Why are metals so stretchy? (2^13 sub special)

[@PracticalEngineeringChannel]

This demo is so cool. Awesome video.

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Thanks Grady! This one was a lot of fun. I wasn't lying when I said it was one of my favorite matsci demos - I'm flabbergasted it isn't in every 101 class.

[@tacoborito9320]

Hmm funny seeing you here

[@brianfeddersen3528]

A wild engineer appears!

[@minepaperstudio5683]

Noice

[@TheTzeestraten]

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel It was in mine! Actually it was before my Materials 101, it was in Engineering 102, which every engineering student goes through before specialising further. I love the demo, it's so versatile and a surprisingly accurate analogue! We used different sized bubbles to simulate interstitial and substitutional impurities (kind of, interstitial doesn't work as much in 2d). We outlined grain boundaries, and observed dislocations not passing grain boundaries. All in all, a fun lab class. Steve Mould has a video doing a similar thing with ball bearings getting vibrated and simulating the annealing process.

[@BuddysDIY]

Bro. When you pulled out the bubbles it all made sense. That was nutsss

[@WhyIsJupiterInTheFridge]

Here’s your first reply, i guess.

[@SmDJeremy]

fr, i was mind blown.

[@amnelruin4837]

Sir, I am a commercial electrician. I bend aluminum tubing for a living. I don't think the information you've given me will benefit me at all in my career but you can be damn sure I'm going to think of this lesson everyday at work. And I will be telling my apprentices about dislocation to try and seem cool

[@darknight2890]

The carpet example was brilliant. Your channel is awesome.

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Glad it made it clear - thanks for the comment!

[@NukelearFallout]

And it all ripples into effect with the object, or thing, that is causing that specific ripple. I.e., volume of the object, force applied, etc.

[@RockinRaven96]

I've just graduated from a materials science degree and I've got to say you managed to explain dislocations better than any of my lecturers ever did, good job

[@zovisapphire]

I've been wondering for years... why is it that everything we learn in school is always so badly explained compared what you can find on youtube? There are SOOO MANY topics I've learned on KZbin in 20-100 minutes VS MONTHS in school. what is going on?

[@Mr0rris0]

@@zovisapphire tower of babyl.. book of enoch/fallen template. As God spread us out with the flood to punish a tower meant to get to the heavens we don't know what Is going on in the kitchen/is in the next cubicle... we specialize.. It's sort of like what God did but more of an embracing and hijacking what he did.. to remake and own it. No self sustain, no Renaissance men, no geniuses, no polymaths.... everyone must focus on a tree so they don't see the forest... Power and abdication of personal sovereignty. Point at a manufactured target to point at with a bought foam finger to point with. Thatsbthe power. Now go point. You get power go point.. find a witch to burn

[@Mr0rris0]

Track Indo-European languages theology philosophy religion and semiotics... What's the neurology and fractal nature of pareto distribution and matthew principal with a side of imposter peter dunning kruger syndrome

[@graxxor]

@@zovisapphire That's because you've had less than a dozen science teachers your whole life to teach you everything you now know about science from materials they studied when they were at university, 20 years earlier, but you've watched 1000 youtubers each explain one or two things they may have learnt a week before and thought was cool enough to share with their viewers.

[@Sqwince23]

Steve Mould brought me here. Did not disappoint. Highly recommend. Watched all your videos~

[@FrancoGrimoldi]

+1

[@philh.9618]

Me to ✌️ great channel

[@benrogers5845]

Same!

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Thanks! I'm so excited to get to share fun projects with more people!

[@MeppyMan]

Same here, from Australia. Good luck with the Nobel prize in the next year :)

[@BothHands1]

i've seen this demonstration with little metal beads, but never with bubbles. it's pretty amazing how you set it up to make all the bubbles the same size

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Yeah the metal beads are awesome for showing how repulsion between atoms causes spontaneous ordering (crystallization) but they aren't sticky enough to easily get motion behavior like dislocations gliding effortlessly through. I wasn't lying when I said my jaw hit the floor when I first saw Bragg's lecture video using bubbles. It's so ludicrously cool. Also don't look too close at some of the shots if you think all of my bubbles were successfully the exact same size lol.......... It's actually pretty fun to see what crystal defects you get when you do have different sizes - you can get weird sized bubbles stuck to dislocations (or dislocations stuck to weird sized bubbles) because they relieve some of the strain associated with having an extra half-plane of atoms wedged in the crystal.

[@johnpossum556]

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel It's worthy of a second channel content of exactly how you did it.

[@BothHands1]

AlphaPhoenix that's really interesting, and probably why many metals are doped or alloyed to get a better material. just a few % carbon and you have steel instead of iron.

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Oh absolutely! You get all your dislocations pinned to impurities, and suddenly the material acts a LOT harder.

[@UltraRik]

"7:55 wants to know your location"

[@kendokaaa]

This channel reminds me of Applied Science, where videos aren't frequent but they're very good. Oh and holy crap the bubble model for crystal structures is brilliant

[@willmcconnell6008]

I think they could do a really interesting collaboration project.

[@max_kl]

Ben from Applied Science mentioned this channel on his Twitter a few days ago. It's how I found it, and I'm fascinated!

[@professionalidiot1274]

“Because hexagon, is the bestagon!”

[@zyansheep]

@Hand Grabbing Fruits it has already been declared, but you may declare it again.

[@O5MO]

But only in 2d or where third dimension doesent matter. Because perfect hexagons cant form non flat object

[@BlackSoap361]

@@O5MO take a bunch of pentagons, give a few of them an extra side. Now you have 3D shapes.

[@gary4689]

Ahh, fellow members of the order

[@andydrews9691]

Well my dad is a gon

[@MeepMu]

I'm came from Steve Mould's channel, and i just want to say that this is one of those few channels on KZbin where the host knows enough about a subject to talk about in in depth, but in a very easy-to-understand way! Please keep up the good work!

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Thanks! That’s what I strive for - hopefully it’s informative and fun!

[@morphx666]

Yep, I'ḿ here because of Steve... but man, how glad I am he mentioned your channel. This video has to be on my top 5 all time favorite YT videos! Keep up the great work.

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Wow thanks!

[@mikip3242]

For comparison, PewDiePie is now in the 2^26 button. This chanel is highly underrated, I've been here since the 2^10 button and I feel proud of it like a dad (even if I did nothing). Keep it coming!

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Thanks so much! Glad you like the channel. Long-time supporters give me the motivation to make more videos - it isn’t nothing!

[@justkarkat9575]

When Steve Mould shouted you out, and after watching one of your videos, I was certain that I was watching a channel that already must have had millions of subscribers, but when I saw your sub count I was literally shocked! I do not know how you have not hit it big yet, but heres to you doing so!

[@olivianeugeboren602]

I'm one of the steve mould people, ive watched a ton of your videos now and you've quickly become one of my fav channels. Such amazingly interesting stuff demonstrated so well

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Welcome! thanks for that endorsement! I don't put out a LOT of videos, and I think that hurts me on youtube, but it means I only publish stuff I really find interesting. These dislocations here are a topic very near and dear to my heart. Dislocations are everywhere, but they really suck in electronic devices...

[@RSHastingsIV]

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel Quality over quantity matters with the type of subject matter you cover. Keep doing you, your subscribers subbed for a reason. On a side note, I'm also here from Steve's video.

[@kjazure]

I wonder if the atoms zipping around is partially the reason for why metal gets hot when bent

[@OGDragonflare]

Friction in itself yes

[@MalcolmCooks]

the atoms aren't zipping around, the dislocations between the atoms are

[@whiteeyedshadow8423]

@@MalcolmCooks yes but the atoms are similarly moving to fill the gaps left by dislocations, which is why the dislocation itself moves

[@Lunibruniful]

@@MalcolmCooks that's like saying the bottle isn't holding the water, the empty space is.

[@formdoggie5]

​@@Lunibruniful given that atoms are mostly empty space, that's actually true, too.

[@myxfit]

Achievement unlocked: watched the video about 2^13 subs when the video had 2^8 views

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

PoWeRsOfTwO!!!!! yeah I spend too much time with computer numbers...

[@user255]

Underrated channel. Interesting science bits from someone who actually knows what he is talking about. Beware of the fakes!

[@nnate72]

KZbin homepage actually brought me to your channel and I’ve watched everything you have now. You have a fantastic talent of explaining extremely complicated subjects so simply and eloquently. Keep on producing!

[@DanHoke]

What I am loving in particular about the bubble demo versus the the steel ball demo, is that the bubbles have some give (like atomic bonds) so I feel that the resulting effect is more analogous to a crystal structure. Now if only we could think of a way to extend this model to build intuition about heat treatment of carbon steel...

[@AshharHasan07]

Very intresting because your complaint was the same as what Bragg noted in his original experiment (Bragg Raft Bubble is a good search term) - he also wanted to know hat happened when heat was applied.

[@mrcooleh]

8 years of engineering school. Never has this ever been explained so well. Excellent job.

[@benrogers5845]

Came from the Steve Mould video and after watching one video I immediately watched every single other video on your channel. Literally all of them! Amazing content, you're a great educator and clearly one of the KZbin greats in your field. So glad I found the channel 👍👍

[@elementalsheep2672]

I only left the 2^13 comment two days ago... and he delivers! Can't wait to see this channel more.

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

I took a couple hour nap this afternoon before posting... producing a 14 minute video in 3 days isn't something I'd recommend, but it WAS a lot of fun!

[@elementalsheep2672]

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel I came back to this video once I had finished my engineering course. I wish I had remembered it earlier, the subject on metal structure and half-planes would have been so much easier!

[@timhooper1557]

Your passion for science really shows in your videos Thumbs up from me! Good luck as i see a bright future !

[@specific_pseudonym]

Oh hell yes I am making one of those bubble bath things. My niece is gonna freak out when she sees the ripples.

[@bukachell]

Scientists: metal shouldn't bend *Me who just bent my spoon while eating*

[@cliftut]

Uri Geller wants to know your location.

[@Zoidle-doo]

Great video and explanation. As a lay person, you explain complicated things very intuitively, and your passion just shines through. Love it.

[@lithostheory]

This is an awesome demonstration! Great video :^D

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

On of my absolute favorites, and to explain dislocations, a topic very near and dear to my heart because of my lab work! Such fun!

[@nonchip]

"last time we used an electron microscope to build a play button out of individual atoms, so let's poke at some foil now" :D

[@cliftut]

And visualize the atoms with bubbles.

[@tenebreonlabs]

Not directly from Steve Mould, just coincidentally ended up here at the same time it seems lol. Loving the videos! Suggestion for 2^14-some sort of lithography technique? Maybe it's vaguely redundant with 2^12, but it'd also be cool to see AFM images of the result.

[@Flumphinator]

I’m studying to be an architect and this has bothered me for YEARS. Thank you!

[@BreakingTaps]

Watching the defects propagate in the bubble raft was such a satisfying way to vizualize how the crystal structure behaves. Very cool, thanks for sharing! How does work hardening play into this? Does the crystal lattice "settle" into a more energetically favorable configuration over time and become less able to propagate defects without fracturing?

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Hey! what a coincidence - I just was recommended one of your videos the other day (slow motion of chatter) which was AWESOME by the way! Work hardening unfortunately isn't very obvious in this 2D example. Real dislocations in metals are line defects in a 3D volume, not 1D defects on a 2D plane (imagine this bubble raft stacked up vertically over and over again) and when dislocations run into each other, they can actually halt each others' movement and they basically get wrapped around each other. Because there are so many weird stretched bonds around a dislocation core, they don't really like each other. When a material work hardens, you basically fill it with SO MANY dislocations that they get wound around each other, forming a dense net, and preventing more dislocations from gliding. without the ability to glide past each other smoothly, the planes of atoms end up just breaking apart!

[@BreakingTaps]

​@@AlphaPhoenixChannel Hehe, small youtube world :) Someone on the VacuumHackers Discord recommended your channel to me the other day and I've been dutifully binging through your back-catalog. Lots of great stuff! And I can't imagine the dedication to get some of them working (ice crystals, or setting up that Fizeau experiment)... pretty sure I would have thrown in the towel long before I got it working :) Ah nifty, that's exactly the opposite mechanism I was expecting. I figured things would slide around until everything just clicked into proper crystal positioning and then it froze up. But it makes a lot more sense that it's actually a tangle of dislocations stacking up and keeping everything from moving around cleanly. I suppose that explains why annealing can help undo work hardening (in some metals), presumably the added heat energy allows the dislocations to smooth back out and untangle. Neat!

[@jaquessiemasz8650]

New subscriber here! My jaw dropped too the whole time watching those dislocations ripple through the bubbles. I could watch that all day! >>> Suggestion for the next play button: Sintered powdered metal!... Because it sounds really cool.

[@mlutteral]

2^14 coming soon :) I don't understand why KZbin didn't suggest me this channel before. BTW it wasn't youtube, but Steve Mould

[@Scanlaid]

Feel like your channel is going to be huge. Got in at the 8.5k floor, on and up boyo!

[@mahdimuhib]

I like your videos. Steve Mould also sent me. I want to see more A.I and computer science related videos. I love all your other stuff too though.

[@YouCanHasAccount]

Please make a follow up video on how this relates to elastic deformation, plastic deformation and metal fatigue. Different things must be going on with the crystal structure in those 3 instances ...

[@nicklachen5060]

I love your astro vids. Be cool if you could incorporate something from that to your next play button. No idea what that'd be...

[@tryAGAIN87]

Holy crap. This is literally the best physics material science video I have ever seen! Thank you!

[@RishiKumar-zv3lc]

Hey Brian, new fan here😁.....! I came here from Steve's video. You're amazing....♥️

[@matgggg55]

That demo is AMAZING!!! I couldn’t believe it worked so well I thought their would be a bunch of popping when moving them around, and the contrast was excellent every detail was there!

[@timothymothralee76]

You asked for suggestions for your next button. I read about a way to etch patterns that reflect wavelengths of light. This was used to “paint” an image instead of using dyes. 🙂

[@MatSciStudent]

Great job explaining this demo, and dislocations in general! Tiny nitpick because you seem to enjoy corrections: I believe the 2D bubble lattice would just be "hexagonal" since the hexagonal lattice is necessarily close-packed in 2 dimensions.

[@nikostsatsis9478]

Why is it necessarly close packed

[@bechelliz]

Dude, this stuff is worth about 15 to 20 lectures of physical metallurgy that I had back in the day. Thanks for posting real content on a platform that is almost pure shit. Congrats man.

[@farkstein1213]

hexagons.. are the bestagons

[@juanmanuelcalderon4966]

The next play button could be formed with crystals, like you could grow it, it would be cool

[@williamreynolds6132]

I love when content creators help each other out. I’m sure I would have found you eventually but glad Steve mentioned you so I could start watching your videos sooner.

[@DanHoke]

Ooh! Almost forgot! 2^14 subscriber play button ideas: Lost wax casting, radio isotope drawing (so you can only see it with radio imaging), photoluminescence (so you can only see it with black light), hand rolled nixie-style cold cathode display (do this!) , "bio-display" (moss, mold, or other growth in medium), old school neon tubes, new school phospho wire, x-ray film, recycled hdpe, braised brass bar, bubblegram, stereogram, etched glass (or insert exotic material of choice), DIY hologram (Is that even practical? Does that even matter?), or, you know, call ClickSpring and machine one (booooooring). Keep keeping on!

[@AdityaXingh]

Most underrated channel I ever came across,

[@BullseyeBailey]

welcome to the new subs, perhaps now that you've brought up crystal structure; you could grow a play button shaped crystal for the next one

[@Yezpahr]

I've seen both steve mould's vid and this vid completely independent of each other.... kinda surprised. -edit: the 2¹⁴ button should be made out of an old OLED screen, functional if possible.

[@karliebellatrixyoung6359]

You are great, new favorite science communicator. Only thing holding your channel back is video quality, all of your cameras (or something in your editing chain) is making your content look like it's from like 2015.

[@fuflang]

Really educational, but here's an interesting question: Why is it when you bend, not stretch, a metal (like a paperclip) back and forth enough times it will all of a sudden snap? Shouldn't the deformations just continue to ripple through and the hexagonal structure and sort of "self heal" after each bend? Is it a build up of vacancies? how does that work?

[@alexxenaosas2416]

dude you know some staff , wish u wore my chemistry professor back in my days :) , I can see you are very passionate about what u do and say ..and it's a good thing ..keep it going :)

[@ivanjelenic5627]

2^14 play button: make a transparent case, fill it with a fluid that turns to a solid when you close it (because of the pressure)? bonus points: it also changes color/transparency when it does so. also a cool way to show the difference between eg. water that expands when solidifying and some other fluids that reduce their size.

[@qwaqwa1960]

Something about your audio quality is very ear-hurting. Lav mic...that's good. I dunno... Volume turned as low as reasonable, and it's still painful. Play with EQ maybe??? Good content tho!

Cool video!! I wonder if you could explain what does it mean to cut something, say the sheet of copper, at a molecular level. Why scissors could cut a copper wire? What happens energy wise?

[@harikrishnank.j.4954]

Wonderful demonstration of plastic deformation. Thanks Steve mould for bringing me here😍

[@herzogsbuick]

somehow, in the 2 or 3 years i've been watching your videos, i missed this one. those bubbles, as you put them through "tension" and "compression"...that was incredible. talk about a picture being worth a thousand words. something can maintain overall rigidity while experiencing deformation -- we know that's true, but seeing it happen, man just those concepts, rigid as they may be in our heads, are malleable too. thank you for this.

[@byronwatkins2565]

Once you get too many dislocations, they lock each other in place and the metal becomes brittle. At that point, you should have annealed it to remove most of them and then formed it some more. This is "work hardening" or "metal fatigue."

[@positronalpha]

Very interesting, and a beautiful illustration. Related, and potentially a topic for a follow-up video: grain boundaries.

[@Lampe2020]

If metal is bendy because of those dislocations... If you have a perfect rod of metal it is impossible to bend/stretch/squish without fracturing?

[@CKOD]

I bet you have at least few thoughts on Rolls Royce investment casting noncrystalline alloy turbine blades for the hot section of their engine. Would be pretty interesting to see someone more knowledgeable in material science talk about them. Seems like it could be topical to your monocrystalline water project too.

[@kimmy_future4265]

Could you do an extension of this video about alloys or steel phases like austentite or about annealing and quenching and work hardening and how that changes the material properties? I'm an amateur blacksmith and have a decent enough grasp of all that but it would be cool to see how you could show. really enjoy your videos!

[@richardcoppin5332]

Re: The 2^14 button: If you take some water and then using Peltier element then ... #YouveBeenMoulded

[@warriorfandude]

Amazing video, fantastic explanation, brought down to, and subsequently elevated above the layman level. The only sad part of this video is that Alpha isn't at 2^14 subs yet.

[@KurtCollier]

I am here because of Steve as well. I guess I should go ahead and be part of the next binary digit on your channel. good stuff!

[@thomasreyna7296]

I like thinking of it like you buttoned your shirt wrong and you go from top to bottom fixing it creating your own "ripple" until you get to the end and the side that was higher has now shifted to be the same height as the other side. Awesome video with a great demonstration!

[@camerongraves8398]

Try freezing alcohol for the perfect water crystals its the only time I've ever seen perfect water crystals i think it might help because less water means slower growth right correct me if im wrong but im pretty sure that's the only reason i saw it in my blue solo cup i left in the freezer

[@chrisdieguez1950]

Since you did your 2^13 vid on stretching metal, why not do your 2^14 on etching?

[@miklov]

Wow, I love the experiment with the bubbles! I want to try this myself now. I don't expect to gain any new insights but it does look like a ton of fun =D

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

You’ll absolutely see stuff I didn’t talk about - the bubble raft is a really rich simulation. I didn’t mention grain boundaries at all, and had to work to keep them out of shot. Also, try to see if you can tell what happens when a dislocation runs into a vacancy!

[@mmenjic]

Make it from pure natural one piece diamond and make it to be same size as this one it would be pretty unique and possibly only one in existence ever.

[@heccmcgee4352]

Never went to college did poorly in highschool and I can still understand almost all of this. Proud of me

[@ThapeloMKT]

Thank you Steve and thank you Alpha

[@MeppyMan]

So I didn’t know that I didn’t know this and that I needed to know this. Thanks this was awesome and super clear to follow.

[@humanperson5122]

I JUST HAPPENED TO WATCH THIS VID WHEN ITS VIEW COUNT WAS EXACTLY 441,441!?!

[@CaptainCactus]

That's not cheating, don't be so hard on yourself! Looks great and congratulations!

[@jek__]

neat, so those sci-fi crystal golems where all the crystals are constantly moving and tinking against each other are a more realistic depiction than they seem at first

[@adamcook4122]

Keep in contact with other KZbin educators, it may help your great channel more!

[@6alecapristrudel]

Whaddayaknow. He just did grow the large single crystals of water.

[@KingNast]

Here from Steve Mould also! I've been binge watching your channel, great stuff! Video idea.. When I was a kid I read something about how polishing a metal isn't well understood. Why does it get shiny? On the atomic/molecular level. This video has given me some ideas about it

[@commandercarrot6335]

Another way to show this is with spherical magnets, and they are so difficult to get rid of

[@MadChrisp]

another day. another drastically underrated channel.

[@aaronsmith593]

When I stretch out before I go jogging does it mean I will get skinnier ?😅

[@skivvy3565]

If I had to only watch 3 channels for the rest of me life it would be: *You, Applied Science, and Clickspring* And I would never, ever. Get bored of rewatching every second until my death

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Clickspring’s last video with the historical lathe methods was fantastic!

[@LeoStaley]

Don't mind me in this comment, I'm just trying help the algorithm with it.

[@CHKNSkratch]

so this means that if we made a perfectly crystline metal it would be thousands of times stronger than metal is today?

[@timothymothralee76]

I would love to learn more about how this applies to forging metals. I think some swords are made by repeatedly folding and flattening steels.

[@12jojimbo]

If you’re curious, a good place to start would be looking into work hardening. Iirc it has a great deal to do with defects in the crystal structure.

[@loganiushere]

Why didn’t you fill the button with epoxy XD great video loved the bubble demo

[@Chrissthepiss]

I came via Steve mould. Thanks to Steve for directing me to you and thanks to you for making very interesting viddies!

[@_baller]

If the carpet rippled multiple times you'd have a magic carpet and be floating

[@pratikkore7947]

for the 2^14 button: make one of graphene, the phantom material everyone talks of and never manages to materialise (even in dreams). I wonder how it would enable flexible transparent electronics if it can't STRETCH O_o or can it? can't believe steve took so many years to find you, that slow .. ..

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

I made some graphene aerogel in high school - it's fun stuff. weighs nothing, conducts electricity!

[@CleonanTehGnome]

Could this also be analogous to how Piezoelectricity works?

[@Nobe_Oddy]

I'm a big fan of Steve Mould too! I'm soooo happy YT suggested your channel to me!! I LOVE YOUR CHAN!!!

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Oh wait did you just subscribe in the last week and not come direct from Steve Mould? That would be some kinda big hint “the algorithm” was helping out! Thanks for the comment - glad you’re here!

[@TheBookDoctor]

Dude, awesome demo and explanation. Steve Mould, watch out! Related question: Does this explain work hardening? If plastic deformation happens by dislocations moving around, then it follows that a flawless crystal would be the strongest form of that metal (i.e. no dislocations). Thus, as a dislocation reaches the surface and "deposits" its tiny bit of plastic deformation, it seems that the resulting material is more ordered (which makes some sense: you did work on the system to deform the material, so its entropy has the potential to go down) by virtue of that dislocation being used up, bringing the material closer to being a flawless crystal. Is that accurate, or am I--like the demonstration!--all wet?

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

ah good question - I just answered Josh Rips' comment about work hardening too - I would add that new dislocations are relatively easy to nucleate at grain boundaries and the actual edges of the crystal. You can see some dislocations zip into existence at the edges of the bubble rafts. That's what work hardening really is, creating SO MANY dislocations that they all run into each other and can't move. You do also end up modifying the grain structure in a polycrystalline material (of which the vast majority of metal objects are) but I tried to make all of the example rafts in this video as single-crystalline as possible for the sake of clarity - dislocation motion is at least the primary deformation mechanism, if not the only one. A perfect defect free crystal is very strong, but it's A) completely impossible to make because entropy will probably end up spontaneously making defects in your object, and B) I'm not sure that without more information about the loading situation you could say "strongEST" - grain boundaries help to slow down dislocations quite a bit, so polycrystalline materials can actually perform better. I think that for really specific high-intensity applications like jet turbine blades, they make entire blades out of single crystals all oriented in a specific way to make them strong for a specific loading environment, but those also aren't supposed to ever yield. If dislocations start moving around inside your airplane engine you better get to the ground quick before it makes you...

[@UltraBadass]

Using the right tools for the job isn't cheating your video is great I love it

[@chris-graham]

The 14th element is silicon - etch a silicon wafer into a play button

[@trombonebone17456343]

Steve fella here, just wanted to thank you for the videos. They are all very entertaining and informative. Looking forward to the water crystal!

[@adamkrefting25]

Brilliant demo, including the carpet!

[@SamBrickell]

If this guy smiled at me in an elevator I would be terrified.

[@tusharbhudia9421]

As a materials scientist this was one of the first materials experiment I did