How Do Elements Get Their Physical Properties - Simple Explanation | Arvin Ash

[@ArvinAsh]

Many thanks to our sponsor for making this video possible: Go to ground.news/ArvinAsh to see through media bias and get all sides of every story. Subscribe through my link for 40% off unlimited access this month.

[@michaelmangan7963]

Can you cover the new JWST discoveries of large, mature galaxies in the early universe? Brian Green and others made some comments that suggest areas outside the observable universe might have banged and cooled sooner than our area. Are there galaxies speeding toward us faster than the speed of light or is everything moving away faster than the speed of light? What’s the deal with Andromeda moving toward us if the latter?

[@d.3578]

if oxygen always bonds with itself and is colorless through this process, shouldn't the same thing happen with flourine? isnt flourine gas also a molecule?

[@user-gn5fq5nd2o]

I’m often disappointed with information content on KZbin. Typically because the information is misleading/flat out wrong or it’s not explained well or over explained. This is my new favorite channel. Thank you for the work you put into these great videos.

[@anhydrousTHF]

I teach undergraduate general chemistry. The visual descriptions are superb, I will show these to my students. Thank you

[@lexinexi-hj7zo]

12:15 : sO MERCURY DOESN'T "WET" LIKE LIQUID GALLIUM BECAUSE OF THOSE TWO OUTER ELECTRONS BEING HELD CLOSER TO THE NUCLEUS, THEREFORE MAKING IT MORE "INERT"?

[@ArvinAsh]

That's great to hear!

[@cvp5882]

Mercury can wet and display capillary forces, just with a narrower group of metals. Mercury and gold get along just fine. Not like gallium or lead, though. Lead acts like it will wet anything. It's useful to break surface tension in soldering alloys, but that also makes it very persistent in biological tissues.

[@nickcunningham6344]

Lucky students. I was just thinking, I wish I had seen these videos back when I was taking chem.

[@jagmarc]

One great thing about these videos is not AI narrated and the sound quality is excellent without having a huge enormous oversized microphone in the foreground covering over a third of the frame.

[@stefaniasmanio5857]

And excellent animations❤❤

[@jagmarc]

@@stefaniasmanio5857 Yes. Anyone idea where & what makes them?

[@NuisanceMan]

@@jagmarc Sinister aliens from the Delta Quadrant kindly donated their services.

[@mnahmedlimited6022]

I'm a senior Doctor, and involved in teaching medical students and registrars. Teaching doesn't come natural to me but I have found your simplified method of explaining in short bits and pieces and your laid-back soft approach very useful, so thank you for not only educating me into subjects not familiar to me, but also educating me into how to educate!

[@ACuriousChild]

Medical students are BRAINWASHED AND INDOCTRINATED nothing more nothing less .... look at "I am science" if you doubt it!

[@halfsourlizard9319]

tf is a 'senior doctor'? Are you old or are you a geriatrician or what?

[@bottomtext251]

​@@halfsourlizard9319 you could've googled what a senior doctor is instead of being disrespectful. A senior doctor is someone who oversees the intern-doctors/assistant doctors and teaches them.

[@halfsourlizard9319]

@@bottomtext251 Or, perhaps, I was pointing out that region-specific terminology might not be suitable for a global audience.

[@bottomtext251]

@@halfsourlizard9319 you could have done so with more respect. Also that sounds like a nitpick and as I said anybody reading can just google the definition if they are that interested.

[@twrandy]

And about the color of Gold, I think this deserve more detailed explanation, because: 1. Copper is also of different color than other metals, but its 4s electron certainly does not have as high energy as Gold's 6s electron, then why does it also absorb lower energy light? 2. If Gold's 6s is closer to 5d so it can absorb lower energy light, then why not other elements of similar or heavier weight, e.g. atom order 78 (Pt) to 84 (Po)?

[@chbrules]

Just when I think I know everything, Arvin comes along and shows me I know nothing. Wonderful explanation!

[@CaseyW491]

This is a topic I've been curious about since I was a kid. I feel like chemistry teachers I've had missed this opportunity for an interesting lecture.

[@ChronosWS]

This is probably the best video I have ever seen explaining why the elements have their properties.

[@yennhinguyen6746]

As a chem student these are the questions I ask every day, glad I found a video mentioning about this

[@cosma_one]

Great video Arvin. Finally some good explanation as to why matter is the way it is. Thank you.

[@wayneyadams]

Fluorine gas exists as diatomic molecules so your simplistic explanation of single valence shell electrons absorbing photons is misleading. There is no unpaired electron to jump to a higher energy level, it is part of a covalent bond (sigma bond) and that is where we must look to understand the color of Fluorine gas as well as the colors of the rest of the Halogens.

[@chriskennedy2846]

And, Fluorine was misspelled (Flourine) the first time that slide was shown at around 1:32. When that slide appeared again much later in the video, it was the correct spelling. Your point is a good one. Studying the various energy levels for bonding and antibonding orbitals on a molecular orbital diagram for diatomics shows a clear difference between energy of the unpaired radical electrons for each fluorine and the energy of those same electrons after bonding. Despite the errors however, I do like Arvin's channel. He is not one of those typical grandiose science channels who only talks about black holes or what the Universe looked like after the first 3 minutes. His topics vary quite a bit and in my opinion, this "lower level stuff" is way more interesting anyway.

[@Muonium1]

Precisely. The explanation is completely facile. The real reason has to do with the vibrational modes of the diatomic molecules coupling to the electronic excitation levels. It's so cringe seeing all these "this is the most amazing explanation of chemistry ever!" and "I wish my teacher would have taught chemistry like this when I was in school, maybe I would have learned something!" comments on bad videos like this.

[@naeem_bari]

@@Muonium1 Your comment is far more cringe-worthy than Arvin's explanation.

[@Muonium1]

@@naeem_bari an imbecilic comment from a content free channel 🥱

[@SunSolSys]

Keep in mind two different ways of knowing, 1 technical 1 basic, stil accomplish the same thing. Here is a good example: an amazing home run hitter knows less about the aerodynamics and physics of the baseball bat design than the engineer but still remains the only one that can hit home runs l​@@Muonium1

[@Rationalific]

There's so much high-level information packed into such a concise video in a way that is both extremely understandable and entertaining to a layperson. And even though it's really fun to watch, you don't treat viewers like they can't handle information that is above what most other science videos get into. This video is a case in point, although you have done this again and again. Thanks for all of these fantastic videos!

[@leadharsh0616]

Your videos are so amazing, you are able to explain complex topics in a very simple manner, and your voice doesnt let a person get bored. that's why i always look at your channel for complex quantum science videos

[@elvest9]

These videos should come in a set of five. The same video loops at least five times so I have a chance of remembering even half of it.

[@eddyengland5398]

At least it’s not just me

[@pluto9000]

0.75 x play speed 👍

[@Kualinar]

Just pause, go back as you please or need, maybe play the whole video again.

[@rnd135173]

Wow, I now have a feeling I understand how it works... Thank you so much for that opportunity and your perfect explanations!

[@Dinnye01]

This actually makes so much sense, that I sent the link to my middle school chemistry and physics teachers. This one will be seen in classrooms. And it belongs there.

[@cole6416]

The very specific topics of your recent videos have been by far my favorite. Thank you for creating these videos.

[@shankarh6915]

Wonderfully satisfying to watch these videos... several aha moments as the explanations connects seemingly disparate facts that were studied, but never really understood! Thank you for providing delightfully educative videos!

[@balazsadorjani1263]

I always hated chemistry (thank you, Mrs. Chemistry Teacher in high school), but explained in an interesting and understandable way, like in this video, makes all these facts simply fascinating!

[@Celestiallearn1162]

Elements get their properties due to the structure of their atoms and the interactions between those atoms. This includes factors such as electron configurations, the types of bonds they form, and how they interact with light. Here’s an explanation for each of the properties you mentioned: ### Mercury (Hg) - Liquid at Room Temperature Mercury is a liquid at room temperature due to its unique electronic configuration and weak bonding between atoms. Here's why: 1. **Electron Configuration**: Mercury's electron configuration ends in a filled \(4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^2\) subshell. The filled d-subshell contributes to weak metallic bonding. 2. **Relativistic Effects**: For heavy elements like mercury, relativistic effects (due to high atomic number) cause the s-electrons to move faster and be more tightly bound to the nucleus, reducing overlap with other mercury atoms. 3. **Weak Interatomic Forces**: The weak overlap of mercury atoms leads to weaker metallic bonds, resulting in lower melting points, thus making mercury a liquid at room temperature. ### Gold (Au) - Yellow Color Gold appears yellow due to the way its electrons interact with light: 1. **Electron Transitions**: Gold has a partially filled d-band. The energy required to promote an electron from the filled d-band to the conduction band falls within the visible spectrum. 2. **Relativistic Effects**: These effects lower the energy levels of the 6s orbital and raise the energy levels of the 5d orbital. This causes gold to absorb blue light, and the reflected light is predominantly in the red and yellow part of the spectrum, making gold appear yellow. ### Oxygen (O₂) - Colorless Oxygen is colorless because of its molecular structure and electronic transitions: 1. **Molecular Orbitals**: In its most stable form (O₂), the electron transitions that absorb light occur at wavelengths in the ultraviolet region, which are not visible to the human eye. 2. **Diatomic Molecule**: O₂ molecules do not absorb visible light significantly, thus they appear colorless. ### General Principles Behind Elemental Properties The properties of elements are fundamentally determined by: 1. **Atomic Number and Electron Configuration**: Determines the chemical behavior, type of bonding, and reactivity. 2. **Interatomic Forces**: Van der Waals forces, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and metallic bonds affect the state of matter and structural properties. 3. **Relativistic Effects**: For heavier elements, relativistic effects can alter energy levels and bonding properties. 4. **Crystal Structure**: The arrangement of atoms in a solid affects its mechanical and optical properties. 5. **Quantum Mechanical Effects**: The behavior of electrons as both particles and waves influences chemical and physical properties. In summary, the distinct properties of elements arise from their atomic structure and the principles of quantum mechanics, which govern how electrons are arranged and how they interact with other atoms and with electromagnetic radiation.

[@backwashjoe7864]

He gave those explanations in the video. Saying "here's an explanation for each of the properties you mentioned" makes it sound like this is your original work.

[@wmpx34]

@@backwashjoe7864sounds like generative A.I. to me

[@ViralVibes65]

​@@wmpx34Ofc it is!

[@mattwhite399]

This video is fantastic. I have wondered about this exact subject for a long time, and your explanation was clear and easy to follow. Whenever a new question popped into my mind, you answered it. Bravo!

[@hassebir]

This is in the top ten off all videos on the tube. Deep stuff explained simple for all to learn. epic!

[@cartermurphy1618]

This is an incredible video. I would have loved to hear you go on and on for hours describing how the properties of various substances emerge from quantum mechanics (and relativistic effects! I hadn’t heard of that before!) Anyway, this was great. I’m glad to have found this channel.

[@Deutungshoheit]

I always loved physics but I suddenly feel like I understand chemistry a whole lot better and want to learn more about it. 😃

[@xanterrx9741]

12:17 I was waiting when you whould say something about quatum mechanics and QFT , also everything in the video was awesome great work Arvin.

[@ArvinAsh]

Not this time, my friend. It was not really needed to explain this particular concept. But as you know, it's all quantum mechanics.

[@keep-ukraine-free]

@@ArvinAsh "It's all quantum mechanics." Soooo true. We arise from interacting fluctuations among a few overlapping quantum fields. Is it 12+12+4 fields?

[@Italianjedi7]

Loved this! It’s amazing how the electron configuration is key to properties of elements

[@Berneer]

Amazing video. If high school taught chemistry like this I’d have seriously considered chemistry as my professional calling! Amazing video as usual Mr. Ash. Thank-you!

[@kiwi_kirsch]

i aaaaalways silently wondered about this but never remembered to actually research, and today, youtube recommended this to me AND I LOVE YOU 0_0

[@user-if3qz5zy3d]

I am delighted, particularly with streamlining all the obscure topics in a really accurate way. Thanks

[@picksalot1]

Exceptionally good video, with clear explanations of why the Elements appear and behave as they do. 👏

[@nonopus3125]

Thanks very much for creating, editing and posting this video; it was just what I was looking for. 👍🏼

[@techgamer1597]

This guy has explained 10 years of questions for me, well done

[@voidoidbas]

*Fluorine* is added to water to prevent tooth decay. *Flourine* is added to water to make bread dough. (Otherwise, a fine video.)

[@keep-ukraine-free]

@voidoidbas With so much content in this brief video, and such high production quality, let's overlook minor typos.

[@fburton8]

While in pedantic mode… Would a small ampoule of fluorine have such a strong colour? My understanding is it is very pale, paler than chlorine gas.

[@keep-ukraine-free]

@@fburton8 Remember that two ampules of a gas (fluorine) are not necessarily identical. One may appear "stronger" or more colorful than the other. Continuing pedantic mode... the "color strength" of a gas ampule depends on the gas' density (pressure) within its ampule. Dense gas would have more atoms per unit volume, so it would be more likely to experience photon-excitation causing more photons to be emitted (of its natural "color"). That will make its color "stronger". *_So summarizing, a gas' density directly affects its color "strength" (saturation)._* So, theoretically, even Helium (normally colorless) _should_ exhibit very faint color properties when at the highest density (whilst still a gas). This would be extremely rare, since He has only 2 electrons -- and for color to emerge, one/both of those electrons would need to bet temporarily excited to a higher orbital -- which is very very (did I say, _VERY_ much) difficult. This is theoretical, but still experimentally determinable.

[@uncletiggermclaren7592]

This video was very interesting, and satisfying. I vaguely remember my physics teacher talking about the colour of metals in high school, but he didn't really care that much to teach students, he had been teaching since just after WW2, 30 years before he got around to me.

[@anthonycarbone3826]

This would make an outstanding book on chemistry going through each element one by one. The opening would also show the complete diagram of each individual atom with its electron orbital system explained. Following pages would explain how that configuration describes its properties in every manner. The first chapter would just explain or go over the basic chemistry laws like Pauli exclusion and others needed to grasp how the elements interact. Maybe it already exists and if so I will pick it up. A future video should explain why elements are so many times not in their standard configuration and remain that way. I have to label this video OUTSTANDING especially in its presentation.

[@thetinkerist]

Thanks Arvin, was hoping you'd do this sequel and as you promised you did, and it is awesome to see that a few basic principles make up all the properties, maybe a bit wilder with quantum effects but I really love the video. Thanks for your work!

[@franciscovalenzuela4152]

Your videos give the need to continue investigating and learning ❤

[@alexandrudanciu7874]

Seriously 😮😮😮😮we need more of this on the same topic. I just started to unravel the misery behind all of this, and the video cut short. You'll give us like an hour version on this topic, please. 😊

[@ArvinAsh]

There is a part 1 to this video here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/Y5S7q4qgf6iKiqs

[@philippedomeneghetti2017]

Passionnant comme toujours. Bravo

[@TheNameOfJesus]

Wow. I believe in your previous video on this subject I wrote a comment asking you to create another video explaining the colours of the elements, and this video is very close to what I wanted you to talk about. (Of course, I can't prove you saw my comment.) I was hoping for the exact numerical values of the differences between the energy levels for the different electron shells, but this was more of a qualitative discussion. Well, this is a big topic and maybe you can expand on this area in future videos. For example, I would like you to show that the differences between energy levels in differing shells are usually not in the visible light spectrum, but in this video you seemed to imply that the energy level differences were mostly in the visible light spectrum. (There are only a few energy level differences that correspond to the spectrum of visible light.) For another example, I would like you to explain whether the number of protons in the nucleus impact the exact numerical values of the energy levels in the different shells. For a third example, your animations implied that an electron would only jump up or down a single level, but I think that's completely wrong, they can (and will) jump multiple levels at once.

[@brianbushue]

so much wasted content in our modern world. this is actual information about the world around you. i understand why we serve our feline masters, but how knowledge is less viewed then entertainment worries me. i love to be entertained but i crave to be educated

[@seufimeaqui9034]

Its not profitable so people don’t invest on it

[@tropicalfruitdiscoverer6704]

Ok

[@CallMeByMyMatingName]

​@@seufimeaqui9034it is _directly_ profitable. The people who know how electricity works, how to generate it, and how to distribute it, and sell it. To everyone. The educated ones at car companies know what they need to make battaries, where to get it, how to package it, and put it in uncle's tesla. And sell it. Towards the top of many large companies are people who learned what things are, how they work, and apply that towards making products to sell on the markets. the entertainment industry finds it easier to sell something quick and easy to understand than to share something of substance.

[@user-kf9rf3zy6b]

Bruh how did you bring cats in?

[@matroxman11]

Cringe take

[@Jumabekpen]

9:04 I subscribed after watching this part and understanding it with ease. I love it

[@brianlebreton7011]

Thank you for the extra explanation. Much appreciated.

[@meurtri9312]

one of the best science explanation videos i have seen.

[@Ritziey]

loved it.. waiting for more parts

[@akademesanctuary1361]

The annoying thing with QM is that a particle like an electron can appear in multiple ways simultaneously, each uniquely fitting a particular context. Electrons and other leptons are fascinating to reconstruct from the field. They are real bicomplex surfaces without a real reference or real relationship with the field. Those qualities belong to hadrons who don't have a real surface separating these roles. All leptons have either inertial or non-inertial frames. They either have a rest state or they never have a rest state. The absence of real reference or field perspective means they will orient and shape relative to real values. This real surface is described as degeneracy pressure. When value is added into it, it contracts. This is why atoms in a period on the table get smaller as their outer shell fills with electrons. But then we add value into that shell. It has nowhere to contract, so it expands until that energy level is filled and is forced to be excluded by the electron as a photon. It's hard to appreciate your explanations here without first understanding why all the visualizations of electrons as points, clouds, etc. are both true and not true. They wear the hats fitting the available contexts. It's easy to fall in love with leptons. They are field dabbling in position.

[@TelegobageProd]

Thanks for coming back to the elementary !

[@TheOneAndOnlyNeuromod]

I’m *really* glad you mentioned the relativistic effects and explained the in quantum mechanical and energy-mass terms. So tired of hearing people get the relativistic part right, but going all early-Bohr model about it. Also, air is about 78% nitrogen - not 99%. Fluorine is spelled with “uo”. Sorry to nitpick - I really value your content, and I love the accuracy of your info. Your channel is awesome - thank you!

[@KpxUrz5745]

I have often wondered about all of these questions about elemental differences. Now the trick will be to try to remember all these answers. Interesting video!

[@patrickmeehan6856]

This was amazing! Your visuals aid your dialogue very well.

[@1024det]

Arvin always asks the interesting questions!

[@emergentform1188]

Love it, hooray Arvin!

[@joeyRaven201]

Thank you for fuiling my curiosity i always wanted to know how and why some atoms bond and others dont great work keep it up

[@PodaKalidoka]

@ArvinAsh Sometimes the text 'Fluorine' is written as 'Flourine'. I thought I had drunk too much at first. 😄

[@Clover-qz8nl]

Thank youuuu for your great work on this project 🫶 I really like your style of art 🍀 keep it coming my friend ♾️

[@StrattCaster]

So glad I found this channel by fluke today, this is some seriously interesting material. Liked and subbed

[@AndyAlegria]

Excellent explanation. Chemistry for dummies taught at the perfect level, not to hard and not to easy.

[@thegettokidZz]

This educational resource is invaluable thank you! And for free !!

[@keep-ukraine-free]

An exceptional video, because it clearly & succinctly explains these questions so many have wondered about. Its paired sister (predecessor) video is also great! Highly recommend both (in addition to your earlier one on atomic Quantum effects).

[@konooleh]

This was an incredibly helpful video to understand the nature of electrons. Thank you a lot!

[@PetraKann]

7:24 error (Nitrogen does not have 5 "atoms" in its outer shell, it's 5 electrons.

[@ArvinAsh]

Oh boy! I missed that. Mouth fart!

[@Barnardrab]

I was about to point that out too, so I checked the comments first.

[@DanteGabriel-lx9bq]

I love chemistry so much, it's an aweome field!

[@NuisanceMan]

Very good video. Left me wanting more.

[@FiniteJest]

Isn’t fluorine gas a diatomic molecule like nitrogen and oxygen? The video shows a single fluorine atom going to an excited state, however.

[@dr.jamesolack8504]

Yes, it is.

[@aurotirannos]

A fantastic explanation: easy to understand and very clear.

[@sirdiealot53]

Thanks for the rapid fire answers to curious questions!

[@albrigo]

Excellent master class with top designed animations! You have done a great job, thanks!

[@theograice8080]

Thank you, Mr Arvin Ash for producing and publishing this video for us. Marvelous! You have answered many of my questions already. Yet, I have a few more for which I would greatly appreciate your comments: (1) By what is paramaterized the function of the force of attraction between an electron in its orbital and the atomic nucleus? (2) Can the force from (1) be used to calculate an effective radial distance from the nucleus of the electrons to their orbitals, perhaps given that the nucleus and elections are treated as points in spacetime at which their energy is converted purely to mass which warps the spacetime curvature? (3) when electrons are shared between atoms, can this be represented as two topological manifolds coming into contact and sewing together [some of their] (hyper-)faces/edges/vertices, so that objects embedded-within or projected-upon said manifolds can travel between them (I.e., an electron orbiting two atoms might become represented as a "geodesic" on an atom-local subspace).

[@garydunken7934]

Great topic and production Arvin.

[@TailstheWizard]

another banger for the books. always love how you break things down and make it easy to learn this type of stuff

[@brianfox771]

I've never regretted going back to school after getting a law degree and getting a B.S. in Chemistry. The world it opened up for me has just been fascinating.

[@MuzixMaker]

So do you sue chemical companies?

[@brianfox771]

@@MuzixMaker I went back so I could go into patent law. I ended up finding good work in discovery and litigation prep instead. I do find myself doing that kind of work with a lot of pharmaceutical litigation, etc., though.

[@MuzixMaker]

@@brianfox771 very cool

[@kayrius]

Let me check if i understood it correctly: colours are tied to electrons (it's the lightwave frenquency they don't absorb).

[@ShaneH42]

Amazing video, it answers so many questions so well

[@1959Edsel]

I forget which physicist said it, but protons give atoms their identity and electrons give atoms their personality.

[@SB-qm5wg]

Some great explanations here. Thank you.

[@runedust9875]

This was great! Could you please go one little step further and explain which atoms can form bonds (it's not only based on the valence electrons) and then how molecules are formed and how they behave or interact?

[@ArvinAsh]

Yes, see the first video in the series here which I think will help with that: kzbin.info/www/bejne/Y5S7q4qgf6iKiqs

[@runedust9875]

@@ArvinAsh I rewatched it and I think it helped. Thank you.

[@wellbeef]

I was thinking about this earlier, on the bus today. It's like you knew Arvin and I appreciate that.

[@djz8033]

tremendous video. a great service to students

[@stefaniasmanio5857]

Hi this is pure art of teaching. A masterpiece. Thank you so much ❤❤❤❤

[@kddixit]

This could also probably be the reason why gold, mercury and lead have higher densities than other metals.

[@thyagarajanriyer3284]

Marvellous conceptual explanation...the reason for state, colour and other physical properties

[@irenerosenberg3609]

I wish I had known this stuff when I was studying chemistry. It would have been so much more interesting. Why don't chemistry classes make the material relatable to every day experiences, as Arvin does?

[@whmi8498]

Please make a video about van der waals force

[@dzoniplavsic]

I additional to fluorine and other halogena elements, nitrogen and oxygen atoms also have unpaired electrons, so they are not colored. Why? Maybe they also absorb but not in the visile part of the spectrum?

[@vog51]

I was taught way back that the reason metal conducts electricity is because their valence electrons were easily removed when bumped out of place by the atom next to it when current flows. Your explanation at the 11 minute mark saying that mercury's outer most electrons resist change, then why are there still things like mercury relays? They work using mercury as the conductive path to the load. Why is that?

[@ArvinAsh]

There is a subtle but important point I made in the video, which is that while Mercury resists sharing (more than other metals), it's still shares more than other elements such as gases. So electrons are still floating around in the metal matrix, just as in all metals, but not are not tied to other atoms so much as to make the matrix immobile as in a solid.

[@stevec8861]

The grey solid "iron" is grey becuase it's ~4% by weigh graphite, ~12% by volume. At much lower carbon content, like steel, the iron is very bright silvery colored.

[@karhukivi]

Until it oxidises.

[@stevec8861]

@@karhukivi Well, yes the surface will rust be it grey cast iron, grey ductile iron or bright silvery steel, but per video, he was talking about pure iron, not color of surface corrosion compounds, and I pointed out grey iron is a composite of iron and graphite and that purer iron, aka steel, is silvery colored, not grey. This becomes a real world problem when someone pulls a steel blasting preparation spec to white or near white metal before applying protective coatings to cast or ductile iron, both of which are grey. Someone not understanding the steel spec doesn't apply to those grey irons will keep blasting away to point of destroying the iron object before figuring out it will never turn white or near white because it isn't steel.

[@karhukivi]

@@stevec8861 In alloys, the lattice defects and substitutions create what are known as "colour centres" and these have different probertites of photon absorption to the main metal itself, possibly causing a less than perfect reflection of all wavelengths and giving a grey colour, like lead. The higher the electrical conductivity (e.g. Ag, Au, Cu) the more "shiny" the metal is, whereas the less conductive manganese, lead and iron look more grey. Mercury as always, is an anomaly.

[@stevec8861]

@@karhukivi Again, purer iron isn't grey, it's bright and silvery. Grey iron is grey because of high graphite content. The ~4% carbon content was alloyed with the iron in molten state, but upon freezing and slow cooling, the iron and carbon segregate into an iron / graphite composite, with graphite flakes in case of cast iron or graphite nodules in case of ductile iron. But whether cast iron or ductile iron, it's grey because of graphite content. With common steel, the carbon content is low enough the tiny amount of carbon remains alloyed with the solid iron, and clean steel is bright and silvery, not grey like cast iron or ductile iron.

[@karhukivi]

@@stevec8861 There are several factors behind colour, carbon in iron is yet another factor as you say. Silver steel and stainless steel also contain carbon as well as other elements like chromium, nickel, silicon, etc. The colours of tempered steel are due to a thin oxide layer which acts like an interference film, much like oil on water or anti-reflection coatings on lenses.

[@paulpaulsen7777]

Thank you very much. Well explained. Please keep it up 👍

[@jamessoucy3740]

Correction at 3:43 to 3:49..... not determined by Pauli principle and Shrodinger equation but modeled by! (edits: it did not like that I underlined 'modeled')

[@uriituw]

This was an awesome video-yet again!

[@wojciechwozniak8066]

Great video!

[@TorrentUK]

Really well explained. Great video

[@GIRGHGH]

For as great as this was, i can't help coming away from this wishing it was more total. This feel like part 1 of 10.

[@jeffpearce8748]

The wonders of the universe are appreciated so much more when you see how intricate the details are. Thankyou for sharing the knowledge 🙏 👏👏👏👏

[@sushantm9475]

Excellent video Arvin Sir

[@wintermutevsneuromancer8299]

thiis was amazing! thx for this great video!

[@m1galla]

Very good. The exact kind of thing I need to see after Terrance Howard

[@JohnDoe-rm1kw]

cant wait for the next episode.

[@zack_120]

This is a treat, so interesting and useful ! But still lots of wonders, eg. Hg is right next to Au, why are they so different just by one more e? And the common metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,... all have a full s orbital at the outer shell just like Hg, then why aren't they liquid? Bcz their larger atomic size thus weaker attraction by the nucleus? But wouldn't this make them softer instead of harder as they are?

[@haros2868]

Very nice video, but I think it would be worth noting about emergent properties that are irreducable, meaning we obviously know them but because we already had knowledge on the macro level. In other words strong emergence. Like viscosity maybe, superconductivity, bose einstein's condensate, spin glasses maybe, quantum hall effect, glass transitions etc. Color and state is more reducable. I think this happens possibly because in larger scales theres a bigger opportunity for true emergence. And to those reductionalists who say im talking nonsense, and that those results aren't 100% for sure examples of strong emergence, take Quantum Decoherence as a concrete undenyable example. Without it you wouldn't have your classical Newtonian and relatively deterministic rules. From superposition to an indeterministic result to locality certainly is a fundumental jump, not illusion of emergence. As the waveparticle duality has shown us that things can truly integrate and be 1 big thing, it proves our world is not billiard balls. And if you take reductionalism to its extreme, then why stop there? What determines the properties of quantum fields. If you delibarete about it for long enough you see it leads us, nothing exist but "the thing", or strings, but strings uncapable of emerging new entities. Of course things like consciousness and abiogenesis dont have to violate the law of conservation of energy to be as we observe them, but they have to violate determinism and reductionalism, and be causaly open. Note causaly open doesnt violate causality, like say retrocausality which is absolutely impossible and paradoxical. Openness just allows some informational independence. And all those values certainly dont fit into a computer, logic gate simulation. Not completely relative with this video but I think its worth a consideration.