Feel free to ask questions and recommend learning material as well. I’ve learned a ton just by hearing people’s thoughts and questions in the comments section, so let’s learn some math together!
@danielsteel52513 жыл бұрын
What _is_ your familiarity with Geometry? Are you postgrad, grad, an advanced undergrad, or just an obscenely precocious secondary-schooler? (Or ... ... an autodidact/amateur?)
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
@@danielsteel5251 Undergrad! Don't know about advanced though :P
@paradoxicallyexcellent51383 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Very impressive. I'm a math PhD. Didn't specialize in this but studied it (did some work with Hodge decomposition so had to learn this). I think you capture it very nicely here. You have a nice intuition I suspect some professors lack.
@fcheung28883 жыл бұрын
anytime you teach something it forces you to master it at a higher level (such that you *can* teach it). i appreciate this video. who knows maybe i'll end up picking up a topology textbook.
@paradoxicallyexcellent51383 жыл бұрын
@@fcheung2888 This would not be covered in topology. Look into differential geometry. I learned these theorems from Warner's book on the subject, but better introductions likely exist.
@darkdevil9053 жыл бұрын
This dude just summarized two semesters of Diff Geo in a single comprehensible under 10 min vid what a Pro
@KRYMauL3 жыл бұрын
And Physics II and Calculus III.
@voidisyinyangvoidisyinyang8853 жыл бұрын
Is this the same as Noncommutative Calculus?
@bernhardkrickl35673 жыл бұрын
Yeah, for me it was 3 semesters. I just watched his video about the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture which summed up the three semesters on modular forms I took. Now I only need to watch two more such videos and my complete advanced math studies are summarized. In less than 45 minutes.
@TheZenytram3 жыл бұрын
there nothing comprehensible in this video. if you need a math degree to understand it, then it fails.
@voidisyinyangvoidisyinyang8853 жыл бұрын
@@TheZenytram Tell me if this noncommutative music theory as unified reality vid by Fields Medal math professor Alain Connes works for you - I transcribed parts of it in the comments.
@parthdatar3 жыл бұрын
Having taken graduate topology and having had some differential geometry, this filled many holes for me.
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
This comment is brilliant.
@alxsmac7333 жыл бұрын
^^What that guy said
@think_logic3 жыл бұрын
I read that comment yesterday and it took me until now to understand it....
@arnabdutta72213 жыл бұрын
Same Here. : )
@Zxv9753 жыл бұрын
Parth, this is literally me. Did graduate topology (it wasn't algebraic topology, but it gave me a good introduction to topology in general) in my masters course, self studied differential geometry during my phd so I have all these tools and ideas in my head and I've just been missing the link between them all. This video cleared so much up for me.
@mohammedfaizan30133 жыл бұрын
You know he is a legend when he can draw symmetrical opening and closing brackets!
@MegaTuroc3 жыл бұрын
Dont do brackets in one go, split them into S and Z shapes and stack them ontop of each other
@NathanTAK3 жыл бұрын
I don't think there, should he a comma there
@conjurors-prelude3 жыл бұрын
My mind has been blown.
@donaastor3 жыл бұрын
i like how you used the verb "draw"
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@sambaird98303 жыл бұрын
This is above what I can comprehend right now, but I’m happy there’s someone making concise, beautiful videos for more advanced mathematics topics. I notice people with higher background knowledge on other channels like Numberphile commenting they want to see more equations and logic, and I think this channel fills that void.
@wontpower3 жыл бұрын
One might say this channel fills that hole
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@TheoriesofEverything3 жыл бұрын
Most underrated channel I've seen in the past little while.
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Right back atcha!! ;)
@zeehas60053 жыл бұрын
I don't think it is underrated at all, it just needs more content to explode
@marty72443 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/oaW6ZpR5aqupbNk 🌜🌜🌜
@dalicism3 жыл бұрын
Idk, the content seems a little...derivative.
@faruhjmishenkopetrovich40113 жыл бұрын
Totally agree with you
@x_gosie3 жыл бұрын
I’m actively learning topology by self-study, I don’t entire understand some of this right now. But it help me to appreciate how beautiful this subject is!❤️
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
hey, thanks a bunch! that's great to hear that you're learning the subject by self-study; out of curiosity, are you studying point-set topology or algebraic topology?
@x_gosie3 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 My book chapters in four set-theoretic and primarily algebraic chapters.
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
@magtovi3 жыл бұрын
Having gone trough diff. geom. and topology in grad school I can safely say these videos are going to be a great complement that will help you flesh out and visualize the rigorous logical analytical explanations in textbooks.
@ishworshrestha35592 жыл бұрын
Ok
@kerrychou56323 жыл бұрын
I didn't understand a single thing, and I'm kinda okay with that. Makes me happy that content like this proves the endless capacity for human specialization.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@ihaveagoal46653 жыл бұрын
Same lol... I'm in highschool
@krishnakarthik4752 Жыл бұрын
That's because you shouldn't look at surface-level videos like this imo. Learn differential geometry in a more detailed way
@stevenfallinge7149 Жыл бұрын
Because there's lots of technical details skipped over that you could say is "boring." Because once the details are filled in step by step, everything becomes "obvious" or "trivial." Because every step is small: a+b=b+a and so on. Every step is like that, small and obvious, it's just that there's lots of steps.
@marshallsweatherhiking1820 Жыл бұрын
I don't quite understand it either. The video assumes you already know some terminology and how it applies. Boundaries are intuitive enough without a formal definition, but the other stuff is pretty obscure with no definition provided. Linear algebra and abstract algebra cover vector spaces, and I already know what those are, but he still didn't tell me how to add or multiply k-chains by scalars ( which is part of the definition of a vector space ) so I still felt lost. A good introduction to abstract algebra would clear some things up. It's not really about numbers or variables like standard high school algebra. It's more about systems of things that behave somewhat like numbers and have similar sets of rules. The systems often apply to things that are nothing like ordinary numbers though, things like shapes or types/classes of shapes. It really isn't as horrible as it sounds, but of course it will make absolutely no sense if you don't start with the most basic definitions then slowly work your way up to more complex definitions that use the basic definitions. If you don't know the definitions its all gonna look like jargon. That's just the way math is.
@kartikkalia013 жыл бұрын
Only few channels which put effort into explaining the hardcore maths rather than just beating the bush like explaining basic concepts over and over.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@MaximQuantum3 жыл бұрын
me who hasn’t learned vectors yet: *ah yes the derivative*
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
@MaximQuantum3 жыл бұрын
@@hyperduality2838 I had a generalised Stroke’s theorem reading this
@frun3 жыл бұрын
This is pretty much oriented for those that know mathematics well. I was supposed to be a mathematician, but didn't understand much
@samburnes93893 жыл бұрын
@@frun I’m glad it’s oriented. I wouldn’t know how to integrate it onto my watching habits otherwise
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@dhickey59193 жыл бұрын
This is how to build a mathematically fluent society, one video at a time. Thank you.
@theflaggeddragon94723 жыл бұрын
Beautiful content Aleph 0, I especially loved your explanation of de Rham cohomology. A minor nit pick, however, is that de Rham's theorem doesn't really state that H^k_{dR} = H_{k,sing}. This is really a consequence of the symmetry of de Rham cohomology (namely H^k_{dR} = H^{n-k}_{dR}) and Poincare duality. It's a bit subtle so I'll try to explain carefully. That H_{dR}^k = H_{sing},k happens to follow from the "duality" of differential forms, namely that Omega^k(X) and Omega^{n-k}(X) have the same dimension, but may not be canonically isomorphic, but if you endow your manifold a Riemannian metric, there is a canonical isomorphism called the Hodge star. de Rham's theorem, however, is the statement that singular _cohomology_ and de Rham cohomology yield the same answer. This is so-called a _comparison theorem_ between cohomology theories. More precisely, de Rham's theorem states that the integral over k-cycles (modulo k-boundaries) of closed differential k-forms (modulo exact forms whose integral always vanishes) is a perfect pairing. Symbolically, the map ∫:H^k_{dR}(X) x H_{k,sing.}(X) --> R which is a perfect pairing, hence, by linear algebra, we have de Rham cohomology = H^k_{dR}(X) ~ Hom_R(H_{k,sing}(X),R) = H^k_{sing} = singular cohomology. The fact then that H^k_{dR} = H_{k,sing.} is an "accident" that follows from the symmetry H^k_{dR} = H^{n-k}_{dR}, namely H^k_{dR} = H^{n-k}_{dR} = H^{n-k}_{sing.} = H_{k,sing.} where the last equality is Poincare duality. I'll say the spirit of your claim is correct, namely that de Rham cohomology gives another way of measuring holes using calculus which coincides with the classical way of doing so, and your video does drive that main point home, especially for the layperson (say a math major), and for that you've done a superb job! It's just that the precise statement is subtly incorrect. BTW, comparison theorems in cohomology are a very active subject of modern research. For some spectacular examples, look up "p-adic Hodge theory", whose inception in large part was devoted to showing that various l-adic and p-adic cohomology theories (crystalline, algebraic de Rham, etale, etc.) give the same answer. The reason these problems are so extraordinarily difficult is formulating their statements and carriying out their proofs requires a really deep dive into the cohomology of algebraic varieties (first one was etale cohomology from Grothendieck), schemes, stacks, rigid analytic spaces, etc. For some recent progress, check out some of the following papers by Bhargav Bhatt and Peter Scholze. arxiv.org/abs/1709.07343 etale cohomology of diamonds arxiv.org/abs/1905.08229 prisms and prismatic cohomology arxiv.org/abs/1205.3463 p-adic Hodge theory for rigid analytic varieties
@anarchistalhazen70843 жыл бұрын
Man, I am not a math major, but I am tempted to change to it now that I know I would be able to say "I study holes"
@AntonAdelson3 жыл бұрын
Kek
@lamaquinariadelafacha57293 жыл бұрын
Algebraic holes, or A-holes for short
@enp48973 жыл бұрын
Cycles
@magtovi3 жыл бұрын
Well either that or a gynecologist, but the career path is way longer.
@AntonAdelson3 жыл бұрын
@@magtovi now that i think of it proctologist will also fit
@oxman56463 жыл бұрын
Hey your content is such high quality I actually cannot believe you only have 1k subscribers!! Cannot wait to see this channel blow up ;)
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Hey thanks!! Glad you stopped by :)
@Brad-qw1te3 жыл бұрын
Now it’s 17k... soon to be a few hundred thousand and eventually a million
@TheBambooooooooo3 жыл бұрын
@@Brad-qw1te 19k in 5+ hours ... The dude is eventually going to collab with 3b1b
@UsmanNiazi3 жыл бұрын
24.5k
@sashazxtt3 жыл бұрын
24.6. I don't see any holes in this chain.
@OwenMcKinley3 жыл бұрын
My hat is forever off to those who create/discover and understand this stuff. Remarkable work! Thanks for sharing 😁
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@halvard12183 жыл бұрын
I'm coming back to this video in a few years after I know what is happening.
@potrinhoconfuso3 жыл бұрын
Remember me too
@EatonArrsenik2 жыл бұрын
*Never comes back
@mrlordsaif57084 ай бұрын
so? do you know whats happening now?
@tau.neutrino3 жыл бұрын
Despite learning about this years ago it is still the one duality I think about more than any other. Your passion really shows, thank you for sharing it.
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! The big bang is a Janus point/hole (two faces) = duality.
@user-xf6ig9ur2y3 жыл бұрын
I just saw on Amazon that Tristan Needham is coming out with a visual differential geometry and forms book. I've been waiting for him to write a new book and here it is. If it's anything like his Visual Complex Analysis it will be great.
@theboombody3 жыл бұрын
I saw that Visual Complex Analysis book in my student library and thought it was amazing. I can't imagine anyone could do the same with differential forms. I'd love to see it. I never could figure out what the heck differential forms are.
@LukeSciarappa3 жыл бұрын
@@theboombody I think the way to visualize it, for 1-forms, is something like "foliations" or "surfaces of constant value of a function", except that for the latter you must remember that the function may only exist locally. The pairing of this with a vector is then proportional to "the number of curves that the vector (drawn as an arrow) crosses". (In the tangent space, where the family of curves looks instead like a bunch of parallel lines.) This is all wishy-washy though.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@happynightmare23323 жыл бұрын
Anybody else watch these types of videos even though you don't understand it?
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
@goldenzion3 жыл бұрын
Hell yeah. It's awesome to look at unknown beautiful beasts!
@anujbangad39733 жыл бұрын
You got me red handed 🙋♂️
@happynightmare23323 жыл бұрын
@@G3Kappa ah... I thought it would be like people looking into this type of stuff
@christianchavez22023 жыл бұрын
Yeaaaah, that's me :'D
@arongil3 жыл бұрын
This video is so satisfying and beautiful and perfect! At first I had no idea how you would fit everything into the nine minutes, but you did by presenting concepts both fast and with intuition. The punchline indeed blew my mind -- I feel I need to look into cohomology more now! Best of all, the presentation did not rely on the viewer thinking at lightning speed. Somehow, even in the nine minute timeframe, you leave time to pause and ponder. And the paper and marker style felt fresh. I liked when you ripped your myths in half! Simply perfection. Inspiring. I don't have time to enumerate the other choices you made that set the video apart, but I'm every second was planned, and it paid off. Keep up the good work!
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Thank you, that is really gratifying to hear. Most of the planning for these videos is in figuring out how to cover a lot of material while also not overwhelming the listener. I'm glad to hear that you felt that the video struck that balance. Really means a lot. (Also happy to hear that you liked the paper-ripping and pen-on-paper approach!)
@mrnogot42513 жыл бұрын
2-chain is a rapper and he may have curves but he ain’t no square
@TindoufandNirriti3 жыл бұрын
And what about his holes?
@zeusaurel67143 жыл бұрын
@@TindoufandNirriti you mean his zero boundaries that are not the boundaries to anything else?
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@joda76973 жыл бұрын
@@zeusaurel6714 Don't you mean his form with zero derivative, which isn't the derivative of another form?
@dicemaster54833 жыл бұрын
Great video ! Well done ! A minor point : one should maybe day that derivative and boundary are ‘dual’ rather than ‘opposite’. This duality is really a categorical duality hence the name
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! The big bang is a Janus point/hole (two faces) = duality.
@hyperduality28389 ай бұрын
@user-yb5cn3np5q From a converging, convex or syntropic perspective everything looks divergent, concave or entropic -- the second law of thermodynamics. Convex is dual to concave -- mirrors, lenses. According to the second law of thermodynamics you have a syntropic or hyperbolic perspective hence entropy always increases! Your mind is syntropic. Mind (the internal soul, syntropy) is dual to matter (the external soul, entropy) -- Descartes or Plato's divided line. Inclusion (inside, internal) is dual to exclusion (outside, external) -- the Pauli exclusion principle is dual. Bosons are dual to Fermions -- atomic duality.
@m.l.82353 жыл бұрын
Honestly I needed this like 10 years ago when I was struggling through my Masters Analysis course :(
@stealth97993 жыл бұрын
"And now you can go to school and back going downhill both ways" is such a perfect description for this! It really links with the geometric intuition for a gradient vector field. Excellent video!
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐👍
@thelocalsage3 жыл бұрын
wow I’m floored by how digestible you’ve made this content to someone like me, who only has a peripheral exposure to higher-level mathematics. I don’t know how I’m only just now finding your channel but you are going to be the next rising star in mathematics communication, guaranteed.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@Koisheep3 жыл бұрын
I studied differential forms during a one-semester diffgeo course, and have some notions of homology, but I never thought you could link them up together in such a nice geometric way. I was familiar with the De Rham cohomology too, but I never thought about it that way!
@kushagrasachan89332 жыл бұрын
Appreciation for the channel: Studying physics at the moment, I was simply unaware of the joys of pure mathematics until about two years back, when I first luckily came about such abstractly intriguing stuff on social handles of passionate people in math such as yourself. By now, although I've taken a certain familiarity to these terms-as those used in this video-being thrown around on online math circles, I don't understand them; for firstly, my formal courses never revealed this realm to me, nor did I manage to have enough time to study rigorously pure math from scratch myself. That said, I've tried endeavouring to study LinAlg and Topology from the pure mathematician's perspectives, and from the basics I have tried developing an intuition for (and forgotten other stuff due to halted practice), these videos mean a great deal of precious explanation to me, making for a sort of wormhole opening to these advanced math concepts, that I can grasp with my (limited) lay of the land. With this small contextualisation I bestow my utmost praise upon this content! Thank you, Aleph0 ^-^
@TQuantP2 жыл бұрын
I have a master's degree in algebraic topology and group theory... Things that were kinda off to me at first and required months of study even after my master now seem make more sense than before ! Great job!
@loicetienne7570 Жыл бұрын
That is just the holy grail! This video should be the mandatory introduction of any course on the subject. I tried to study homology and cohomology by myself, and it was a painful experience; basically, I failed, lost in abstractions like exact sequences and functors (I kind of understood the abstract definitions, but I wondered what they were good for, why these notions were introduced in the first place), without even realizing what kind of problem these theories are supposed to solve. The big picture given in this video is just fantastic.
@alyasker21943 жыл бұрын
looks like we have ourselves a new 3blue1brown ,definitely subscribing.
@elementsofphysics73243 жыл бұрын
Exactly my thought, mate!
@alyasker21943 жыл бұрын
@Robin Hack That is true but i didnt mean that from a mathematical perspective I meant that from the perspective of Entertainment and how he presents his content
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@hybmnzz26583 жыл бұрын
More like MinutePhysics and Looking Glass on crack (and I love it)
@clutterkase2 жыл бұрын
I watched this a year ago when I was just starting my Proof Based Differential Multivariable Course course sequence. I'm watching now finishing up my first course in Analysis and Algebra. It's absolutely crazy how it all fits together now compare to then.
@terdragontra89003 жыл бұрын
I've studied this stuff and the video isnt perfect, but its very impressive you managed to talk about the topic in such an approachable way at all.
@toddtrimble25553 жыл бұрын
I'm glad you point out the video isn't perfect. With such heaps of unqualified praise in the comments, there needs to be some warning to take it with grains of salt.
@johnnycochicken3 жыл бұрын
When you say the video's not perfect, what do you mean? It has gaps? It glosses over details? It oversimplifies? It gets things wrong?
@northernskies863 жыл бұрын
This channel sparked a whole new profound interest in pure mathematics for me. All of these seemingly unconnected ideas in mathematics like derivatives being opposite to boundaries become so elegant when you generalize them. Math is beautiful.
@ketib372 жыл бұрын
So lucky this popped up on my recommended; very helpful with my topology course. Please keep making videos. Reading these comments, there's a pretty large audience. Rightly so-there aren't a lot of people making videos on higher level math topics. Even the ones that do seem to cater to non-mathematicians and keep things pretty cursory/basic. Which is fine, but the grad students want something too!
@conor38503 жыл бұрын
In a graduate manifolds course I spent weeks pulling my hair out wrestling with the concept of the exterior derivative. Watching this it clicked straight away
@chankhavu3 жыл бұрын
Right now, I'm going through the John M. Lee's "Introduction to Smooth Manifolds" textbook. This video is such a nice introductory to the intuition behind it :)
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
@Kha Vu Chan Great to hear!
@nika_sun29342 жыл бұрын
This video deserves a published article. Beautiful!
@lamug3 жыл бұрын
I didn't understand anything because two reasons: - I don't know English - I don't know mathematics
@zorodepre85093 жыл бұрын
X2
@maxwellsequation48873 жыл бұрын
XD
@hybmnzz26583 жыл бұрын
F
@苗志毅3 жыл бұрын
I really want to say thank you to this video. I took two math undergrad course: differrential geometry and smooth manifold. And both of them studies cohomology, but I had no motivations at all and I could not even have any intuitions from what I learn. This really blowed up my mind and explains most of things that I have learned so far. Thank you.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@madhavanand7563 жыл бұрын
You deserve my professor's salary. Hats Off man. Wonderful video ⚡
@thomasgrady18023 жыл бұрын
Every video on this channel makes me more excited about and gives me a deeper understanding of mathematics, and I have an undergraduate degree in it. Great work shedding a bit of light on the abstract and opaque but quite beautiful field of algebraic topology.
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
That comment just made my day -- thanks, and I'm glad you enjoyed the vid :)
@thomasgrady18023 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Glad to hear it! Keep it up and this channel will grow I'm sure of it.
@Nuke_Gunray2 жыл бұрын
This is without a doubt the best video I have seen about this topic. Great work!
@danielliu88023 жыл бұрын
This is probably the reason why I still tolerate google ads. Your channel is giving me goosebumps. I studied fluid dynamics for master and my specific research subject was on solving NS equation using numerical approach that complies with differential geometry. I wish I saw your video when I was doing my literature study, this is definitely a good intuitive explanation.
@StratosFair3 жыл бұрын
What the hell, this might be one of the best maths video I've ever watched
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐
@h2_3 жыл бұрын
I hope to see more videos from you again soon. You put so much effort into every part of these videos! I hope the audience knows how much value you stuff into the descriptions too.
@luker.69673 жыл бұрын
Keep it up! This channel is bound to blow up if you stay dedicated.
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Thanks so much!!
@slykhajiit23 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Absolutely correct, just in case you don't have entire and utter resolve that this channel will reach hundred k's of subs in a few years (maybe even months), this is exactly the point where a YT channel blows up. Beyond exponential how it behaves. Grateful to be a part of the early community here!
@royalefighter01592 жыл бұрын
I can't even formulate how astonishing this is! Thank you so much for this incredibly clear explanation!!!!
@DanielLima-kp9lo2 жыл бұрын
why does the sphere have a hole?
@randerscheinung14 ай бұрын
The inside of the sphere is not defined, is not part of the sphere. It's a hole.
@randerscheinung14 ай бұрын
Because it's a 2-chain with zero boundary that's not the boundary of anything else.
@marcellomarianetti17702 ай бұрын
Intuitively it has a 2D hole because it bounds a region of space inside it, in fact H_2(sphere) = Z while the other homology groups are 0 (except H_0 but that just means the sphere is path-connected), meaning that we "just" have that 2D hole
@sajjadakbar66493 жыл бұрын
Blew my mind totally. I knew the fact and involvement of stoke's theorem. But they way you presented it was my entire course on algebraic topology. Thanks for this video. The best thing i have seen today, this video. This never showed off in the course on differential forms either.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 👍💐
@DiegoMathemagician3 жыл бұрын
This videos are so enlightening, thank you a lot, keep the good content!
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Thanks! Glad you had fun watching them :)
@soulintent41292 жыл бұрын
Woow, really this channel is growing up on me very quickly, im sure anyone who discovered will love it, it must get far more attention than this, really amazing job dude, keep going ⭐⭐⭐
@k_meleon3 жыл бұрын
Hi, I just really really wanted to thank you. So basically, I watched your video 'How to learn maths on your own" and it got me really interested in abstract algebra. I got my hands on Gallian's modern abstract algebra through moderately legal means and I started reading it about a week ago. For a bit of background, in French high-schools we have two maths classes. We have what we call "math speciality"(6 hours a week) and what we call Expert math(3 hours a week). My speciality math teacher doesn't really like me(and he's not particularily good at maths either) so since the beginning of the year I've not been as good in school maths as I was last year. My Expert maths teacher, on the other hand, is a really good teacher and seems really knowledgeable. We began learning arithmetic in Expert maths on monday and I was naturally really good at it since I got a grasp of the main concepts thanks to the book. So my teacher asked me to stay at the end of the lesson and he told me that I should consider going in a preparatory class in Paris(not uncommon for good students in France, but not what i considered either), and that he even could get me recommended. This means that I may become an advanced maths student thanks to you. I really hope that you read this comment, and I wish that you continue making your videos because advanced maths vulgarisation is too rare on the internet :)
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Hey Kmeleon, thanks a lot for taking the time to write this. It's really gratifying to hear that you found the self-study video useful, and that you've started reading Gallian's book. Your story is really inspiring! It's also super cool that you're getting recommended for an advanced math class; I'd love to hear how the class goes. Best of luck!
@k_meleon3 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Thank you very much, right now we're in partial lockdown in France so it's not going as smoothly as I hoped it would but I think that maths class should be much more enjoyable for me from now on :)
@zy96623 жыл бұрын
@Kmeleon I'm curious, so the standard high school in France gives two math classes every year? and how many years is the High school over there and in which ages you are expected to enroll to it? 15 to 18?
@k_meleon3 жыл бұрын
@@zy9662 It's 3 years and it's from 15 to 18 as you guessed. Basically, at the end of the first year, we are supposed to chose whether or not we'll continue studying maths, if we do, we have a course called "speciality math" which lasts for 4 hours a week. At the end of the second year, we can either discard or keep this course, except that it lasts for 6 hours a week during the final year. Aditionnally, we can chose an extra math course which is called "expert math". In this one, we study complex numbers, matrices and modular arithmetics for example.
@Tassdo3 жыл бұрын
@@zy9662 One thing to note is that before university we don't have classes called "algebra", "geometry", "analysis" or whatever. It's just a single course called "mathematics" where the whole curriculum of the year is taught, by the same teacher, to the same group of students. (Well this is not totaly true as there are also more advanced classes you can take in High-School, but its still all mixed in, not separated into different fields of maths). If you say "I have taken Algebra 2", a typical French student (myself included) would not know exactly what that means, if its a very basic or very advanced class.
@RichardLibby2 жыл бұрын
A friend of mine is the Physical Sciences Dean at my alma mater and I am doing my best to convince him the university should invest its talents in creating videos like this one.
@StephJ0seph3 жыл бұрын
There was so much effort put into this video that I couldn't not like it! Very well done 💛
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐👍👍💐
@Eric-uf7dw Жыл бұрын
When I first took calculus I stumbled upon this video while trying to wrap my head around the concept of the derivative for the first time. It made absolutely no sense to me but it was also strangely beautiful so I added to my Watch Later playlist until I had learned enough to understand. Now I'm watching it again while procrastinating on a paper I'm writing on homology. This dude planted a seed inside my brain over two years ago and it changed the course of my academic life.
@12jgy3 жыл бұрын
Hey, great to see you making videos again! Not gonna lie, but this one flew over my head just a little bit. This definitely makes me even more excited to get to the algebric topology stuff (I'm studying point-set topology at the moment), which is rather impressive considering that I was already super super excited for it. What I find interesting on this is that it shows one classic and incredibly powerful trick of a mathematician's trick book, which is taking some key property of an object of interest (In this case the myths you talked about, and the object being the holes) and using it to define the object itself. This can be seen, at least in my experience, particularly in algebra, so I'm not surprised at all that it showed in algebraic topology. I loved too the link at the end with Stoke's Theorem, which to be honest at this point is one of if not my favorite theorem. By the way, did you take that list of the ways of interpreting the derivative from Thurston's letter/article (I really don't know what to call it) "On the Proof and Progress of Mathematics"? Because I just so happen to read it a couple weeks ago, and I have a feeling that I saw it there. Now for some suggestions, considering that you just covered homology and cohomology, I think it might be appropriate to cover ther last one of the "homo" trio in topology; the homotopy. Personally I don't really know that it's all about, but what I've heard about it seems quite interesting. Another topic that might be cool to cover would be Banach and Hilbert spaces. I think there could be an interesting exploration of generalized geometry with Hilbert spaces and more generally with inner product spaces, and of the link that normed spaces and more specifically Banach spaces stablishes between algebra (vector spaces) and analysis (metric spaces). Anyway, lovely video as always, and I'm looking forward to the next ones!
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Always love your thoughtful comments! Totally agree with you on Stokes being a favourite theorem -- its the kind of theorem that's so deep that we'd need to meditate on it for hours to understand what it truly means. As per your suggestions, I'm currently learning about Hilbert spaces so I might make a video about that (depending on how well I understand it, that is!). Homotopy is also super fun, so I'll probably find a way to squeeze it in somewhere too 😂
@DiminishedJemStone3 жыл бұрын
Anything related to Hilbert spaces would be fantastic! I am deeply curious about applications & some conceptual, foundational insight into the idea of Hilbert spaces so I'd love to see a video sharing your thoughts on it. I love what you're doing with this channel, my friend. Making complex, mind-blowing mathematics approachable is a difficult task to say the very least. Have a good day!
@iagonicolasulacco73583 жыл бұрын
I didn't understand almost anything, but now I have a set of interesting concepts to research into. I prefer not to understand what is precise than understanding what is incomplete. A great video!!!
@ruinenlust_3 жыл бұрын
Awesome video, always so nice to watch videos on subjects that are usually very vague
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐
@TheGGreggs3 жыл бұрын
What a delight! Best quick summary of the connection between Analysis, Topology and Differential Geometry that I know of. Great on Homology, Cohomology, and De Rham's Theorem. Its so beautiful that I have watched three times. Thank you, Aleph Naught.
@itzdaman3 жыл бұрын
"the derivative is the opposite of a boundary", isn't that also seen in Gauss's divergence theorem where you take the surface integral of a vector field leaving a volume and equal that to the gradient of the field in the volume over the space?
@kiharapata3 жыл бұрын
Yes, it's exactly the same! Such theorems are all fundamental theorems of calculus and they have the same overall "shape"; this is just the generalization to all kinds of derivative (the divergence being one of them)
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@GEMSofGOD_com3 жыл бұрын
Holographic principle anyone?
@lukedavis67113 жыл бұрын
@@kiharapata how does this cover the fractional derivative in linear algebra 🤔
@mr.jacobgalesburg14653 жыл бұрын
I'm studying industrial engineering, I'm doing some of the IT on my own and now I must say just found a new hobby, self-studying topology. Thank you very much gentleman. Greetings from Mexico 🌎🇲🇽
@VisuallyExplained3 жыл бұрын
You have a really unique and original style of presenting complicated topics. Looking forward to your next videos!
@VoodooChi3 жыл бұрын
This is incredible. I've studied math for almost 10 years. This is one of the clearest expositions of a topic I've ever seen. Hats off!
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! The big bang is a Janus point/hole (two faces) = duality.
@MrLeonardo93 жыл бұрын
This was the most amazing thing I've seen! I cannot compliment and thank you enough for this video. Awesome!
@Doandl8543 жыл бұрын
This was an awesome video. Understood relationship between homology and cohomology ending with stokes theorem all in 9 minutes
@manuelordonez21143 жыл бұрын
I got this video recommended by YT and was impressed by its quality and the unexpected complexity of the topic. Then when I looked at the subs number i was surprised it only was nearly 27k. Then i saw comments that were one day old saying there were 8k subs. Man, that's 19k in a day, i hope the community keeps growing! Congratulations!
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐💐💐👍
@shashanksingh77503 жыл бұрын
Wish we had teachers...like u at IITs...a lot of Indian talent would have bloomed.
@BlackHole-qw9qg2 жыл бұрын
Simply the best math youtuber I've ever seen
@madhavestark31733 жыл бұрын
That...blew my mind
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐
@Chalisque2 жыл бұрын
The best introductory explanation of what cohomology is that I've come across. I could never get my head around this stuff.
@iEragonStudios3 жыл бұрын
KZbin algorithms just brought me a very awesome channel!
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐💐👍
@jamesdong81793 жыл бұрын
you make this very digestable for people with the right background education. I applaud your successful efforts
@ashutoshchakravarty26693 жыл бұрын
Best channel on YT according to me alongside 3B1B
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
High praise! Thanks for stopping by :)
@ashutoshchakravarty26693 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 just stating facts, also- your video about self study is letting me study mathematics despite the various academic and institutional difficulties in my country. Thank you may Lord Euler make your subs go up like e^x goes up
@danielpalmer6433 жыл бұрын
That conclusion did blow my mind. I never thought of the derivative as the opposite of the boundary. These are wonderful. Your handwriting is so good, and the style with which this was presented was astounding. Watching all the objects and computer animations was very interesting.
@TerrAkon30003 жыл бұрын
8:03 Your definition of the de Rham isomorphism does not work: For any chain, the zero-form will produce a vanishing integral. If the map was well defined, it would therefore send every chain to the cohomology class of 0, i.e. be the constant map with value 0, which is certainly not an isomorphism if the space actually has any holes. I think it is easier to realize that the k-th de Rham cohomology is isomorphic to the dual vector space of H_k(X) by sending a form to the linear map that integrates the form over any given chain. To complete the argument, you need to choose an isomorphism between H_k(X) and its dual space. It's probably most natural to assume that chains around different holes are orthogonal, and then use the corresponding inner product on H_k(X) for defining this isomorphism. Nice video though, especially from a conceptional point of view!
@dylanpentland83193 жыл бұрын
I think you are right that it should be the other way around, and it's also easy to show your map is well-defined on equivalence classes due to Stoke's theorem. I think the isomorphism you want is constructed by the universal coefficient theorem, since we have coefficients in a field here. Fortunately, this doesn't really affect the content of the video too much since it's more about the implications/what are the objects that are isomorphic.
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! The big bang is a Janus point/hole (two faces) = duality.
@geomaggluckida83613 жыл бұрын
Indeed, this works with the assumption that H_k(X) is a vector space. Since it contains chains, that map [0,1]^k to X, one gets a priori just a group, so you still have some work to do with the "dimension"
@sharinganuser15393 жыл бұрын
For those people who learnt most of these in some thick books are having time of their life seeing this smooth video.
@robertcrumplin12323 жыл бұрын
I'd clarify that this is the exterior derivative, which is not the same as the usual derivative lol
@hrsmp3 жыл бұрын
They are the same, if you're doing multivariable calculus, no? Exterior derivative is also dual to boundary operator of a complex (known in undergrad courses as simply the "differential") with regards to operation of integration, it follows from DeRham theorem.
@robertcrumplin12323 жыл бұрын
@@hrsmp Exterior derivative is a morphism of abelian groups/vector spaces, whereas usual differential is a morphism of vector bundles on different spaces, so it really depends on what you mean by ''the same".
@PhilfreezeCH3 жыл бұрын
@@robertcrumplin1232 can you clarify this without using as many big words?
@robertcrumplin12323 жыл бұрын
@@PhilfreezeCH If you have smooth manifolds X,Y (i.e. objects locally looking like R^n) and a smooth map f: X -> Y, the derivative is meant to be some kind of linear approximation to f. So it should be a linear map between the tangent spaces at any point (tangent space you can think of as a tangent plane made into a vector space). This is usually written (df)_p : T_p X -> T_f(p) Y for each point p of X. You can then glue these together to get map df : TX -> TY where TX, TY are called the tangent bundles. Anyway the exterior derivative d is the differential of the de Rham complex, which is dependent only on X say.
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
@kilogods3 жыл бұрын
Holy crap I’m so happy I found this channel. I’ve needed to find a source explaining homology and cohomology in this intuitive way. You my friend are a hero!
@TaylorSaunderDrums3 жыл бұрын
This was an *amazing* video on these concepts. Good work, my friend.
@hyperduality28383 жыл бұрын
Concepts are dual to percepts -- the mind duality of Immanuel Kant. Homology is dual to co-homology. Integration is dual to differentiation -- the generalized Stoke's theorem. Convergence is dual to divergence. Union is dual to intersection. The initial value theorem (IVT) is dual to the final value theorem (FVT) -- optimized control theory. The dot product is dual to the cross product. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality. "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! The big bang is a Janus point/hole (two faces) = duality.
@Gamesaucer3 жыл бұрын
I hardly understand anything about what's going on here, but the little bit that I do get is wonderful on its own, and I can definitely appreciate the depth of this subject, as well as how the fundamental qualities of derivatives and boundaries are related. It's something you might hear in a conversation and just go "ah, sure, I believe it", and not think about it again. But being shown in detail how it works, even if I'm not fully able to understand, makes it all the more amazing.
@isaackay58873 жыл бұрын
Just came here to check I wasn't the only one watching a video on higher dimensional calculus before heading to bed...
@sasha64543 жыл бұрын
Calculus, topology, group theory. I don't know what's going on
@lanedau48762 жыл бұрын
I wish I could click “like” a million times!! Such a Hurrah moment… I feel like I became a different person after watching this video.. So grateful..
@philipschloesser3 жыл бұрын
Amazing vid! (literally gave lectures about singular homology and de Rham cohomology only last week, lol) Few comments though: - I think your part about de Rham's theorem wasn't entirely correct. Yes, H_k(M) and H^k(M) are isomorphic but just because they have the same dimension. As you explained correctly, the more technical statement is that integration induces a dual pairing between H_k and H^k, but this then induces an iso of H^k and the *dual* of H_k (which is not naturally isomorphic to H_k), so the construction of an isomorphism H^k to H_k would be to fix a basis \omega_1, ..., \omega_n of H^k and then for each i to find a chain such that its integral of \omega_j is 1 if i=j and 0 otherwise. - You're using some weird cube homology... I haven't really heard about it, does it yield the same homology groups as singular homology? Because you make it seem much more intuitive than triangulating everything ;)
@pwnedshift1Ай бұрын
"When I first saw this, I didn't know what to make of it. I could sense that it was profound, but it was so abstract that I couldn't really see the point." I saw this over a decade ago in grad school and while I could work with the symbols in a formal way successfully enough, I felt the same way. Your video cleared up a lot for me. Bringing in the curl gave me flashbacks of my vector calculus prof emphasizing the importance of simple-connectedness but I never connected the two before. Edit: alright I posted this before finishing the video. Seeing Stokes' theorem in this new context was a freakin' revelation. I literally choked up a bit.
@redheadbrothers2 жыл бұрын
I only understood this video after taking an entire course in differential geometry. I totally appreciate what you're trying to do here, but I don't know how useful it is to someone who isn't already familiar with a lot of this stuff.
@mrbale18153 жыл бұрын
I wish these [videos] were in 2010 back when I was doing my UNI days in BA math. I remember 'numberphille' was the only thing at the time. Because these are so inspiring.
@julesjacobs13 жыл бұрын
Great video! Differential forms do have a beautiful visual interpretation. Sadly, this is not very well known, and almost never taught.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐👍👍
@mastershooter642 жыл бұрын
which book talks about that beautiful visual interpretation of differential forms lol please tell me, All I know is that they're like elements of the cotangent spaces or something lol I'm not even close to understanding them...yet :D
@julesjacobs12 жыл бұрын
There is no such book unfortunately.....it's hidden knowledge
@mastershooter642 жыл бұрын
@@julesjacobs1 lol wdym? really? is there at least a blog post or a stack exchange answer or something?
@emanuel67173 жыл бұрын
Dude what a timing! I just took manifolds and did not know what to do with these differential forms. Thank you for giving me more intuition into this subject!
@rackydichminky17513 жыл бұрын
please, suggest us some good books for calculus as in the self-study video! thanks a lot, this channel is great!
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Hey Racky, thanks! for 1st year calculus, "Understanding Analysis" by Stephen Abbott is amazing, and I've added links to KZbin videos that follow the book in the self-study video. For differential forms, check out the description of this video for some links for books and lecture videos. Happy learning :)
@rackydichminky17513 жыл бұрын
@@Aleph0 Thanks a lot! I hope this channel grows more and more to help people like me, I already shared it with my friends though, thank you again.
@andrewzwaniga20162 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video. You obviously put a lot of time into thinking about how to present a topic, and where the audience will get hung up. Great work!
@vgoj3 жыл бұрын
Excuse me, but where is your video which details a self study guide on mathematics? Thanks in advance!
@midgetthingers63603 жыл бұрын
It's been privated for some reason, came here to see why.
@vgoj3 жыл бұрын
@@midgetthingers6360 I forgot to take note on the bibliography. When I returned to the channel the video was simply gone. I hope it gets re-uploaded
@EspinosaJ3 жыл бұрын
I find your videos the day after I finish my semester in differential forms and manifold calculus, wish it had been a bit sooner! The conciseness and motivation for construction you provide is excellent.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐👍
@arkapointer3 жыл бұрын
This was good. Like, really good. Love from India.
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 👍💐
@Bostonceltics13692 жыл бұрын
My mind is blown the derivative is the opposite of the boundary. Now to go back and look at the other 37 ways to interpret the derivative. Love your channel.
@thephysicistcuber1753 жыл бұрын
1:03 is that taken from Lee? If so is it intro to smooth manifolds or intro to topological manifolds?
@Aleph03 жыл бұрын
Yes! Smooth.
@bramv85573 жыл бұрын
The kind of high quality content we need but don't deserve.
@kapoioBCS3 жыл бұрын
Did you just assume my definition/interpretation of derivative? :O
@beoptimistic58533 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/joKsk6FobMmCoKc 💐💐💐👍
@captainsnake85153 жыл бұрын
Every year i feel like I’ve gotten infinitely better at math and all the channels I used to watch now only cover “easy stuff,” only to find a new channel that confuses the fuck out of me. This is that new channel.
@T3WI3 жыл бұрын
I got lost at “the hole in the sphere”
@612curtis3 жыл бұрын
Same! I don't even know how I got here. Probably fell through one of these many 'holes' this guy is talking about
@Julian-tf8nj3 жыл бұрын
I believe he's referring to the "cavity" inside a "hollow" sphere....
@csibesz073 жыл бұрын
My english failed me at 2:30 ... and my math on next scene. Is that even the same definition? 'with zero boundary..." so we need chains whose boundary are a boundary of something else?
@magtovi3 жыл бұрын
@@csibesz07 A simple example to visualize this is picturing a circle in two different cases: 1. placed on the surface of a sphere (a much larger sphere helps) and 2. placed on the surface of a torus in the way is shown in 1:38. So first we've got that our definition of a hole has two conditions: - first: it needs to be a chain with no boundary (0 boundary). - second: it must not be the boundary of anything else. If both this conditions are met, you've got yourself a hole. Now on with our example. We've got ourselves a circle, which is a 1-chain with no boundaries, if it had boundaries it would be an open string 2:05 (the boundaries being the points at both ends of the string). So we have the first condition covered (in general, a circle is a 1-chain with 0 boundary), now on to the two different cases: 1. Placed on the surface of a sphere: here we realize that our circle is encircling the region of the sphere where we placed it, or in other words : our 1-chain is being the boundary of a 2-chain (the region of the sphere that is encircling). So the second condition is not met, so that is not a hole. Try to place a circle in any other region of the sphere or in any other way on the sphere and this second condition won't be met. You have just checked that there are no holes o 2. Placed on a torus in the way shown at 1:38 : here we see that the circle is not being the boundary of anything, the region it is encircling is "not there", so it is not being the boundary of anything else. So you have a 1-chain that has no boundary and that is not the boundary of anything else, you've got yourself a hole.
@csibesz073 жыл бұрын
@@magtovi thanks man, interesting, video could have explained simpler with few added words: to be hole, it has to be 1-chain with no boundary (closed chain, our circle), not being the boundary of anything else (space inside our chain is considered empty, not bound by k-chain), ofc it's obvious for many watching but for many it's not
@hebtollahmosa9053 жыл бұрын
The planet earth is a better place because of you, sir!