Algae ( General Characteristics, Thallus structure, reproduction, classification and economic imp. )

#Algae_Lecture #AlgalClassification #AlgalReproduction #GeneralCharacteristicsOfAlgae #Thallus_Structure_of Algae
Algae has no official existence in a particular kingdom of classification system.
Therefore algae is only a collective term to represent
chlorophyll bearing organisms
possessing thalloid vegetative body and
shows no differentiated tissue system.
General Characteristics
Thallus organization
Cell Structure
Algal Flagella
Algal pigments
Algal nutrition
Food reserves
Reproduction
Classification
Some microbiologically important microalgae
Thaloid vegetative body or thallus means the body which does not form root, stem, and leaves.
General Characteristics
Aquatic habitats
Photoautotrophs
No differentiated tissue system
Mostly unicellular sex organs
Do not develop embryo
Thalloid vegetative body(does not form root, stem, and leaves)
Thallus organization
Unicellular algae
Colonial algae
Filamentous algae
Siphonaceous algae
Parenchymatous algae
Unicellular algae:
single cells, motile with flagellate (like Chlamydomonas and Euglena) or nonmotile (like Diatoms).
Colonial algae: Motile or non motile algae may form a colony by aggregation of the products of cell division with in a mucillagenous mass.
Filamentous algae:
Daughter cells remain attached after cell division and form a cell chain.
Siphonaceous algae:
(Siphon like or tube like)
one large, multinucleate cell without cross walls such as Vaucheria
Parenchymatous algae:
(parenchyma cell like structure)
Thin walled, undifferentiated daughter cell, leave like structure.
Algae exhibit 2 different basic kinds of cell structure: a) Prokaryotic, b) Eukaryotic
Cell Wall:
Algal cell wall is primarily composed of cellulose. Other extra compounds may be added to it during growth. In brown algae hemicelluloses, fucin, alginic acid, fucoidin are also present. In diatoms wall material is mainly silica.
Plastids:
The different types of plastids are frequently classified according to the kinds of pigments they contain. Chloroplasts are so named because they contain chlorophyll. Chromoplasts lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids; they are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of some flowers and fruits. Leucoplasts are nonpigmented plastids.
Pyrenoids:
Plastids of several green algae have major proteinaceous granules known as pyrenoids around which starch is deposited.
Flagella:
Flagella are mean of locomotion for motile cells of algae, found in every divisions except Rhodophyta.
Eyespots:The motile cell of algal flagella possess a pigmented spot known as eye-spot or stigma which is considered to be a light sensitive organelle that directs the movement of swimming cells.
Algal flagella
Found in all algae except Rhotophyceae
The main function is motility.
They are of 2 types-
Whiplash or acronematic-possess smooth surface
Tinsel or pleuronematic-covered by fine filamentous appendages called as mastigonemes or flimmers
Tinsel is divided into 3 types-
Pantonematic- mastigonemes arranged in two opposite rows or radially
Pantocronematic- Pantonematic flagellum with a terminal fibril
Stichonematic- mastigonemes develop only on one side of the flagellum
Algal pigments
In algae pigments are the means by which the energy of the sunlight is captured for photosynthesis.
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts of any photosynthetic organism and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
Some microbiologically important microalgae
1. Chlorella:
i) It is more extensively used in studies of photosynthesis because it grows in different environmental conditions and it contain chlorophyll pigments similar to higher plants.
ii) it is used as food for humans and domestic animals because it contains all the amino acids essential for growth.
iii) chlorella is used in recycling of sewage waste by using waste products and sewage for their nutrition . By this method, complex organic substances of sewage can be degraded into simple inorganic components making them readily available for other microorganisms
Antibiotic Chlorellin has been synthesized from chlorella.
2. Desmids:
Present in many oligotropic waters. For this reason, they are used as a tool in the assessment of low level of organic pollution in a water body.
3. Diatoms:
it is common and available form of phytoplankton.
it provides an abundant food supply for aquatic organisms.
The shell of diatoms are called frustule. Deposits of these shells resulting from centuries of growth are called diatomite or diatomaceous earth which has enormous industrial significance as it is used in insulating materials as a filter- for clarifying water, fruit juices, cane sugar.

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