Andromeda Galaxy Turns 100 Years Old, Here Is Why This Matters

[@yomogami4561]

thanks for the retrospective on andromeda anton i was born in 1960 and have seen a lot of changes to science in general as things were discovered, revised, rediscovered, and rethought. it's a fun time to be alive

[@kellydalstok8900]

When I came round in the recovery room after an operation, the nurse on duty told me that 1960 was a good year.

[@billshiff2060]

It's fun to think back about the science books of the 50's 60's. Venus was thought to be either a water world or a desert world. Mars was still being portrayed as having canals. The moon craters were thought to be burst lava bubbles or meteor craters. etc.

[@brick6347]

It blew my mind years ago when I learned that despite being 2.5 million light years away, if the Andromeda Galaxy were brighter, it would appear six times bigger than the moon in the night sky. The size of the universe is very humbling indeed.

[@xXMegaToastXx]

And I only just learned this today haha that's awesome. If only we had stronger eyes.

[@ArtisticlyAlexis]

Really? I never heard that before & now must go Google!😊

[@EstamosDe]

​@@xXMegaToastXxwe are lucky enough, since watching the stars isnt something soo important in evolution's terms (I would bet)

[@stevelenores5637]

I had to chuckle when I saw the title. Andromeda is just as old as the Milky Way.

[@Bohr2um]

Then again, the moon is only around half a degree across. There are nebulae in the night sky that, in my opinion, are way more incredible if they were brighter. Gum nebula, Sadr Region, Barnard's Loop, and even our satellite galaxies. The Small Magellanic Cloud is actually almost double as big in our skies than the andromeda galaxy. Even cooler is the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is 11 degrees across, compared to Andromeda's puny 2-3 degrees. Thats 22 full moons, and its just a satellite galaxy of the milkyway.

[@andycordy5190]

We should definitely be celebrating Andromeda day! It was a huge moment that only astronomers even noticed. Let's do it again next year.

[@stevenkarnisky411]

How far we have come, just in my lifetime, whch is only 3/4 of a hundred years! The more we find out, the more we need to find out.. Anton is the best education source in this realm I have found in these 75 years. Thank you, wonderful Anton!

[@samsmith2635]

Happy Birthday/Discovery Day Galactic neighbor! I can't wait to meet you when you arrive, please don't destroy the solar system!

[@tommy-er6hh]

A tentative time line of Andromeda galactic interactions known, subject to change as more info comes up: - 10 billion years ago a large Dwarf galaxy collided with then smaller Andromeda galaxy. - 7 to 10 billion years ago a Dwarf galaxy collided with Andromeda. - 2 to 8 billion years ago, the Triangulum Galaxy M33 is linked to Andromeda Galaxy M31 by several streams of neutral hydrogen and stars, which suggests that a past interaction between these two galaxies took place. - 1.2 billion years ago and again 900 million years ago M32p/M32 an elliptical galaxy (possibly the size of Triangulum) collided with Andromeda, possibly causing Andromeda’s odd ring structure. M32 is now a compact Dwarf galaxy with a large Black Hole circling back to Andromeda. They will collide again. - 700 million years ago a Dwarf galaxy collided with Andromeda. - Now the Milky Way’s Far outer halo has bumped into the Far outer halo of Andromeda galaxy. + 2.5 billion years in the future Triangulum Galaxy/M33 (with its 4 suspected satellite galaxies), dancing around Andromeda may collide. Later it may merge with the Milky Way/Andromeda mix to form a new larger galaxy. +4 billion years massive Andromeda Galaxy also known as M31 (with at least 36 KNOWN satellite dwarf galaxies)(with its own magnetic field), will smash into Milky Way (with it’s about 50 satellite dwarf galaxies - it has more because we can see more closer), the smash-up will be slightly off-axis. That end result in 6 billion years from now will convert the two spiral galaxies into one spheroidal elliptical galaxy, empty of almost all of its star-forming gas. The super massive black holes will spiral together, eventually becoming a single monster in the heart of the new galaxy. M32 and M110 are Satellite galaxies of Andromeda.

[@tommy-er6hh]

And a tentative Milky Way timeline in comparison (more interactions because we are closer and can see more): A local dark matter “sheet” 27 million lyr wide but only 1.5 million lyr thick forms/collapses, which will lead to hydrogen concentrating into 12 other major galaxies (plus dwarfs) [the Council of Giants] plus our own local group of 3 major galaxies (with more than 50+ {maybe 100 then?} dwarf galaxies) forming all in the plane of the sheet. Many kinda line up with the plane of the sheet. Two voids on either side of the sheet, the Local Void and the Southern Void. - 13.6 billion years ago diffuse irregular Milky Way galaxy begins - halo forms first, with some Globular clusters in an elliptical cloud - size 20% present stars - 13 billion years ago smaller Milky Way forms a thick disk and central bulge. Also nearby Kraken galaxy, Sequoia galaxy and nearby Gaia Enceladus/Sausage galaxy, Helmi Galaxy and Sagittarius galaxy form just before or just after Milky way in the Local Group. [possible: MW starts as a low gas lenticular, has collisions with small dwarf galaxies, making it a high gas lenticular, then with Kraken it begins to form a flatter spiral. Maybe.] - Prior to 11 billion years ago, Milky Way probably had a handful of scrapes with 3-8 smaller galaxies. -* 11 billion years ago older denser Kraken dwarf galaxy (half smaller than 20% Milky Way or 10% of present) collided with elliptical/spiral Milky Way when Milky Way was much smaller. Result 30% of present stars and 13 globular clusters. May have started first thin disk. -* 9 billion years ago a little older Sequoia (aka Arjuna or I’itoi) dwarf galaxy, smaller than Gaia Enceladus/Sausage, collided with Milky Way. Most of its stars and 3 globular clusters now travel retrograde around our galaxy. This may have been linked to Gaia Enceladus/Sausage dwarf galaxy. The Finbulthul Stream thought to be a remnant. Nearby Kapteyn’s Star (13 lyr away from Earth) may be part of it. -* 9 (or 8 to 10) billion years ago collision with LMS-1/Wukong dwarf galaxy, possibly very older/metal poor, which was mostly dark matter, leaving the Orphan-Chenab Stream and 2 globular clusters at 74 degree to galactic plane. -* 9 (or 8 to 10) billion years ago collision with younger Gaia Enceladus/Sausage, a dwarf galaxy, slightly smaller (~10% of present stars) than the Milky Way, perhaps 2 billion years old with several (8-20?) Globular Clusters. Result ~50% Milky Way was a stubby disk from which stars were flung out, creating/reinforcing/expanding its halo. Part of the disk then became unstable and collapsed into a bar structure. Over time, a new, thin disk was created. (~10-15% of our stars migrated from this collision.) -* 9 (or 8 to 10) billion years ago collision with Pontus dwarf galaxy. It brought 7 globular clusters to orbit the galaxy. However it may be difficult to separate from the Gaia Enceladus streams due to the Milky Way bar disrupting the streams. - next few billion years, the Milky Way was quiet, maybe consuming the occasional ultra faint satellite dwarf galaxy. -* 6 to 9 billion years ago dwarf galaxy Helmi (15%?) leaving 5 Globular Clusters (maybe up to 15?) collided with Milky Way, leaving only the Helmi Stream. - Also in the smaller past collisions with Milky Way but time is uncertain: Arcturus dwarf galaxy, Anticenter dwarf galaxy, Nyx ultra faint dwarf galaxy, and Specter ultra faint dwarf galaxy. Each left its Stream in the galactic Halo. -* 6 billion years ago when the Sagittarius Galaxy, an elliptical/spheroidal dwarf galaxy made first collision with Milky Way. This caused a warp in the disk of the Milky Way and ripples in it too. There are bursts of stellar formation roughly 6.5 billion, 2 billion, and 1 billion years ago, and tied each one to several pericentric passes of Sagittarius. (The impact area was also the time and place for Sun’s creation 6 billion years ago.) It left 7 Globular Clusters. - The Cetus Polar ultra faint dwarf galaxy may have collided about the same time. - 2.7 billion years ago the very small Virgo Dwarf spheroidal galaxy began a collision still on going with Milky Way. - 200 million years ago the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) barred Dwarf Spiral galaxy & Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) irregular Dwarf galaxy had collided or passed close by each other. LMC now shows off center bar, and a messed up its one spiral arm so many call it irregular also. There seems to be a magnetic field and dust/gases stretching between the two from that interaction, as well as another quadrapole magnetic field in the LMC itself. - 140 million years ago Boötes III ultra faint Dwarf spheroidal galaxy passed close to Milky Way center, parts are still being absorbed. - Now - Milky way Galaxy has about 50 known satellite dwarf galaxies, and an unknown number (up to 500?) of satellite Ultra Diffuse Galaxies many have not yet been detected, but are thought to exist. - Now to +1 billion years Sagittarius & Virgo collisions still on going, causing ripples & warp in the Thin Disk; furthermore Canis Major Dwarf irregular Galaxy is also being absorbed by Milky Way. Also Antlia II (aka Ant II) lowest surface brightness Dwarf Galaxy is being disrupted by the Milky Way. Large & Small Magellanic Cloud galaxies are being sucked of another tail of dust & gases by the Milky Way, as the 2 in turn pull down the Milky Way’s thin disk because of their gravity - however there does seem to be a shield [the Milky Way’s own charged corona] reducing the Milky Way to gathering less than it could from Dwarf Galaxies. Also Milky Way’s Far outer halo has bumped into the Far outer halo of Andromeda galaxy. +2.4 billion years in future, recent arrivals Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) barred Dwarf Spiral galaxy and its smaller cousin satellite galaxy, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) irregular Dwarf galaxy, with the LMC bringing its own 4 satellite ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (Horologium I, Carina II, Carina III, and Hydrus I) - all will collide with Milky Way disks. Result: the size of our galaxy’s black hole should grow up to eight times larger and stars from the in falling galaxies, as well as those pulled from the Milky Way’s disk, should bulk up the stellar halo and metallicity. [NOTE: the Magellanic Cloud galaxies are already INSIDE the out halo of Milky Way, and are NOW pulling the disk so that the central bulge is left behind with more stars in one side of bulge than the closer side to Magellanic Clouds.] +4 billion years and again the Milky Way and Andromeda interact/collide.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Remember to state the sources of your information. Otherwise how are we to know if it's credible? Up-to-date? Etc.

[@PNWOverland]

@@Sheseasyouthere I was slowly typing something just like that response over the past 30 minutes, but you beat me to it

[@PNWOverland]

Your @ is fitting

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

@@Sheseasyouthere Anton is explaining the scientific progress made in astronomy. He provides references to back up what he says making it credible. Articles accepted for publication in scientific journals such as "Nature require evidence that is independently verifiable 3σ or greater credibility. Stating one doesn't care if comments are credible is troubling in this context.

[@Bildgesmythe]

Amazing how big the universe became in 100 years. Seems strange now that people once viewed it as so small.

[@osmosisjones4912]

100 year old photos of beaches compared to recent pictures show no evidence of rising sea levels

[@rutgerhoutdijk3547]

?

[@user-zz3sn8ky7z]

@@osmosisjones4912 This "fact" has been debunked dozens of times already

[@ExpandDong420]

Can you blame them? Even that "small" understanding which only extends to our galaxy is still incomprehensibly vast from any practical view

[@coweatsman]

@@user-zz3sn8ky7z Ah look. We have some global warming denying looneys in the comments of a video about nothing to do with climate. Or maybe one, using a sock puppet. What next? Hoax moon landing? Very entertaining.

[@stefaniasmanio5857]

Hi Anton! This was fantastic! Such A dense and enjoyable video! Thank you so much ❤❤❤❤❤.

[@jimcurtis9052]

Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you 🙏😊

[@lindaseel9986]

I will never forget the sight of the Andromeda Galaxy through our professor's 8" diameter telescope. We were at the helicopter pad on Palomar Mountain. It looked like a beautiful, blue Chrysanthemum.

[@chrislaezur730]

Based

[@lindaseel9986]

@@chrislaezur730 And?

[@mandrewcurry9416]

We love you so much, Anton! Stay wonderful!!!

[@_starter]

It's us who are turning 100 years old! Its our 100 years old birthday as a civilization that knows there are other galaxies in the universe. Andromeda has always been a galaxy, but we have not always been a civilization that knew it.

[@jazzman5598]

You continue……to ROCK! Thanks Anton!

[@roaminromer]

Thank you, Anton. Been watching you for a couple of years now. I appreciate your selection of topics. Always enjoy your perspective on them. You are a wonderful person. :)

[@TonyYeungExe]

Happy birthday, Andromeda Galaxy.

[@tediz8280]

Thank you for the many years of mind blowing content Anton. i love this channel!

[@Chompchompyerded]

Gotta love Anton's dry sense of humour!

[@socialenigma4476]

I wasn't going to click on this until I saw it was KING of important. After I saw that I just had to watch!

[@j.l.m.6862]

I noticed that, also.

[@Bslahsusnald]

Is it a typo?

[@j.l.m.6862]

Only time will tell.

[@SpaceJam_DVD]

I want to wish the Andromeda Galaxy a happy birthday and wish for many more to come 🎉🎉

[@brentgoodlet]

Thanks!

[@GeorgeNoX]

imagine what we will discover in next 100 years, just idea of it makes it very exciting

[@garygreen7552]

Anton, thank you for another presentation that teaches so much about the universe. I live in Pasadena and grew up here. I have always known about the Mt. Wilson Observatory and know that the 60" telescope was built first and the 100" Hooker Telescope came a bit later. It is amazing that the materials used to build these instruments including the mirrors were taken up a narrow dirt road about 9 miles long. The road is still there and now is a fire road and is open to hikers, bicyclists and horse riders. Of course we also are home to Caltech where Hale started the project to build the observatory. Hale also has a telescope named for him, the 200" telescope on Mt. Palomar south of Pasadena. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is managed by Caltech.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

I live within walking distance of the building at Northrop where JWST was built. Ran into the engineers, astrophysicists, et al who worked on it.

[@friedmule5403]

Fun fact: Dependent on what you judge as a part of the two galaxies, is the two already colliding and has being doing that for several years.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Correct. Good comment.

[@friedmule5403]

@@douglaswilkinson5700 Thank you so much!! :-)

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

@@friedmule5403😊

[@Anvar2308]

​@@friedmule5403u mean Milky and Andro already colliding?

[@friedmule5403]

@@Anvar2308 Yes exactly. If you look at both galaxies and if you define their sizes by including everything that spins around the centers, then do you in fact already get overlapping objects, meaning that they are both, right now, "colliding". Colliding is maybe the wrong word, since the space between the stars in both galaxies, is so big that both galaxies most likely will end up as one, without hardly any stars ever colliding. :-)

[@nickrider5220]

This is why we have to continue to study the cosmos. Not so long ago we believed the Earth was the centre of everything, then that the milky way was everything, then only 100 years ago that the milky way wasn't everything....and so it continues ! Love this channel 👍

[@MCsCreations]

Fascinating stuff indeed!

[@theevermind]

11:00 thank you for including this image.

[@Iamthelolrus]

Its coming right for us!

[@Voron_Aggrav]

to imagine just how much we've learned since finding out it's another Galaxy

[@garyfilmer382]

I can heartily recommend viewing the Andromeda Galaxy, M31, on a very clear night, a good pair of binoculars will show it well. For an even more impressive view, use a telescope, my 154mm fast Newtonian telescope, shows it extremely well, it’s best viewed using relatively low power eyepieces. Thank you, Anton, for this intriguing video.

[@JAKEY-000]

Sheeesh I’m so fresh to his video🥰

[@TimFields-i6s]

Seriously, this was one of your best videos

[@NautiGrandpa]

Andromeda and Milky Way gas and dust are already interacting.

[@godoftwinkies574]

Hope Anton does the same to "celebrate" the 10 years of Pluto's reclassification to Dwarf Planet.

[@ChipLinck]

100 years since it was official? The Andromedans must be so proud!

[@brick6347]

In 2.5m years' time they'll be delighted

[@Jason1975ism]

They are steering their galaxy towards us! They want the corn!!

[@billshiff2060]

We are... Wait... did I just say that out loud? Forget I said that...

[@BORCHLEO]

So what your telling me is this is gonna be a long process but once’s it’s finished we’re gonna have a super high res pic of andromeda? Let’s go I waited this long I can wait a little longer thank you Anton 😁

[@johnnesbit2371]

I'm hoping for a Star Trek version.

[@marknovak6498]

I am intrigued we can learn so much new about a galaxy we have been observing for 100 years.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

New technology makes it possible to learn more and more.

[@mikael557]

I think no matter how intelligent or advanced we become, we will never stop learning newer things about creation.

[@prephikz42]

Just a heads up if you haven't been made aware already Anton, the video thumbnail has a spelling mistake (king of important. Not kind of important) 😁 anyway, thanks for your constant uploading and all the effort you put in to inform us of all things space and knowledge. Cheers! 😁

[@adreanmarantz2103]

I dunno, I might start using 'King' of Important instead of 'most' important. This has potential.

[@kayakMike1000]

Its headed right for us!!!

[@DunkinBiscuits]

I have a question. If everything in the universe is all moving away from a central point, how can we be on a collision course with Andromeda? If everything started moving from the same point wouldn't everything just constantly be getting further away from that point and further from everything else? If you draw thousands of dots on a balloon and then inflate the balloon all the dots will not only move outwards from the balloon centre but also the gaps between the dots will get larger as they move away from each other. How can any of the dots collide? I probably sound very dumb to a lot of you but its ok, just something i don't really understand at this point.

[@zeus000.00]

As I understand it, on the largest scale everything in the universe seems to be moving away, but not away from a central point, space itself seems to be expanding (see dark energy), like a balloon being blown up. However, objects relatively close to each other are gravitationally bound, meaning they attract each other faster than space rips them apart. Hope that helps, if not i'm sure both Anton, Dr. Becky and PBS Spacetime have videos on dark energy that might clear things up better than my short explanation.

[@DunkinBiscuits]

@@zeus000.00 thank you for your reply, that actually makes a lot of sense and definitely clears things up for me a bit. I knew a little about gravitational forces and planets, stars and black holes being gravitationally bound but I never thought about galaxies being drawn together this way. I guess it’s all to do with space fabric? Thanks again that was well described and definitely helps a lot 👍🏼

[@DunkinBiscuits]

@@zeus000.00 so I take it that dark energy is pulling everything away faster than gravitational forces can pull them back together except for objects that are relatively close enough that the gravitational forces are still strong enough to have an impact on them?

[@zzstoner]

Happy Belated 100th Anniversary of Andromeda's promotion to the rank of Galaxy!🎂🌌🌃

[@paulduffy9481]

I don't think it's ever complete without the contributions of Kant (who credited Thomas Wright) and Herschel. It was proven in 1923 but started gaining support as an idea in the 1750s.

[@H.P.Lovecrap]

Thanks, Anton!

[@adriansierra751]

Let's go Anton🎉

[@Gamert80]

Anton is definitely Anton 🎉🎉🎉

[@leighbee1764]

Thanks for sharing HST info, I am slightly ashamed to say I had never heard of her and as a female, it's cool to be watching a video and learn some cool mess about a new person. Even more so when they are a fellow lovely lady.

[@animalbird9436]

Now then anton.gr8 vid❤

[@Chill_Mode_JD]

Happy birthday Universe you ol’ rascal you 🎉

[@jesseb1677]

To most people, it doesn't matter if the universe is 14 ka, 14 Ga or 14 Ta. They just know its very very old and they'll never see the alpha or the omega.

[@willyleavitt-pe1cw]

Nice to see my distant cousin get the recognition she deserves for her contribution to this discovery.

[@FlatEarthMath]

Correction: Andromeda is only 9 years old. I'm referring of course to my daughter. 😊

[@the80hdgaming]

Great name...

[@FlatEarthMath]

@the80hdgaming Our other kids are Orion, Mars and Mercury.

[@WhiskerBiscuit1]

At least you didn't name her Nymphadora. 🤷

[@australien6611]

Poor kids suffering stupid names because of your obsession

[@innocentbystander3317]

The gods were capricious, and my Artemis and Apollo were taken from me at a young age. Rest in peace, my little deities.. 😢

[@AceSpadeThePikachu]

What I'm curious to know is what kinds of planets are in that galaxy, how they could differ in composition to planets commonly found in our own galaxy, and if any of them could host life.

[@mikael557]

As a person with no astronomical or cosmological education credentials, I would guess that Andromeda has *at least* one planet that hosts intelligent life.

[@i_dont_live_here]

Hello wonderful Anton.

[@rollerroadstar8003]

Wait what the heck? I would have thought that galaxy's were understood as galaxies when they were discovered. I didn't realize that galaxies as we know them today weren't discovered until 1923. Jeez I didn't realize that a lot of the stuff we know today wasn't discovered until recently

[@zanbudd]

New discoveries everyday🙏🏼🦋🎈

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

New technology makes these advances possible.

[@SnootchieBootchies27]

Yup

[@markmuller7962]

Happy birthday Andromeda galaxy 😄

[@bunnyfan9960]

Happy birthday Andromeda Galaxy!!

[@Zanduras1]

I love Anton's channel when I want to feel small haha!

[@Nezumis]

I once read somewhere that it is very likely that Andromeda has already begun merging with our galaxy at the most extreme edges. And will likely become visible to us in a few hundred thousand years.

[@Apanblod]

That's so cool! I can't wait for that to happen! 😊

[@DannyJoh]

Happy birthday Universe, and stuff!

[@graemebrumfitt6668]

Happy 100th Andromeda. TFS, GB :)

[@jokerzyo]

Most of these are misinterpreting what we know lol. Funny none the less. My favorite space fun facts for anyone feeling unsettled about space. All the planets could fit between the earth and the moon. You can even include Pluto. If you launched yourself into space in a straight line odds are you'd never hit anything or even come close to a star system. You're made of literal star dust. Stars formed all the elements that make up everything. The only way gold is made in the universe is when 2 massive neutron stars collide. Neutron stars are some of the most extreme objects in the universe. Evidence suggests the moon was formed within 24 hours. Dinosaurs existed on the opposite side of the galaxy from us due to our solar system orbiting the central black hole of the milky way.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Stars do not make hydrogen. It was formed during the Big Bang. Humans are ~60% water and water is ~67% hydrogen. So we are made of at least 40% non-stellar created elements.

[@KOSTNOT]

I needed to hear this today. I really didn't know it was only 100 years since we understood how small we are in the universe. I expected our species to be further along, but post 100 years this discovery... things seem about predictable. Maybe that gives me a little hope.

[@playeryoshi252]

Happy Birthday Andromeda Galaxy!

[@playeryoshi252]

Or Happy 100th anniversary of being classified as a galaxy Andromeda Galaxy!

[@josdelijster4505]

thank you..... liked and shared

[@joelt2002]

I like how two galaxies come together to form a baby galaxy.

[@Snoopyzell]

😂😂😂it's coming for us.. run away, run away. 😂😂😂😂 this had me laughing so much 😂😂😂

[@j.l.m.6862]

No one expects the andromena collision!

[@paulwalsh2344]

Wow It didn't occur to me that the Andromeda nebula was promoted to full fledged galaxy 100 years ago this month ! I so wish I'd remembered ! Just about one year ago I took my cousin out stargazing and pointed out the Andromeda Galaxy and how it's the furthest thing we can see with the naked eye and was able to show her Andromeda's central region through my binoculars.

[@davidh.4944]

Andromeda is not quite the most distant visible object. M33 (the Triangulum galaxy) is a bit farther away, and just within the limits of visibility if you have good eyesight and viewing conditions. I _think_ I may have spotted it once when I was younger. Centarus A is 13.7 Mly away, over 5 times further, and there is at least one claim that it it has been naked eye observed. As an AGN galaxy, it is said it would be easily visible if it weren't for the dust lane cutting right across it from our vantage point. Messier 81 and the Sculptor galaxy (NGC 253), both 12 Mly distant, are also claimed to have been spotted. I found one claim that a gamma ray burst from 10 Bly away briefly became bright enough to be seen, but I don't know if anyone actually saw it.

[@paulwalsh2344]

@@davidh.4944 I'll give you M33 because even though I've never seen it with the naked eye it is theoretically possible with perfect eyesight. in my binoculars on the very best night of seeing in my life one winter, I was clearly able to see M32 as a bright star in relation to M31 and I was able to discern the orientation of M110's central bulge so I could envision detecting them as dim stars with the naked eye. But the others... well maybe anecdotally by people with extraordinary eyesight... I think we can all agree that M32 is easily a perfect candidate to show others an inkling of the scale of the cosmos because most people when they see M31 can tell it's fuzzy and that's the perfect time to tell them it's over 2 MILLION light years away and the light from it left it when there were no modern humans yet on the Earth.

[@SimonClarkstone]

I thought this title meant that Andromeda had rotated 100 times since it formed.

[@samwisegamgee6532]

2:33 well… yes as long as the viewer’s time can be considered synchronized with yours.

[@wayneharrison]

HAPPY, BELATED 💯TH BIRTHDAY... ANDROMEDA!! 🎉🎂🥂🌌

[@Solscapes.]

I feel like this feeds into the self importance of people. It's the aniversary of the realization that it's a galaxy. The galaxy is a few years older than that.

[@Poodleinacan]

Wow. Only 100! Time sure flies

[@Charonupthekuiper]

Amazing detective work to use the relationship between the periods of Cepheid and RR Lyrae variable stars and brighness then apply it to galaxies to determine their distance. Except for those close by (only a few million light years!) they appear to be moving away and the expanding universe idea was born.

[@coweatsman]

When we refer to a few million light years as "close" that tells us how unimaginably huge the cosmos is.

[@yvonnemiezis5199]

Nice, thanks😊

[@ro4eva]

Such a beautiful galaxy.

[@HoneyBadger80886]

🎂Cake !! Celebrate 🎉

[@CAPSLOCKPUNDIT]

It blows my mind how brief an interval in humanity's history that we assured ourselves we were the centerpiece in a compact, simple, and orderly cosmos. A perception that would soon be overturned by Messier Objects.

[@Reoh0z]

Lookout, the Andromeda Galaxy is coming right at us!

[@j.l.m.6862]

Shall we shoot it with a rifle?😂

[@Kioki1-x8p]

Just imagine when it will begin to close up on the Milky Way imagine how beautiful the night sky would look like.

[@caelestigladii]

Some claim the merger has already began.

[@Kioki1-x8p]

@@caelestigladiiExciting times we all live in.

[@caelestigladii]

@@Kioki1-x8p Indeed.

[@bf99ls]

As it gets closer, all we’d see is a few more stars in the night sky, and possibly a second ‘Milky Way’ (being the disc of Andromeda, assuming it’s at a different angle to ours own galaxy. But that’s likely to be 5 or 6 billion years into the future, as the two galaxies with take a long time to fully pass through each other

[@popacristian2056]

So, Andromeda have 100 yers now! Happy birthday Andromeda!

[@markoleary1778]

Love your videos Anton. Just a minor point. Its either "The Andromeda Galaxy" or just "Andromeda". Confusingly "The Milky Way" always get the "the". Go Figure. I only bring this up as it takes my attention away from your otherwise brilliant exposition! I'm sure some pedant could explain the naming rules here.

[@Bramble451]

It's "the" Milky Way because we've been seeing it nightly since before the idea of a galaxy was even conceived. It was just the band of light stretching across the night sky with various mythological explanations. Andromeda was "a" nebulae among many before it and other nebulae were recognized as galaxies. Both Andromeda and the Milky Way sometimes use "Galaxy" and sometimes don't. It's just contextual and whatever the speaker is used to saying. It's similar to "the sun" vs. "Betelgeuse", "Sirius", "Rigel", etc., which don't get "the".

[@Helblind]

Is there any chance life on a planet would survive a galaxy merger? Is it violent, with many collisions and gravitational ripping apart of solar systems, or is the scale and time frames so large that planets and solar systems are unlikely to be affected?

[@Bramble451]

There are not likely to be very many collisions of stars when galaxies "collide". Although the gravitational effects of the two galaxies on each other are going to shift these stars about as they reorganize into a single galaxy. The effects of the merger on individual stars and planets can't be predicted, although we already get star collisions, planet expulsions, and planet consumptions within our own galaxy.

[@kuyoti]

You rule! 😎👍

[@johnnyringo35]

You drool

[@Lund.J]

The shape of the Andromeda galaxy also follows a (macrocosmic) thermal vortex. Sometimes the reason for this is also called gravitational force.

[@omega311888]

I wish I could be around to see it

[@technicaldifficultysupport]

amazingly awkward at the end. great videos.

[@Nobe_Oddy]

wait a sec... "this is KING of important" ???? OR did you mean "this is KIND of important" ??? - in the thumbnail that is :)

[@kristensorensen2219]

Someday it will be here😮🎉

[@rebeccabasiel1509]

Happy centennial Andromeda!

[@netizencapet]

To all the sentients throughout Andromeda that find Anton's videos 100,000 years from now in an obscure WayBack Machine radioblast of the entire public internet hopelessly beamed to your galaxy in a desperate last minute homage to our species made 2,000 to 10,000 years from present: greetings. I hope you appreciate him as much as we did in our stint on the Milky Way's marvelous blue marble.

[@TraitorVek]

1:02 - Mayebe it could be called the Moose Head Galaxy ?

[@TraitorVek]

How does it look like a Carina ?

[@TarisRedwing]

Does that mean 2 super Massive black holes combined in the Andromeda?

[@chaosopher23]

Happy birthday, Andromeda!

[@Reoh0z]

1:00 What you call the Carina Nebula, I call the Ape-face Nebula. The face is looking up and to the right. Once you see it, it can never be unseen.

[@alanball5750]

I have absolutely no issues with The Andromeda Galaxy. As neighbours go, they are very quiet and well behaved. I guess we are just lucky.

[@phillm156]

Happy birthday 🎉 we will meet soon😂

[@frangandara6782]

we HAVE to talk about the Andromeda Galaxy, top wholesome

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

So, my grandma's best friend was 2+yrs old when the galaxy was discovered. I'll have to let her know, next I see her lol

[@WaterShowsProd]

Or put another way: she is older than humanity's understanding that the universe exists beyond our own galaxy.

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

@@WaterShowsProd haha, she might not be so flattered by that exact description 😜 (As inspiring as it is!)

[@WaterShowsProd]

@@TragoudistrosMPH Yeah, I thought that after I wrote it. Ha ha...

[@DavidVoight-c1v]

There was once a warm summer evening, sitting near the campfire as the gloriously haloed Milky Way Galaxy unfolded across the cathedral of night skyline of a nine thousand foot elevation just off from Muir Trail. There is where the wickedly ace experience occurred upon the sighting of a far magenta nebulous object upon a sulphuric blue cloak, floating above the sky of the universe! Then, the astounding realization of what I actually sighted was the Andromeda Galaxy . This means that my most favorite long-range sighting with eyesight , and then cueing in with high powered Leopold binoculars verified that it was indeed the Andromeda Galaxy! So my far sight should be at the max of two-point four light years! 😮 That is so wickedly ace 😮😮😮❤😮😊😊

[@MikeCrain]

I didn't realze the Andromeda galaxy was as big as it was until I watched ManlyBadassHero play "Stares Back" which prominently involves watching the galaxy. I thought it must've just been set far into the future because of how Andromeda is heading towards us, but nope. Pretty cool.

[@davidfromamerica1871]

It stretches the Human imagination beyond reason how many Planets are in Andromeda Galaxy. How many contain life forms.

[@Jason1975ism]

Steady states don't need a bang or a crunch or a beginning or an ending. They just need a ladder of matter and a phenomenon called space.

[@imfloridano5448]

Andromeda was a tv show from back in 2005 with a cast from Canada