Arrangement Of Elements In The Periodic Table | Periodic Table Ke Bare Mein Puri Jankari

[@TanishArora-ct6iq]

Maa kasam jisne video ko like nhi kiya vo paper mai pachtaayega 😂

[@Vijyanguru]

@@TanishArora-ct6iq nahin mitra koi bhi aisa face na kare , har bachcha achche marks se apne exams clear kare , meri aisi hi prarthna hai ishwar se , main shikshak hun aur mere students ki bhalai mein hi meri pragati hai

[@GaneshChavan-ze7mw]

Sir aap jaise teacher sabko milee 😊aapne itna aacha or aasan karke teaching karke padaya kii book padne ki jarurat hi nahi......... thank you so much 👌👌

[@GautamGaur-k8r]

Very informative video sir thankyou for this wonderful information ❤

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@anandgiri5257]

Really Informative ... Thanks a lot sir for such an amazing information .....🙏🙏🙏

[@Vijyanguru]

your welcome dear

[@RupeshKumar-s6i]

❤😮 nice video........... first comment 🎉

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@nehachaudhary5790]

Amazing piece of information 👏 👌 👍

[@Vijyanguru]

@@nehachaudhary5790 thank you

[@anandgiri5257]

We say hydrogen is electropositive in nature and loses electron to gain positive charge to become a cation And on the other hand we also know that hydrogen atomic number is 1 and if the hydrogen atomic number is 1 that means it has only one electron in its K shell If that electron is losen by that particular atom of hydrogen Then there will be no left out electron in the atom then how could that atom particularly exist?

[@Vijyanguru]

A hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus and one electron in its only shell (the K shell). Its atomic number is 1. When a hydrogen atom loses its single electron, it becomes a hydrogen cation (H⁺). This cation has no electrons left, but it still contains its proton, which makes it a positively charged ion. The hydrogen cation (H⁺) is stable in certain environments. In solutions, it often associates with other species, typically forming hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) in water, where it combines with water molecules

[@anandgiri5257]

@@Vijyanguru thanks a lot sir

[@IkramAQ]

I can"t tell you that kitni bari confusiosn door kar dee Phir mujha ya video mili thnk you alotttt🎉🎉🎉

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you and your welcome, i am glad that my video can be of some help to my viewers

[@Eat5starY]

Great explanation sir very informative 🙌🙌

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@nehachaudhary5790]

Very informative video sir thank you 🙏🏻💯

[@Vijyanguru]

@@nehachaudhary5790 thank you

[@shrabana.shrabanii]

Thank you so much sir🙏🙏

[@Vijyanguru]

I am glad that it helped you somehow, thank you for watching my video and supporting the channel.

[@SwatiJadhav-kz9hr]

Thank you sir 😇 so helpful video 😊

[@Vijyanguru]

your welcome dear, I am glad that my video was of some help to you !

[@vaibhavvashistha19]

This video is good I want one more detailed video sir

[@Vijyanguru]

ok dear ,for periodic trends of properties of elements, will try to do the same by tomorrow eve most probably or by Monday last !

[@kirandevi9666]

Very nice

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you

[@19siddharthvats7c3]

Thanku sir for making this much informative video 😊

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@Pushpaभाऊ]

hindi❤ me video banao❤😢😢

[@Vijyanguru]

@@Pushpaभाऊ 🙏

[@aim7678]

Thank You Sir for putting this much efforts for us. The Animation done in the video is Fabulous 🔥

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@Neettopper444]

Omg my search is overrr!! This is a piece of cinema i love it ! Pair it up with nitesh devnanis final revision guys in 28 minutes i was so worried about periodic properties thankyouuu!!

[@Vijyanguru]

Glad this helped you , thank you

[@sushilasiwach84]

Gypsum consists 2H2O To convert Gypsum to Plaster Of Paris , we heat it at 100 degree Celsius, We have studied that , on heating water at 100 degree Celsius, there is an occurrence of latent heat of vapourisation So why the product comes out water , why not steam

[@Vijyanguru]

Here’s why the product comes out as water (or anhydrous) rather than steam: Dehydration Process: Upon heating, gypsum loses two water molecules to form plaster of Paris . This process involves the removal of water bound within the crystal structure rather than vaporizing it into steam. Temperature and Pressure: At atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius, but the dehydration of gypsum occurs at this temperature, enabling the bound water to be released as liquid water rather than turning into steam. The latent heat of vaporization is significant when converting liquid water to steam. However, since we’re dealing with bound water in a solid crystal lattice, it’s released as liquid during the transition to plaster of Paris. State of the Water: The water in gypsum is not in free form. It is part of the structure of the mineral, so when heat is applied, it is released as water molecules instead of evolving as steam.

[@deepikagupta2810]

Superb sir ✨

[@Vijyanguru]

Thank you dear

[@drdcrammahali9637]

Very Good .

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you

[@digvijay2180]

Sir last Wale elements ki naming uu se kaise karte hai

[@Vijyanguru]

Periodic last wale elements, yani jo elements Group 18 (Noble Gases) ke baad aate hain, unhe often "transuranium elements" ya "superheavy elements" kehte hain. Inka naming process International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) ke rules ke anusar hota hai. Yahaan par uske kuch steps diye gaye hain: Naming Process Atomic Number: New elements ka naam unke atomic number par adharit hota hai. Ye atomic number unka position periodic table mein darshata hai. Temporary Names: Jab koi naya element discover hota hai, toh uska temporary naam uske atomic number se diya jata hai. For example, agar ek element ka atomic number 118 hai, toh isse temporarily "ununoctium" kehte the (jismein "uno" ka matlab 1, "oct" ka matlab 8 hota hai). Official Name and Symbol: Jab ek element ke characteristics achhe se study kar liye jate hain, tab ise ek official naam diya jata hai. Ye naam aksar kuch specific themes par adharit hota hai, jaise: Mythology: Jaise "tennessine" (Tennessin state ke naam se). Places: Jaise "californium" (California se). Scientists: Jaise "einsteinium" (Albert Einstein ke naam par). IUPAC Approval: Nue naming ko IUPAC se approval milta hai, jo ensure karta hai ki naam standard aur internationally recognized ho. Element Symbol: Jab element ka naam finalize ho jata hai, tab uska symbol bhi diya jata hai. Ye symbol 1 ya 2 letters ka hota hai, jismein pehla letter hamesha capital hota hai. Example Oganesson (Og): Atomic number 118. Isse "oganesson" naam diya gaya hai, jo scientist Yuri Oganessian ke naam par hai. Conclusion Is prakar periodic table ke last wale elements ko naam diya jata hai, jo unke discovering process, characteristics, aur international standards ke adhhar par hota hai.

[@digvijay2180]

@Vijyanguru sir last periods Wale elements 110 onwards

[@Vijyanguru]

@@digvijay2180 Dear that is what i have explained in the above answer, doing the same again in a tabular form , hope this helps you : A systematic nomenclature be derived directly from the atomic number of the element using the numerical roots for 0 and numbers 1-9. The roots are put together in order of digits which make up the atomic number and “ium” is added at the end. The IUPAC names for elements with Z above 100 are written here : Digit Name Abbreviation 0 nil n 1 un u 2 bi b 3 tri t 4 quad q 5 pent p 6 hex h 7 sept s 8 oct o 9 enn e using the above info : 101 Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md 102 Unnilbium Unb Nobelium No 103 Unniltrium Unt Lawrencium Lr 104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf 105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db 106 Unnilhexium Unh Seaborgium Sg 107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh 108 Unniloctium Uno Hassium Hs 109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt 110 Ununnillium Uun Darmstadtium Ds 111 Unununnium Uuu Rontgenium Rg 112 Ununbium Uub Copernicium Cn 113 Ununtrium Uut *. - 114 Ununquadium Uuq Flerovium Fl 115 Ununpentium Uup * - 116 Ununhexium Uuh Livermorium Lv 117 Ununseptium Uus * - 118 Ununoctium Uuo * - * Official IUPAC name yet to be announced

[@digvijay2180]

Thank you sir

[@Vijyanguru]

@@digvijay2180 your welcome dear, did it solve the doubt completely and as per the expectation ?

[@45enedits]

Sir thank you so much this is very useful for us

[@Vijyanguru]

thank you dear

[@RupeshKumar-s6i]

What is the main purpose of periodic table

[@Vijyanguru]

Organization of Elements, understanding the relationships between different elements, allows scientists to predict how different elements will react with one another, It classifies elements into categories such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids,Guiding Research and Discovery

[@aim7678]

Which of the Electrolyte is more conductive? Acidic Electrolyte Basic Electrolyte

[@Vijyanguru]

The conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on its concentration, the presence of ions, and the type of ions produced when dissolved in water. Both acidic and basic electrolytes can conduct electricity, but the conductivity varies based on their dissociation in water. Acidic Electrolytes Definition: Acidic electrolytes contain acids that dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) and other ions (e.g., sulfate ions from sulfuric acid, chloride ions from hydrochloric acid). Conductivity: Strong acids (like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid) fully dissociate in solution, producing a high concentration of ions, which enhances conductivity. Basic Electrolytes Definition: Basic electrolytes contain bases that dissociate in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and other ions (e.g., sodium ions from sodium hydroxide). Conductivity: Strong bases (like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) also fully dissociate in solution, yielding a high concentration of ions, leading to good conductivity. Comparison Strong Acids vs. Strong Bases: Generally, strong acids and strong bases have similar degrees of conductivity when fully dissociated, assuming the same molar concentration. However, the absolute conductivity may differ based on the specific electrolytes involved. Weak Acids and Bases: Weak acids (like acetic acid) do not fully dissociate in water, resulting in lower conductivity compared to strong acids and strong bases.

[@sujalanejaxa8722]

Sir please ek detailed video bhi bnado

[@Vijyanguru]

sure dear will try asap

[@narendra-ku1wk]

Amazing video

[@Vijyanguru]

Thanks!

[@nehachaudhary5790]

Sir lanthanide and actinides dono earth ke crust mein milte hein ??

[@Vijyanguru]

@@nehachaudhary5790 lanthanides earth crust mein kam milte hain , yeh minerals ki form mein milte hain

[@anandgiri5257]

Sir like isomers like C²H⁴O can we convert this into different compounds like wohler did

[@Vijyanguru]

Friedrich Wöhler is known for his landmark work in organic chemistry that debunked the idea that organic compounds could only be derived from living organisms. His synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828 is a famous example. While Wöhler's work was groundbreaking, converting a molecular formula like ( C_2H_4O ) into different compounds is a common practice in organic synthesis. Isomers of C₂H₄O The molecular formula ( C_2H_4O ) corresponds to several structural isomers, including: Ethylene Oxide (Oxirane): A cyclic ether. Acetaldehyde (Ethanal): An aldehyde. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol): An alcohol. Conversion of C₂H₄O Isomers Although Wöhler's synthesis isn't directly applicable to every compound, the principles of organic synthesis today allow chemists to convert one isomer of ( C_2H_4O ) into another through various reactions. Here are a few methods to interconvert isomers or convert them into different compounds: Hydrogenation: For example, converting Ethylene Oxide into Ethanol through the addition of hydrogen. [ \text{C}_2\text{H}_4\text{O} + \text{H}_2 ightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_6\text{O} ] Oxidation and Reduction: Acetaldehyde can be oxidized to acetic acid and reduced back to ethanol, or vice versa. Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde: [ \text{C}_2\text{H}_6\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{Oxidizing Agent}} \text{C}_2\text{H}_4\text{O} + \text{H}_2\text{O} ] Rearrangements: Isomers can also be formed through rearrangement reactions, where the structural framework of a compound is altered without changing the molecular formula. Example of Interconversion For example, if you wanted to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde: You could conduct oxidation using an oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate (( K_2Cr_2O_7 )) in acidic solution. In summary, while Wöhler's historical synthesis is significant, modern organic chemistry employs a variety of reactions to interconvert compounds with the same molecular formula, such as ( C_2H_4O ), into different isomers using techniques like hydrogenation, oxidation, and rearrangement.

[@gameswithalex7447]

Are there only 118 elements in the world , are there more elements than this which are undiscovered yet by the scientists?

[@Vijyanguru]

As of now, the periodic table includes 118 confirmed elements, with the heaviest element being oganesson (Og), which has the atomic number 118. However, the existence of additional undiscovered elements is a topic of scientific interest and speculation which needs to be discovered yet !

[@BhratRathore-ni2px]

😊

[@BibekanandaJena-qd9yi]

🙏

[@Vijyanguru]

🙏thank you🙏

[@Darshil_Sharma]

thankyou sir for this short and quick explanation

[@Vijyanguru]

@@Darshil_Sharma thank you dear

[@subratsahoo4266]

sir describe full wala video laye

[@Vijyanguru]

there have to be many parts dear i have already created a second part , which has already ben posted , you may like to watch the same , and we are working on the third part as well... will be up soon

[@NikunjRao.]

ye syllabus se hat nhi gaya iss saal ke 10th ke liye??

[@Vijyanguru]

this video explains the elements and their placement in periodic table that serves as the basics for class 9, 10 , 11, 12 IITJEE and NEET, this is not a chapter for class 10, this is to create understanding which is definitely required for other topics where ever elements , their properties and behaviour is discussed, ( you are right as a proper chapter it is not in CBSE 10 only ) other classes have it as a proper chapter as well including 10th class ICSE

[@digvijay2180]

Sodium Lauren sulphate ( Niel baba ka doubt)??

[@digvijay2180]

How to convert saturated compounds into unsaturated compound

[@digvijay2180]

How Methanol affects optic nerve

[@Vijyanguru]

@@digvijay2180 Methanol (wood alcohol) is a toxic substance that can have severe effects on the central nervous system, including the optic nerve. When methanol is ingested, it is metabolized in the body primarily to formaldehyde and then to formic acid. Both of these metabolites are highly toxic and can lead to various health issues, including those affecting vision. Effects of Methanol on the Optic Nerve: Optic Nerve Damage: Methanol toxicity can lead to damage of the optic nerve due to the direct effects of its metabolites, primarily formic acid. This can result in optic neuritis, which is inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision impairment. Visual Disturbances: Individuals exposed to methanol may experience a variety of visual disturbances. Symptoms can include blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, and even complete loss of vision in severe cases (often referred to as "methanol blindness"). Retinal Toxicity: Methanol and its metabolites can also be toxic to the retina, further complicating visual function. Damage to the retina can lead to specific types of visual impairment and contribute to the overall decline in vision. Mechanism of Toxicity: The mechanism involves disrupting cellular metabolism and producing reactive oxygen species, which can lead to neuronal cell death. Additionally, the accumulation of formic acid can cause metabolic acidosis, which may exacerbate the damage to the optic nerve and other areas of the central nervous system. Delayed Symptoms: One crucial point is that symptoms of methanol poisoning can be delayed, sometimes appearing 24 hours or more after ingestion. This makes early diagnosis and treatment challenging.

[@seemamalhotra8836]

What is hard and soft water?????

[@Vijyanguru]

hard and Soft Water are terms used to describe the mineral content of water, particularly its calcium and magnesium ion concentrations. Hard water contains a high concentration of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions. Hardness originates from the natural dissolution of minerals in the soil and rocks (such as limestone and chalk) as water moves through them Effects: Hard water can cause scale buildup in pipes, boilers, and water heaters, reducing efficiency and lifespan of appliances. It may also lead to soap scum formation, making it difficult to produce lather when using soap. Soft water is water that contains low concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions and is typically treated to remove these minerals. Soft water may occur naturally in areas with little limestone and higher rainfall or may be created through water treatment methods like ion exchange processes. Effects: Soft water doesn't cause scaling and is easier to use for soaps and detergents, producing more lather and cleaning effectively. It can be more corrosive to plumbing systems and may leach metals like lead or copper from pipes if not properly managed. Uses: Softened water is preferred in household applications, like laundering, dishwashing, and bathing, as it helps reduce detergent use and prevent hard water deposits on dishes and glassware.

[@digvijay2180]

What are kekule structures ( Neil baba doubt 2)???

[@Vijyanguru]

C / \ C C || || C---C \ / C

[@Vijyanguru]

this is for benzene

[@Vijyanguru]

Here, the hexagon represents the carbon atoms, and the double bonds indicate the alternating single and double bonds, showcasing the resonance characteristic of benzene. Kekulé structures are widely used in organic chemistry to convey information about molecular connectivity and bonding, making them a valuable tool for chemists.

[@DeepanshuKumar-j4n]

What is molar concentration

[@Vijyanguru]

molar concentration is a key concept in solution chemistry that quantifies how much solute is present in a given volume of solution, solute means the substance that has been dissolved in a solvent (main liquid)

[@45enedits]

Sir what iss meaning of dissociate

[@Vijyanguru]

Dissociation refers to the process by which a compound separates into its individual components, typically ions or molecules, when it is dissolved in a solvent, such as water.

[@digvijay2180]

Sodium Lauren sulphate (Neil baba ka doubt)????

[@Vijyanguru]

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a synthetic organic compound that is widely used as a surfactant and detergent. NaC12H25SO4 Structure: SLS consists of a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain (the lauryl group) and a hydrophilic sulfate group, which gives it surfactant properties that allow it to reduce surface tension. Uses: Personal Care Products: It is commonly found in shampoos, toothpastes, bubble baths, and body washes. It helps to create lather and remove dirt and grease. Household Cleaners: SLS is also used in various household cleaning products and detergents due to its effective cleaning properties. Industrial Applications: It is utilized in certain laboratory applications, oil recovery, and as an emulsifier. Commercial Availability: Sodium lauryl sulfate is readily available and is often used interchangeably with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), though there are minor differences in their structures and properties. Safety and Irritation: While SLS is effective in cleansing, it can sometimes cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, especially in sensitive individuals. Therefore, it’s essential to use it within the recommended concentrations in cosmetic and personal care products.

[@Anshchandila-vm9rt]

sir what are hetero atoms?

[@Vijyanguru]

Hetero atoms, or heteroatoms, are atoms that are different from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) found in organic compounds. They are often found in the structure of organic molecules, contributing to the chemical diversity, reactivity, and properties of those compounds. Common Heteroatoms: Oxygen (O): Present in alcohols, ethers, carbonyls, and carboxylic acids. Nitrogen (N): Found in amines, amides, and nitro compounds. Sulfur (S): Found in thiols, thioesters, and sulfonic acids. Phosphorus (P): Commonly found in organophosphates and nucleotides. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): Often present in alkyl halides and various functional groups.

[@Velex__]

Sir isotope or isobar kya hota ha me prageet

[@Vijyanguru]

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (same atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons. This results in different mass numbers. Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon. Both have 6 protons but differ in their neutron count (Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, while Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons). Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but different numbers of protons (different atomic numbers). This means that isobars have different elemental identities but contain the same total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). Example: Argon-40 and Calcium-40 are isobars. Both have a mass number of 40, but argon has 18 protons and calcium has 20 protons.

[@Velex__]

Thank you sir mera kal test tha structure of atom mujhe khuch topic bas samajh nhi aa rha tha is liye puch liya 😊par mujhe ab samajh aa gya ok thank you sir ❤

[@Vijyanguru]

@@Velex__ your welcome dear , you can ask any question whenever you need, will try to answer

[@Velex__]

Sir canal rays kya hoti ha

[@Vijyanguru]

@@Velex__ Canal rays, also known as "positive rays," are streams of positively charged particles observed in certain types of gas discharge tubes. They were discovered by the German physicist Eugen Goldstein in the late 19th century Canal rays are produced when a high voltage is applied across two electrodes in a low-pressure gas-filled tube. The metal cathode emits electrons, which collide with gas atoms, ionizing some of them and allowing positive ions to be formed. The particles that make up canal rays are positively charged ions. These ions can include various types of atoms, depending on the gas used in the tube.

[@digvijay2180]

Sir why sulphuric acid is called the king of chemicals?

[@Vijyanguru]

Sulfuric acid is often referred to as the "king of chemicals" due to its extensive industrial use and fundamental role in chemical processes. Here are several reasons why it holds this title: Production Volume: Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely produced and used industrial chemicals in the world. Its production volume is often considered an indicator of a country's industrial strength and development. Versatility: It is used in a wide range of applications, including the production of fertilizers (such as superphosphate and ammonium sulfate), petroleum refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. Role in Manufacturing: Sulfuric acid is crucial in the production of numerous chemicals, including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and various dyes and detergents. It also plays a vital role in the manufacturing of lead-acid batteries used in vehicles. Catalyst and Reactant: It serves as both a reactant and a catalyst in many chemical reactions, making it vital for various synthetic pathways. Economic Significance: The economic significance of sulfuric acid is immense, given that it underpins numerous sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals.

[@digvijay2180]

@Vijyanguru tartaric acid formula

[@Vijyanguru]

@@digvijay2180 C4H6O6

[@digvijay2180]

Heteroatoms???

[@Vijyanguru]

Hetero atoms, or heteroatoms, are atoms that are different from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) found in organic compounds. They are often found in the structure of organic molecules, contributing to the chemical diversity, reactivity, and properties of those compounds. Common Heteroatoms: Oxygen (O): Present in alcohols, ethers, carbonyls, and carboxylic acids. Nitrogen (N): Found in amines, amides, and nitro compounds. Sulfur (S): Found in thiols, thioesters, and sulfonic acids. Phosphorus (P): Commonly found in organophosphates and nucleotides. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): Often present in alkyl halides and various functional groups.

[@digvijay2180]

Lime-light???????????????

[@Vijyanguru]

Lim also known as calcium light, is a type of stage lighting that was used in the 19th century. It works by heating a cylinder of quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO to a very high temperature, causing it to emit an intense white light Heating Quicklime: A block of quicklime is heated by an oxyhydrogen flame, which is a flame produced by burning a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gas. The intense heat causes the quicklime to emit a bright, white light. Light Emission: The light produced is very bright and has a slightly greenish tint. This luminescence is due to the incandescence of the heated lime.

[@narenderchandela7327]

Toluene

[@Vijyanguru]

Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₆H₅CH₃, also known as PhCH₃ Properties Water-insoluble, sweet smell, evaporates quickly Uses Solvent, paint thinner, nail polish, glue, ink, stain remover, explosive (TNT), gasoline additive, and more Sources Crude oil, tolú tree, coal tar light oil, petroleum naphtha

[@digvijay2180]

Arrehenius acid ????

[@digvijay2180]

And base tooo

[@Vijyanguru]

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in aqueous solution.This definition is part of the theory proposed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in the late 19th century. When an Arrhenius acid is dissolved in water, it dissociates to produce H+ ions. For example, hydrochloric acid dissociates in water .Sulfuric acid.,Nitric acid, Acetic acid, Arrhenius acids are typically characterized by a sour taste (in dilute solutions), the ability to turn blue litmus paper red, and their reactivity with bases to produce salt and water (neutralization reactions).