The Birth, Boom and Bust of the Hard Disk Drive

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[@kopashamsu9913]

My mechanical engineer dad used to work at R&D division of Maxtor (now acquired by Seagate) in Singapore during the 90s. He used to work on development of technologies to minimize the turbulence and vibration of the head caused by the spinning disks. Fluid mechanics was his specialization. He used to bring defective hard drives at home to show us, we used to play with them, lol. After the acquisition, he got laid off then started to teach at a university as a professor and used to use those defective hard drives as demos in his fluid mechanics classes. This video brought up those memories. Thanks. RIP dad.

[@bengrebla9637]

Sounded like a very knowledgeable Dad! RIP.

[@sladewilson9741]

RIP Dads.

[@fadingbeleifs]

Now we know who to blame....

[@mikek1681]

Great story about Maxtor -- Jim Patterson (I think) worked at Shugart and wanted to build a 4 platter 5 1/4" drive with the idea of going higher to increase capacity (hence the name Maxtor). His boss at Shugart said it couldn't be done without an outboard bearing and that would make the drive too large. So Jim left and founded Maxtor. I think the largest drive they intro'd had 8 platters. Just another nail in Shugart's coffin.

[@kopashamsu9913]

@@mikek1681 Interesting story. Thanks for sharing.

[@Swordhero111]

I am a recent ex-western digital employee, and here’s my two cents: The people who still work at western digital (and the hdd industry as a whole) are the same people who were there when it started. Everyone (except the new grads which they have recently begun hiring) was actually there in the industry from its start up until today. I could ask anyone to tell me stories of the early days, and they would talk about how they were hired fresh out of college into the new hdd industry. The people there have some truly unique and irreplaceable knowledge, they have been working on hdds for decades.

[@Martinit0]

Heroes

[@massivereader]

I was struck by there being no mention of Western Digital until 21 minutes into the 22 minute video. I used Western Digital hard drives almost exclusively in my several decades of rebuilding, updating and repairing old PC's for use by my extended family from the 286 era onward and the company I then worked for in the 486 and Pentium eras, and then later when building custom gaming PC's for my dozen or so in-laws and nephews. While I still dabble in upgrading laptops, I really don't follow the industry any longer. In those forty years and a hundred or so hard drives installed using various work-arounds to crowbar newer tech into old machines I can only remember one Western Digital Hard Drive ever failing.

[@aliensounddigital8729]

Western digital was good hdd company pre-sandisk. Post sandisk has gone down hill a lot in quality. I still think Hitachi was the best part of western digital post sandisk. Wouldn't buy a western digital drive unless I know for a fact, that the hitachi hdd part of western digital made it or came from them.

[@theendoftheline]

@@aliensounddigital8729 well most are seagates now pretty sure

[@umageddon]

@@aliensounddigital8729i have always had pretty good luck with WD drives.

[@bill8985]

I recall in the early days of the PC revolution, when the 20MB hard drive came out and I thought to myself... "I'll never fill that thing up." [Also note Robert Harker's post just below. His post is very important.]

[@hangdog7094]

Mine cost $1000. Thought I was the coolest guy in the city. 🙄

[@michaelmoorrees3585]

I still have my first XT clone. Well, and XT clone, after I added a 20MB Seagate HD, with its associate full length MFM interface card. Used it for quite a while, as I later added a 24 channel logic analyzer card, so that PC was just used a piece of test gear.

[@boredandagitated]

I saw an episode of computer chronicles where they referred to a 40mb drive as huge!

[@bill8985]

@@michaelmoorrees3585 you've got a piece of artwork. Could maybe sell for big $$$$. What I regret most was throwing my IBM/clone keyboards away. Today, we type on chiclets. Heavy sigh.

[@bill8985]

@@hangdog7094 Right. Me, too.

[@artiem5262]

Late 80's, a friend worked as a product manager for a hard disk company. He remarked one time, "Selling hard disks is a lot like selling fish. You only have so much time to move the product."

[@crackwitz]

sniff sniff week-old winchester

[@Evilbunk15]

@@crackwitz *literal pile of putrid rotting seagate drives* I think I also see some rancid RAM.

[@guessundheit6494]

It was true, but there's a physical limit to reducing size on a platter. The rate of increase in storage has slowed a lot since the mid-2010s, the last five years seeing 2TB as most common high end replaced by 4TB. Multiple and stacked SSDs may be the only way to bring 50TB and 100TB into common use.

[@you2be839]

I mean, you can't freeze HDDs for later usage, so I'd say you actually have a bit less time to sell HDDs than you have to sell fish... you really got to do it while the HDD is still fresh!

[@dizzy_derps]

I worked in a computer shop in the early 90s and the analogy I used was a vegetable stand. The shop was always ordering too much inventory and I tried to explain to him that the stuff was essentially "rotting" on our shelves because everything becomes obsolete. Except for VGA cables. lol

[@robertharker]

The Winchester name also comes from the head actuator action. Prior to the IBM 3340 the head actuators were based on voice coils to move the head in and out. A voice coil like a speaker uses. The Winchester actuator rotates the head assembly around a pivot point with a horizontal magnetic coil on the opposite end. This rotating action is similar to the lever action of a Winchester rifle. The Winchester action allowed the actuator assembly to be much more compact and had better head positioning precision. This is the head actuator design still used today. An interesting story is that my father Jack Harker was managing the Winchester project. At one point the project faced serious problems taking it from the lab to manufacturing. The problems were so severe Jack was considering pulling the plug on the project. At a meeting he made the offhand comment "If the team can make this work, I will walk on water." Needless to say, the problems were solved. IBM San Jose had reflecting pond with a tetrahedral sculpture that would twist in the wind. Jack had platforms built that were sunk a half inch under the water. With the launch of the 3340, there are pictures of him "walking on water" and kicking the surface of the water to make a spray. A nod to the hard work of the lab and manufacturing teams overcoming their obstacles. My father never mentioned the 30/30 naming story. He always said that the name came from the leaver action of the Winchester rifle.

[@YodaWhat]

As I understand it, the rotary "Winchester" actuator is still referred to as a *voice coil actuator* because the essential _I cross B_ physics producing the mechanical force is the same physics as in the linear voice coil actuator. But note that many of the early HDDs for personal computers used neither form of voice coil. Instead, they used a stepper motor outside of the sealed platter enclosure, and the heads could be permanently repositioned on the platters by way of a set screw on the stepper motor shaft. I personally used that method (along with SpinRite) to revive a 10 megabyte HDD that had _literally been a doorstop_ at a law firm, after numerous head crashes had made it unbootable. In fact, the oxide layer was visibly scraped off the first 12 tracks! That was my first HDD, and yes, 10 MB seemed enormous. For several years starting in 1996, I doubled my HDD capacity every 6 months, always selling the lightly-used used drive to help finance the upgrade. Now I have 20+ terabytes on various HDDs and though I upgrade less often, _it is still never enough capacity!_

[@beekydogg]

To think, the hard disk drive almost had a cool name

[@bill8985]

So cool. Thanks for posting this. For other readers, look up Jack Harker and "Computer History Museum." Your dad was an important dude.

[@seeker4430]

@Asianometry please pin this comment

[@mhagen]

Actually, the unique thing about the IBM 3340, and all subsequent hard drives (or "direct access storage device", "DASD" as is was called at IBM) was not the rotary actuator. That came much later. It was the fact that the heads, and the actuator that positioned them, were "parked" on the disk. This greatly simplified the actuator as the heads did not have to be carefully lowered down onto the disks when it was started up. This was achieved by putting lube on the disk so it would not stick to the disk when it was stopped, and designing the "slider" section of the head so that they "fly" close to the disk when it is spinning. Every increase in drive capacity that followed has included cleverly designed sliders that fly ever closer to the magnetic media on the disks. Today, to accommodate heads that fly super close to the disks, the heads are unloaded like they did before 1973. So it would be incorrect to call modern hard drives "Winchester" drives.

[@boppins]

My brother worked at Seagate, and would bring hope defective drives that were just thrown into the trash. We'd play with the magnets and platters. This was before you could just buy neodymium magnets on the internet, so I had the coolest show&tells at school. Plus lots of blood blisters...

[@YodaWhat]

In the early days, the 'supermagnets' in HDDs were often the Samarium-Cobalt type, which can operate at higher temperatures, and are slightly radioactive thanks to the Samarium.

[@nos9784]

​@@YodaWhat awesome, i'll have to check my older hdd's 😅 I took apart a huge, older 5.25 inch hdd in ~2010. It had two "45 degree cylinder shell segment segment" magnets (two inches tall, ~3/8" thick, about 1.5" wide) for actuation, and a ~ 10-15 disk stack. I had blood blisters from those magnets, too.

[@MegaChickenPunch]

Shitgate is more suiting name for this crapppy ass company

[@kopashamsu9913]

My mechanical engineer dad used to work at R&D division of Maxtor (now acquired by Seagate) in Singapore during the 90s. He used to work on development of technologies to minimize the turbulence and vibration of the head created by the spinning plates. Fluid mechanics was his specialization. He also used to bring defective hard drives at home to show us, we used to play with them, lol. After the acquisition, he got laid off then started to teach at a university as a professor and used to use those defective hard drives as demos in his fluid mechanics classes. This video brought up those memories. RIP dad.

[@ryanatkinson2978]

Ah yes, the supermagnet blood blisters haha. Something I know all too well. Although I'm 25, so I was a kid when they became very easily accessible online

[@Luckless_Pedestrian]

Interesting video... I spent virtually my entire engineering career in the data storage biz... Started in the '70s when discs were big and brown, storing tens of megabytes... and finished a few years ago developing terabyte SSDs the size of a pack of gum. Worked at many of the big names and even a few of the startups lost along the way. The pace of development was always intense... and during the time the industry was transitioning its manufacturing offshore I spent a lot of time on 747s supporting Asian operations. Lots of highs and lows along the way... it was a heck of a ride... but happily out and retired... gone fishing.

[@InhalingWeasel]

Words cannot express how much I envy you for your experience. People like you literally changed history.

[@DoeJohn3rd]

​@@InhalingWeaselgo into IT, the tremendous pace of inventing is still there, albeit not in "spinning rust" department anymore. Yeah, heat assisted is the last kick before settling back.

[@InhalingWeasel]

@@DoeJohn3rd Already there. Couldn't cut it as a developer or engineer so I went for data analytics to pay the bills. But I always loved poking around old hardware and never had the heart to throw any of my old PCs.

[@absoleet]

I remembered a school visit to an IBM office during the 1980s and seeing large washing machine size disk drives. Long forgotten how much data those could store but would've been pitifully small compared to what we have now.

[@ghostrider-be9ek]

That's crazy, back in those days operating systems were measured in kilobytes

[@ElectricEvan]

I remember when Seagate introduced the first drive that automatically parked the hdd using the stored rotational energy in the platters to move the heads when it detected power loss.

[@YodaWhat]

Yes, before _self-parking drives,_ there really were problems... Not so much with the rotary "Winchester" actuator (still referred to as a *voice coil actuator, like the older linear type)* because it can move the heads quickly, but many of the other early HDDs for personal computers used neither form of voice coil. Instead, they used a much slower and much more power-hungry *stepper motor* head actuator, outside of the sealed platter enclosure. . In that type of HDD, the heads could be permanently repositioned on the platters by way of a set screw on the stepper motor shaft. I personally used that method (along with SpinRite) to revive a 10 megabyte HDD that had *literally been a doorstop* at a law firm, after numerous head crashes had made it unbootable. In fact, the oxide layer was visibly scraped off the first 12 tracks! Those tracks held the critical Boot, System, FAT and File Directory. Obviously, the R/W heads spent a LOT of time hovering over those 12 outermost tracks, and they definitely suffered when the power went off, which must have been often. But there was enough space on the hub side of the platters to create 12 totally new tracks when I repositioned the entire set of tracks, via the setscrew. So the drive still had the original capacity, it just had some smaller bits and bytes near the hub. At least for that kind of old MFM drive, relocating all the tracks was not a problem: The drive lasted several more years after my Revival Hack. Then it was given away, still working perfectly! . That was my first HDD, in 1987, and to me at that time a 10 MB capacity seemed enormous. But it was _S L O W!_ Then came multimedia and internet... For several years starting in 1996, I had to double my HDD capacity every 6 months, always selling the lightly-used drive to help finance the upgrade. Now I have 20+ terabytes on various _much faster_ HDDs, and though I upgrade less often, _it is still never enough capacity!_ ;-)😉

[@uzlonewolf]

@@YodaWhat And now I will not buy a drive smaller than 20TB 😆

[@Colonel_Overkill]

Heh, I have a colossal 74Kb HDD!

[@toby9999]

​@uzlonewolf Why not? Are you running a data centre?

[@alexanderyosefyakov-lev1307]

Actually, the key for the industry HDD was not ST-506 [as all ignoramuses keep saying], but ST-412 with its ST-412 MFM revolutionary new interface! Shame on all these ignoramuses, who are able only to "judge a book by its cover" - by an external outlook...

[@r3dl0g74]

stayed in Mn next to the Seagate factory, it sits on the aptly named "Disk Drive".

[@pscheie]

The Seagate facilities in MN were originally built by Control Data Corp. As CDC was slowly dismantled and its parts sold off in the 1980s, Seagate bought the disk drive division from CDC. I think it had originally been called Imprimis and was a joint venture with Honeywell. I think the two current Seagate buildings in MN, one in Bloomington, the other in Shakopee, were built by Seagate.

[@JBG1968]

Seagate built a research and development center here in Pittsburgh in conjunction with CMU university in 2000 . It shut down a few years ago unfortunately .

[@tomswiftTTT]

The original Disc Drive is in Scotts Valley, California, about five miles from where I live. I worked for Atasi, one of the other disk drive companies that started at about the same time.

[@genethompson8764]

@@pscheie I worked for CDC/Magnetic Peripherals/Imprimis/Seagate (same company) in engineering and management for about 28 years. Started as an intern in college. It was a wild ride. There is incredible technology in a disc drive, most people have no idea. I was a survivor for a long time but eventually got the axe in a RIF (Reduction in Force). Severance was great and I needed to move on anyway. I got to have some input into the planning for the Shakopee facility, nicest place I ever worked. Hardest part of management was terminating people when the inevitable down turns came. Employees that I had hired into my department, many with over 30 years of service.

[@tastyfrzz1]

Hey Gene! MDW finally matured to the point they didn't need us anymore so we went into R&D then got sold to Luminar. Layoff there in early April so I'm retired now. For you other folks out there, Gene and I worked at MPI which became Imprimis and then Seagate. Seagate was a garage shop when it bought Imprimis in '90. Seagate was mote or less assimilated by Imprimus so the Seagate stuff in here is pretty worthless. We were way beyond Seagate. We worked in the servo track writer area under Dick Yonke and Bill Roling. Originally hard drives had one servo disk that defined where the heads should go but when Cuda 11 came out the servo was embedded on all surfaces to compensate for thermal growth. We found that squeezing the bearing shafts during STW (servo track writing) tightened up the bearings and improved the metrics. John Runyon optimized the optical feedback system for it. Genes group built hundreds of those things. Each writing one drive at a time. As the TPI increased it took longer and longer to do and the bearings and laser interferometer was having more and more challenges along with the limitations of the vibrating drive structure. Then while evaluating single disc's written on Brent Weichelts' single disk tester I had an idea. I went to Bill and suggested we try stacking disks and writing them outside of the drive then install them like how Barb Madge and I did for prototype drives. Lon Buske, Brent. Rodney Dahlenburg, Roger Karau and Ralph Hilla built a demo and the sucker actually worked and allowed us to go over 100 ktpi. The next few years under Louis Boman with assistance from Xyratex and Professional Instruments, and Brenk Brothers Inc we developed the device and installed 6000 of them in California and then into Singapore. These devices are still in operation. The air bearing spindles from PI have an nrro of 12 nano inches so they have a way to go. ​@genethompson8764

[@jschudel777]

Instead of a HDD, I spent my money on a SoundBlaster (TM), and was the first kid in the village to have proper PC sound. That really impressed all the other nerds around me (2 or 3).

[@gregparrott]

lol That's nothing. I bought a card that enabled my PC to send a fax. I used in once and impressed myself before trashing it. :)

[@ghostrider-be9ek]

woah woah - 8bit sound?

[@aigomorla]

I was one of those kids you hated because they had a Voodoo SLI. 🤣 SoundBlaster was game changer.. Then came 3dfx and Voodoo with OpenGL which completely flippped the table over again and then some, until Nvidia realized SLI was too powerful that they could not even fix it and EOL'd it from gaming history.

[@chris2790]

I spent just over 3k in my junior year of college (in '95) on a higher end Dell pentium. Sound blaster sound, probably 2GB memory and probably something like a 20 or 30 GB hdd. Don't remember the exact specs but windows 95 was impressive back then. Sadly in about 5 years all this was ancient tech and the cost of a rig with much better specs was significantly cheaper.😢 Kinda wished that i had kept it.

[@ghostrider-be9ek]

@@chris2790 in '95 having a 2gb HDD was high end. 2gb ram was not avail to average consumers

[@snaplash]

One of my first tasks in the computer industry was to haul a 3 foot diameter, 1/4" thick hard drive platter for a Dataproducts drive to another city. The crate it was in took up the whole back seat area of my small car. Later, I helped maintain a room full of 200+ CDC BR3B8 80 MB disk pack drives on one site, Each drive weighed around 700 lbs, and required 3 phase 240V power. I just now looked in a tray of assorted junk to find a micro SD card that stores more data than all the drives in that room, and can access it faster. I continue to be amazed by things like that,

[@tastyfrzz1]

We got a request from the navy back in the early 2000s when one of those big disks failed on a sub and they wanted to see if we could rebuild it. We just laughed but the guys out in Bingamton at IBM tore down a wall and found the old servo track writer and we're able to do it for them.

[@goofyfoot2001]

I worked at a company in 1992 that still had guys running tapes from racks to readers when the big board on the wall displayed the location of the tape that needed to be put in a particular tape drive.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@goofyfoot2001 I did that job for a while when I first started working at NCS (later NCS/Pearson) - I was their last "Tape Operator" hire before they installed a pair of robotic silos to replace the setup and the almost 100,000 tapes library. Some of my last hours in the position was feeding tapes for data transfer to the silos. 1999/2000 timeframe.

[@denisrousse5342]

Yup, kind of like the people that saw the first airplanes flying in 1903 and saw the landing on the moon. My first computer had no hard drive, Everything was loading and ran from a floppy disk. It had an 8088 processor running some version of windows (Radio Shack). Now I have a PC with many TB of data on HD's.

[@markesys]

A terabyte on a Micro-SD the size of my pinky fingernail - truly amazing!

[@cedriclynch]

A practical 4 megabyte memory in 1956 really was a revolution. The computer "Colossus" built in the early 1940s by the UK's Post Office Research Station had a memory of a few hundred bits, implemented by thyratrons. These are a type of vacuum tube (called a valve in the UK; also the thyratron shouldn't really be called a vacuum tube because it has mercury vapour in it) that once signalled into conduction continues to conduct until the current is stopped by some external cause. Each of them needs about one watt to heat the cathode to keep the thyratron working. This means that 4 megabytes implemented by thyratrons would have 32 million of them and would consume tens of megawatts of electricity, the failure of which would cause the memory to forget everything that is in it. Now we take for granted that we can have hundreds of gigabytes of memory on something the size of our little finger nails and costing a few dollars.

[@GeekProdigyGuy]

Now we have 10K or 100K HDDs, each 20TB+, in HA clusters in datacenters...

[@agranero6]

Colossus was not a classical von Neuman binary computer. It was bi-quinary. This means it was a simplified decimal system but instead of 10 tubes to represent 0 to 10 it used 6 (a binary one would use 8 in a flip flop config). Using ring counters saved tubes and avoided more complex logic (as decatron and trocotron were not yet invented). But it hasn't memory in the classical sense, it basically simulated the Lorenz machine with ring counters with a more logic added to control.

[@andrewsheppard9728]

My Dad worked for the UK Post Office, and I remember him telling me that his team had acquired a "Winchester Drive" (no mention of an attached computer). This allowed them to record the number and duration of phone calls across the UK, and decide where to build new lines and allocate new phone handsets

[@jessicamann684]

I work at a semiconductor company that makes some of the magic that makes hard drives work. It has basically become a single source industry for some of the components (like the preamps) that sit on the read heads and basically turn noise into signals at massive rates. It is pure magic.

[@nos9784]

Thank you for being an adept in those secret arts :D Without people like you, we'd have to go back to microfilm, or rather use flash and ssd's I guess... I think we could have had an "internet by postcard" much earlier, through clever use of microfilm and airmail, and i'm somewhat fascinated by that alternate history.

[@siberx4]

Interesting fact not mentioned here: the tiny 1.8" hard drives used in the early iPods were not actually the smallest ones produced. There was, from 1998 to 2006, a line of truly miniature hard drives that fit into a Compact Flash card form factor, ranging in size from a few hundred megabytes up to a few gigabytes at the largest.

[@dvuemedia]

I have one CF HD still installed in my Commodore Amiga A1200, I think it's 5GB. Still works fine.

[@tookitogo]

Yep, the IBM (later Hitachi) Microdrive!

[@JustAnyone]

there was even smaller hdd made for Nokia n92

[@38911bytefree]

One Ipaq used it too. But Apple will be always the first

[@thomasneal9291]

@@38911bytefree except it wasn't.

[@Indrid__Cold]

I'll never forget holding a 7500rpm IBM Deskstar drive in my hand while it was fully connected and spun-up. Something suddenly went wrong and the drive launched from my hand and flew 15 feet accross the room. I gained renewed respect for what was going on inside that shiny metal case!

[@mankind8088]

😭🤣🤣😭😂🤣😭🤣😭😭

[@user-dv5nx3wu8q]

similar here

[@SQ8MXT]

I heard form somewhere that because of the high failure rates those were called Deathstars :)

[@mrtechie6810]

When stiction was a thing.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@mrtechie6810 Stiction was mostly Seagate in the era of the ST251, the ST277R RLL version, and the ST296N SCSI version (I had a ST296N for a while but it was on my BBS, never got shut down, so never had it "stick"). I don't remember if they made a ESDI version of that drive mechanism. Also affected some ST225/ST238R drives at the time.

[@francretief1]

In South Africa, we called the 3.5" diskettes Stiffies, and I could not understand why our American supplier ladies laughed so much without telling me why.

[@nixops]

I remember my boss getting really offended when I told the German engineer that our drive could not read his stiffy :-)

[@lynskyrd]

so you walked around telling people you had a 3.5" stiffy... wow. Hope you didn't say that out loud in a bar.

[@donaldpetersen2382]

Learning HDD prices cost me my innocence. When I built my first computer at 10 I ended up learning a lot about international trade just to understand what was a good price for a HDD. It was my eye opening moment about class disparity between countries as well as a number of other things.

[@JackWse]

Yeah I started getting into production, right in that period between 2011 and 2013.. I actually just learned the other week why there's a certain amount of drives that are always failing me, when the brand type etc had been reputable and are still reputable.. never occurred to me that that entire batch of drives was just dead drives walking from the earthquakes and tsunamis.. to this day apparently never buy a 3 GB Seagate, and and basically anything that was made during that time, cuz they the parts are so bespoke and need to be so precise that even the minorest of of complications in the manufacturing process.. I guess it's good to have an answer finally, I never thought about it but lol I just thought everything was getting worse and worse but.. boy I wish I had known that back then, cuz I did not back things up or run in raid even, as it was so expensive I needed all the space I got and I was using it as soon as I would get one lol.

[@neerajwa]

You were learning international trade in computer parts at the age of 10. When computer itself was the newest tech on the block. You must be bill gates and Elon Musk combined. The whole world bows at your feet. Your highness!

[@donaldpetersen2382]

@@neerajwa I humbly accept the computer crown 🤴

[@williamhanna4823]

At a trade show in the early ‘80s I saw a large number of terminals connected to a base with a hard drive. I asked the spokesman “You mean all of these terminals are fighting to use this one hard drive?” He replied “We prefer to call it ‘sharing’.”

[@raven4k998]

all that has changed for these beasts is their capacity has gone through the roof these days😲

[@johnps1670]

Terminals were also fighting for the CPU.

[@briankennedy9040]

Yes, it's amusing to think that organizations had dozens or hundreds of people competing for use of a single hard drive on the network which could do maybe 100-250 IOPS. Now a cheap laptop has an SSD that can do 250K IOPS

[@raven4k998]

long live the hard disk drive muhahahahahahaha they still can hold a bloody ton of data and outlast the ssd when it comes to data write cycles

[@dewiz9596]

Starting my data processing business, I made sure every computer I bought had TWO hard drives, I would read from one, write to the other as I ran my data through various steps. This really helped the throughput

[@monad_tcp]

That's a nice trick, I always did that when I had to move virtual machines, you move them to another array with different disks, so you don't bog down the transfer forcing random access instead of sequential access.

[@RonJohn63]

So.... you bought tape drives?

[@dfs-comedy]

I also have two drives in every computer, but for a different reason... I run them in RAID-1 configuration so if a drive goes bad, I don't lose data. I just swap in a replacement and let the RAID array rebuild itself.

[@carnivorebear6582]

​@@RonJohn63well the tape drive is purely sequential access with enormous seek penalties, a hard drive is better for sequential access but the odd random seek isn't a huge penalty.

[@nos9784]

I allways think of that "raid is not backup" meme pic, with a burned out computer. But it works for your use case, of course.

[@yougod7253]

Mechanical hardrives still are relevant because of storage size. They just work. Timeless inexpensive.

[@MikeDKelley]

Absolutely - it will be at least another decade before solid state can compete price wise (I just today bought a 20TB drive to add to my 100TB media collection. Spending that much for solid state would cost me more than my house .

[@DDuMas]

@@MikeDKelley But also, HDDs make more sense for "storage" to me. Why get an SSD which naturally has high performance just to store data on. I mainly use smaller SSDs for storage of things that benefit from the high speed like apps and games, but use large HDDs for everything else. I can't imagine not using HDDs.

[@MikeDKelley]

@@DDuMas I think it will happen - even for a very old man like me I could see a day when HDDs are obsolete. But, as I say, it will take a while yet, maybe more than a decade. Just too expensive to compete.

[@RaymondHng]

@@MikeDKelley Punch cards are definitely obsolete as well as 8-inch floppies and paper tape.

I use an external HDD for my daily backups. It's a Free Agent Go-flex drive with 2 TB capacity. Works for me!

[@sedrakpc]

Finally, after all those years now I know why HDD called Winchester. 🤯

[@perfectionbox]

Ah, the old days. I remember being green with envy at people who had hard drives. Not just for the storage but the speed; floppies were so disgustingly slow. Initial cost aside, I raise a glass to all the hard drive engineers.

[@SeattlePioneer]

> TELL me about your troubles. In fall, 1965, my high school acquired a Monroe, Monrobot desk sized computer available for student use. Main memory was a magnetic drum. IO was an IBM typewriter + paper tape input and output. So compare floppies with that paper tape IO

[@perfectionbox]

@@SeattlePioneer Yeah that must've sucked hard. Good thing I wasn't even alive that far back 🤣

[@negirno]

Floppy disk loading speeds were blazing fast for me initially, compared to loading stuff from cassette tapes on an 8-bit micro.

[@perfectionbox]

@@negirno For sure, floppies were a godsend over tape. But when hard disks arrived, I suffered "my storage solution is crap" heartburn all over again. With 8-bit machines, the floppies were larger than the computer's RAM so I didn't really mind, but with the 16-bit PCs, that was less the case, and then the database apps like dBase cropped up along with word processors that implemented virtual memory, and then floppies became painful. All I could think was, hard drives are the natural solution. Friends who worked with mainframes and minicomputers would mention how they always used hard disks and that VM was an OS level feature for all apps, and smoke would come out my ears in envy.

[@mtpaley1]

@@negirno Distant memories. Way back on my BBC micro I wrote wha could almost be called virtual memory. The issue was some games that came on tape but now I had a floppy disk - such speed and capacity! But the downside was that the FDD driver took about 1K of RAM and the games used every last byte. I wrote some assembler that intercepted FDD commands and moved 1K of RAM into the video space while the disk operation was running to free up enough space. It worked perfectly, the only side effect was a crazy screen while accessing the floppy. I had single stepped through the entire OS (EXMON ROM) and knew everything on this machine from top to bottom. This is no longer possible, has not been for decades and never will be possible again but it was a good feeling to know exactly how everything worked. But how did I cope with the limitations of floppies and even worse with tapes?

[@buriedbits6027]

I wouldn’t suggest that it is bust. For mass storage at reasonable prices it is still king.

[@designengineerdude1952]

I was a five year old child in the IBM lab on Santa Clara Street during weekends in 1960. It is pronounced RAM MAC, not RayMac. The heads don't fly because of wobble, they fly with compressed air at the head to keep the distance constant and be immune from folks bumping into the drive. When the heads were first designed they would fly but easily crashed into the surface wrecking the magnetic surface when someone walked by. My father developed the idea of using a wing to force the head against a bubble of air and these forces self regulated as the heads became closer to the disc. The original drive was a spinning drum looked not unlike a spinning garbage can. Disc platters was an innovation. The name Winchester comes from the mystery house not the gun. The project name became the product name when they came up with the idea of 30-30 to overcome the objection of T. Watson Jr. Al Shugart, Amdahl, and others all came out of San Jose. Shugart is most famous for making non compete clauses illegal in California by bringing an 1862 law back to life in a case against Zerox v. Shugart.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

I once worked on a Bendix G-15 - the drum was it's MAIN memory. Wasn't a new machine when I worked on it.

[@Mentaculus42]

The thin film heads on the 3380 “flew” due to the configuration of the “rails” on the slider (head) with some appropriate downward force from the suspension. In the beginning IBM tested the fly height on both sides of the head (the rails). The heads were very aerodynamically simple. Source of information, worked as an engineer on the fly height testers.

[@MrJordanSDean]

Bust of hard drives? It's going to be a long while before that truly happens.

[@chesshooligan1282]

A long time, like... 5 years?

[@GoldSrc_]

@@chesshooligan1282Hard drives will still be around for decades to come, or until SSDs match the price per GB of HDDs. You cannot get a 10TB SSD at the price of a 10TB HDD yet, and I don't see it happening in 5 years.

[@chesshooligan1282]

@@GoldSrc_ SSDs are way more reliable and miles ahead in terms of performance. No need to match price per terabyte if you only need half the number of SSDs for the same reliability. We're getting pretty close to that. There are also newer SSDs that can be written virtually an infinite number of times. Still very expensive, but they'll come down in price. If I had to put my money on it, I would say five years until the hard drive joins the floppy disc in the history books.

[@PJ-fj9hx]

A few years ago they said paper based books would be obsolete by now and Kindles and e-books would takeover ,didn't happen!

[@chesshooligan1282]

@@PJ-fj9hx Paper books ARE obsolete. Only a few weirdos use them, but there are also weirdos out there who use typewriters and vinyl records.

[@uinerd]

1985: I wanted one of these sweet 5 MB drives so bad.

[@TheDiskMaster]

By 85 the standard had long since shifted to 10MB, with the Seagate ST-412's introduction in 1981 and IBM's selection of that drive for use in the XT as an option the next year. The Seagate ST-225, one of the most prolific and affordable 20MB drives was launched the year prior in 1984.

[@YodaWhat]

As I understand it, the rotary "Winchester" actuator is still referred to as a *voice coil actuator* because the essential _I cross B_ physics producing the mechanical force is the same physics as in the linear voice coil actuator. But note that many of the early HDDs for personal computers used neither form of voice coil. Instead, they used a stepper motor outside of the sealed platter enclosure, and the heads could be permanently repositioned on the platters by way of a set screw on the stepper motor shaft. I personally used that method (along with SpinRite) to revive a 10 megabyte HDD that had _literally been a doorstop_ at a law firm, after numerous head crashes had made it unbootable. In fact, the oxide layer was visibly scraped off the first 12 tracks! That was my first HDD, and yes, 10 MB seemed enormous. For several years starting in 1996, I doubled my HDD capacity every 6 months, always selling the lightly-used drive to help finance the upgrade. Now I have 20+ terabytes on various HDDs, and though I upgrade less often, _it is still never enough capacity!_ ;-)😉

[@exidy-yt]

I man I knew in 85 when I was getting into the warez scene on the C64 had one of those 5mb HDDs hooked up somehow through the serial port on his C64. And he was GOD to us kids. An entire shoebox of 170k 5.25 floppy discs in a single noisy vibrating box, it was unreal. And yet only 4 years later I had a 20mb HDD hooked up to my Amiga 500, and 3 years after that 105mb on my 386-40. This industry grew insanely fast.

[@surferdude4487]

I remember the days when I had to use a park command to park the HDD heads before shutting down the computer. If I forgot, data loss and damage to the platters was a really expensive reminder.

[@ianhosier4042]

I remember using the park command in msdos

[@surferdude4487]

@@ianhosier4042 That's right. by the time that Windows was a thing, hard disks parked themselves automatically.

[@JohnnyUtah488]

You typed 'park' into DOS and it printed out a banner that said "parkal". I never figured out why.

[@surferdude4487]

@@capella5783 As explained in the video, with modern hard drives, they use the momentum of the platters as they spin down to park the heads. Back in the early 80's everyone that didn't want their hard drives to crash the first time the power was interrupted had a UPS (uninterruptible power supply) between the wall outlet and their computer. And you are correct that I can unplug or turn the power off at the breaker and it will not effect my computer at all. that's because my laptop has a built-in uninterruptible power supply. And yes, I do use the shut-down menu when I turn it off. From the desktop press Alt+F4 to open the shutdown menu.

[@mysterium364]

Wow Mr Shugart could not stop winning. Founded a successful company which held on to his name so he needed to come up with a different name so he could start another even more successful company.

[@YodaWhat]

One of the Shugart companies also made Hard Disk Controllers. I had to modify one of them for a Z-80 computer so that it would reduce the system clock speed from the "turbo speed" 4 MHz to the "normal" 2 MHz, but only for the 16 bytes that had to be fetched from a Boot ROM on the Shugart HDD controller. Then the system speed reverted to a *screamin' 4 MHz.* _All sounds like a joke now, but that's how it was in 1979!_

[@relwalretep]

He was a smart fella, that's fer sure

[@mysterium364]

@@YodaWhat Oh no, doesn't sound like a joke to me. Computers with that level of processing power are theoretically no less useful now than they were then. The modern world is spoiled with orders of magnitude more processing power than we need. Modern computing is more of a joke than computing back then because of the insane waste.

[@genethompson8764]

Al, as we liked to call him, would show up just about every quarter and do presentations to all the employees. He was very interesting.

[@LagrangePoint0]

@@mysterium364 Ikr?, for instance, an Intel Xeon processor with 14 cores, 28 thread and 35 MB of cache from 2016 that costed +2000 US$ stopped getting support from intel in 2022 and is now deemed obsolete, you can find them second hand for less than 100$, but if you buy it you're stuck with windows 10 because it is not compatible with windows 11.

[@jamescole6846]

I started IT in the 80's so I remember having my hands on every drive in this video nor can I even count the amount of systems I put together with them over the years. Has to be 4-5 thousand. Fun fact: When the IBM PC/AT (5170) came out they contracted with Computer Memories, Inc. for the 20MB drive that came in the AT. We had a 50 percent failure rate in the first 24-48 hours of burn in. Somewhere around here I still have some photos of a table in the lab with about a 100 of them waiting to go back to IBM for replacement. After 1 year IBM canceled the contract with CMI and then they got sued for Patten infringement and the whole company shutdown and yet another one bites the dust. Eventually,, after so many failures, we started replacing all the 20MB CMI drives with the CDC630 (30 Meg) and had great luck with those plus our customers got another 10meg of data IBM still was not selling yet. 10 whole megabytes more. WoW.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

Didn't IBM dual-source their 20MB drives, also using Tandon as a source? OR was Tandon the replacement for CMI?

[@wayneyadams]

This is a real trip down memory lane. I had forgotten about many of these names over the decades, but now it all comes flooding back.

[@LastTrueConservative-or4ps]

I worked for an IBM competitor and time after time they bungled their lead. Made us happy. They invented the HDD. (I saw the first prototype in the lobby of one of their buildings in San Jose. It was in rough shape showing how little the gerstner team understood the value of their past successes. I heard they were going to scrap it at the same time they were getting rid of their museum, and somebody talked them into donating it to a museum). I remember when they moved their HDD manufacturing to SE Asia and the UK. Rumor was they decided Moore's Law had run its course and there was no more big gains in capacity coming. As terrible a decision as when they moved their tape to Mexico, but I digress. Their engineers in California would get calls in the middle of the night about production line problems. The lines would be shut down while the engineers had to find the next flights to the plants arriving exhausted to try to tackle the problem that was keeping the lines down. Of course that added costs and hurt production/sales. Offshoring their HDD manufacturing was as poorly thought out executive decision as any I have ever seen. In the end they sold out to Hitachi showing it as over $1B line on their books. 5 years later they had to reverse that CYA entry as an $80M loss. I don't remember any of their execs being fired, but lots of their engineers were submitting resumes around the industry.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

It wasn't the outsourcing that was the issue - MOST if not ALL HDD manufacturing was getting outsourced around the same timeframe. It was the poorly done job of DOING the outsourcing that was the issue.

[@blendpinexus1416]

hdds have evolved to the point that i went down to my local computer electronics store and found that 1tb,2tb,4tb,8tb hdd all not being that far off in price with the 16tb being roughly 30% more expensive than the 8tb. currently have a pair of 16tb drives for raw storage capacity and they work pretty damn well.

[@JoannaHammond]

Same here, 3 x 16TB's in the machine for bulk storage, running through a 2tb gen 5 SSD as a cache for quick access when I need to access the same data over and over. For non bulk I now use Gen 5 and Gen 4, 1 or 2 TB SSD's. Who would have thought that 1 or 2 TB would now be classed as non bulk storage.... lol

[@blendpinexus1416]

@@JoannaHammond yeah i got a 2tb nvme scratch disk for whatever i'm working on at that moment but once i'm done it's sent off to the hdd. the 250gb nvme boot disk is sometimes used in scratch disk work as well

[@fensoxx]

That was your best one since the ATI video! Thanks! On a side note, my first HDD was a Supra 20MB drive for the Commodore Amiga 500 in about 1987. A 2-part beast of a drive that was basically two shoe boxes. One to connect to the motherboard, then a massive cable that ran to the other shoebox that held the drive which I placed about 12” higher than the computer up on my bureau. Had to manually park heads before touching it to move it. It was glorious.

[@lowpinglag]

My first was also a 20MB for my Amiga 2000. A buddy of mine had the A500 and side slot hard drive.

[@joesterling4299]

Good episode as usual. One observation, though: "HDD" is shorter than "hard drive" when written, but 50% longer when spoken. :)

[@fxsrider]

Wow!! I remember taking a day of sick leave so I could drive to Seattle and buy a windows compatible iPod. It was the coolest thing ever to be able to start one song after another. Patched it in to a run of the mill home stereo and it was an instant celebrity! I paid over 400.00 and I think it was a 5GB version? Maybe it was a 20GB. Can't recall the specifics. All I know was it forever changed how I listened to music. I have owned dozens of the various models over the years. The first one ended up getting stolen at a small party of co workers. I still wonder who actually took it. Sucks to be them. I just bought another one but kept it on a shorter leash. Back in the day when I made all the coin I wanted building the 747.

[@realnutteruk1]

Thanks for the passing reference to Priam.... I worked for them in the 80's, at their repair centre in Reading, UK.... We were selling 14", 8", and eventually 5 1/4 inch Winchester drives.... I remember them releasing a full height 5 1/4 inch drive boasting a whole 760Mb, and thinking it was a massive breakthrough.... Totally outgunned by Seagate etc, and the company folded just after I left....

[@TheDiskMaster]

Very cool! Priam did sell a few 3.5" drives very late in their life, but they are hideously rare. To this day I've never personally seen even a photo of one.

[@jesdadotcom]

The Computer History Museum in the SF Bay Area has a working RAMAC actively reading and writing data. It is an amazing thing to see in person.

[@stevestarcke]

Wonderful analysis. Brings back fond memories. I was there at IBM for the transition from ink disks to Thin Film Disks. The first thin film disks were aluminum/magnesium disks coated with 10 microns of electroless nickel phosphorous plating. The nickel plating was nonmagnetic and amorphous. So it was the perfect substrate for the magnetic film. The amorphous NiP plating allowed it to be chemically mechanically polished to an atomic finish. My first attempt at a magnetic film was an electroless plated cobalt phosphorus plating. 11 Megabits/square inch!! World Record for two weeks! In the blink of a young girl's eye came sputter coating with Cobalt Platinum Tantalum Chrome. Passed me bye. Can't plate that alloy. So, then, cover the sputter layer with a sputtered layer of Diamond Like Carbon and fluoro-lube and Voila! You have the thin film disk. Add a thin film (plated) head to it and let fly! Damn, that was a glorious process!

[@wallacegrommet9343]

Weirdly, I was thinking idly about sputtering processes the other day, just an interest, not a professional connection.

[@tastyfrzz1]

I was testing those disc's at Imprimis with glide heads and comparing them to the new FSD3 disks. The IBM disks were far smoother. One day Tom Murnan came down to the lab exclaiming how we had just made the ultimate thin film disc's and could I please test them with the heads that Harold Beecroft had designed. I put them on the tester and " b'ding, ding,ding...." ! They had forgotten to take the plastic wrap off of the oven heaters before they cured the lube! The disks were covered in little plastic bumps. He was so mad.

[@terryhayward7905]

My first PC computer was an IBM compatible 286 with a 10mb HDD, cost £2500 used, and was a few years old. It seemed lightning fast back then. Memory was selling then for £100 for a 1mb stick. Offices were broken into to steal the memory sticks out of computers, they left the computers, just took the memory.

[@rickblackwell6435]

A Time Share company I worked for in the early 1980s rented a 5 MB drive to a customer for $40,000 a month ....

[@mattBLACKpunk]

Wtf lmao

[@nevedofficial466]

Straight robbery

[@David_Best]

Great story. I was a VC back in the 1980's and financed both Seagate and Connor. It was a wild ride. MiniScribe was particularly interesting to watch as, under intense pressure to grow revenue, they started shipping bricks in packaging that looked like a disk drive to inventory and claiming it as revenue - ultimately they were caught and a huge class action suit ensued taking down some of the BOD members for failing to provide governance. Another side story worth tuning into was the read/write optical disc category. Thanks for doing this - it brought back some interesting memories.

[@hardeehodges326]

I made $$ via the ups/downs of Seagate, but lost a bunch when Miniscribe failed. Those years of competition were fierce. Miniscribe had decent reliably suggesting solid QA but couldn't get volume to meet selling margins. I imagine every maker struggling with QA issues vs volume of complex assemblies. Brutal competition in the marketplace..

[@David_Best]

I can add a bit more color. I was a partner with the Hambrecht & Quist VC group when Bill Hambrecht did the MiniScribe deal and went on the BOD. All of us at H&Q worked independently then, so I had no direct involvement in that deal or even knowledge of it until it happened. In fact, I offered financing to Finis Connor, and that was yet another wild ride. But when Bil Hambrecht brought in QT Wiles to be Chairman of H&Q Inc. and he started his autocratic BS, I decided to leave, joining Oak Investment Partners in 1986. It didn't take long for H&Q to fail after that. The whole MiniScribe fiasco blew up after I left H&Q but that didn't stop the class action lawyers from naming all 21 partners who were in the H&Q VC group at the time the deal was done as co-defendants in the action. It took some wrangling but all except Bill himself were dismissed from the suit. I know QT ended up in prison and a $250M fine, and that Bill was required to pay a substantial sum, as were others. A classic story of how an entire organization evolve into unethical practices when the autocratic CEO is relentlessly demanding. I always thought QT was a shill - an arrogant poser who had a lot of people fooled.

[@hardeehodges326]

@@David_Best Had no idea that the VC firm might get sued. I never got much from the suit, like most investors - lawyers gain, we don't. I just am sad that so many had to be involved in the deception. A period of wild competition but a lot of technical progress. As a small time PC builder, profits were consumed by inventory - scale and inventory turns were the path to survival as the PC became a commodity. Heady times.

[@David_Best]

@@hardeehodges326 Just to be clear, the suit targeted the partners in the VC partnership directly - not the partnership, but the individuals. So a lot of anxiety as all 21 of us could have or net wroth extinguished. I have heard that BIll Hambrecht lost half of his wealth in the settlement, 40 percent of which went to the lawyers.

[@jimb4090]

I`d rather have a hard drive that signals its impending failure than an SSD that just stops right now, irredeemably.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

SSDs also support either SMART or a functional equal. You just have to look at the data they provide.

[@thegeforce6625]

@@bricefleckenstein9666doesn’t matter, a SSD can be fine one minute, then completely fail the next with zero indication from SMART at all, not even any bad sectors or read/write errors or what have you.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@thegeforce6625 I've never seen, or EXCEPT FOR YOU heard about this alleged "instant total failure" issue. Not saying it doesn't happen, as my sample size is small on SSDs. Sounds like the controller chip overheated too many times and that's what failed.

[@harryragland7840]

The big IBM disk packs were great. I modified an old one to be a "Cake Dome". I would bring donuts in for the IT staff and place them under the plastic dome. This was great fun but eventually, the younger IT staff didn't even know the dome was from.

[@YodaWhat]

As I understand it, the rotary "Winchester" actuator is still referred to as a *voice coil actuator* because the essential _I cross B_ physics producing the mechanical force is the same physics as in the linear voice coil actuator. But note that many of the early HDDs for personal computers used neither form of voice coil. Instead, they used a stepper motor outside of the sealed platter enclosure, and the heads could be permanently repositioned on the platters by way of a set screw on the stepper motor shaft. I personally used that method (along with SpinRite) to revive a 10 megabyte HDD that had _literally been a doorstop_ at a law firm, after numerous head crashes had made it unbootable. In fact, the oxide layer was visibly scraped off the first 12 tracks! That was my first HDD, and yes, 10 MB seemed enormous. For several years starting in 1996, I doubled my HDD capacity every 6 months, always selling the lightly-used drive to help finance the upgrade. Now I have 20+ terabytes on various HDDs, and though I upgrade less often, _it is still never enough capacity!_ ;-)😉

[@gr8bkset-524]

i worked as an intern at IBM San Jose in 1990 and saw that first giant platter on display. Later I saw a 100MB 2.5 inch drive and wondered who would ever need such a huge amount of storage?

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

108 MB Chia plot files sneer at your too-small hard drive.

[@hangdog7094]

In the 80's, my company used to print like 20,000 mailers advertising projected hard drive disc trends. As they all absorbed each other, it became less & less, until there were 5 or 10 remaining. Silicon valley location

[@trevorhare9393]

As a student in 1978/79 I worked on the IBM 0680 “piccolo” project that they were tooling up for in IBM Havant.

[@bendafyddgillard]

The lessons I get from this story are: 1) give your brilliant minds space to play, and 2) having many people and groups working on a problem with free (as in speech) cross-pollination of ideas, can result in rapid advancement.

[@sapphyrus]

Incredible how a technology that's still more complex to produce than practically 95% of the stuff we use daily is mostly considered obsolete because how it belongs to an industry where everything is cutting edge in technology.

[@desert_sky_guy]

What a great watch! Thanks for putting this together, man - excellent work.

[@norfintorkjoe8925]

And the 20MB "Hard Card" - so cool.

[@grizwoldphantasia5005]

I bought a 5¼ full height 330MB drive in 1990 or 1991, for $300 -- less than a buck a megabyte! I also bought some little dinky IBM drive, about the plan size of my thumb but only a couple of mm thick. Got it out of curiosity, used it for a few months but I don't remember what for, and 5 or 10 years later found it buried in a box, and it still worked!

[@Peter_S_]

A 5¼ full height 330MB drive in 1990 or 1991? A CDC Wren perhaps?

[@dewiz9596]

I had two of those in a 33 MHz 486 computer,

[@grizwoldphantasia5005]

@@Peter_S_ Geez, no idea now.

[@TheDiskMaster]

Priam ID330T?

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@Peter_S_ If they had said 380 I'd have guessed Micropolis. But that wasn't a Micropolis drive size.

[@mornnb]

Hard Disk are bot disappearing any time soon - they are still the best price/performance option for data archiving and are regularly used by cloud storage providers to service things like youtube, cloud storage etc. This video is probably hosted on a raid array on hard drives some where. Though they are no longer popular on individual computers, people still use them every day through cloud services.

[@jasonblazgk9973]

Exactly what I was going to say. I have a media array for plex/jellyfin and the cost effectiveness just isn't even remotely there for SSDs, especially when you don't need high speed random access.

[@mornnb]

@@jasonblazgk9973 You also have to consider that hard drive continue to improve and Seagate has a new 30TB drive out, try get that in SSDs.

[@Finite-Tuning]

I just bought two more 18 Terabyte HDD's yesterday..... I assure you the hard drive market is alive and well, as it will be likely for "decades" to come! Until the cost per TB on any other storage tech can closely match that of hard drives, the old tried and true spinning disk will remain supreme leader of the pack for long term bulk storage in mass quantity. Cheers 🍻

[@BoraHorzaGobuchul]

Yeah, but it's data hoarders and data centers only. Whereas before every PC/notebook had an HDD. I have no idea how this translates to market figures, but still a significant consumer base loss for a low-margin business. PS I work at a PC parts distributor and can say that for quite some time, HDD sales are far from what they used to be, compared to ssds. At least in our country.

[@Finite-Tuning]

@@BoraHorzaGobuchul: I'm just backing up movies, so far 120 TB worth and counting..... I'm certainly not hoarding, it is my exact intention to give it all away before I die. I just don't know how to do that, exactly. I need massive amounts of storage that none of these SSD's can provide, let alone provide it affordably. I'm looking forward to the day when they can, but I see it at least a decade away minimum. In the meantime, any idea how to give away over a 100 TB of movies and TV shows?

[@BoraHorzaGobuchul]

@@Finite-Tuning the only practical way I see is to transfer the NAS/server containing the storage your media is on to the beneficiary. Anything else would be too much hassle. Unless you absolutely want to take it with you on your trip to the pyramid

[@Finite-Tuning]

@@BoraHorzaGobuchul: Yes exactly, practical with least amount of hassle has been my two main problems to overcome. Maybe the internet archive? Most of what I have are exact 1:1 ISO files, not some compressed streaming crap, and to in multiple versions. Giving it all to 1 that has no idea what it is or how to use it would be a slow painful death. I want the world to have it or at least have access to it in a way that cannot be shut down.

[@BoraHorzaGobuchul]

@@Finite-Tuning t0rrent is the optimal way to share stuff with many. However, for it to be successful, there's a lot of hoops to jump through. For it to be usable, it has to be catalogued, supplied with something like nfo files with relevant metadata (tinymediamanager is the way to do this), and posted on a good tr@ckēr with a good description. Also, legal issues may apply. All that takes quite some effort. So if you really want it but don't feel like doing all that the only way is to find somebody who is ready to. Also, if it's movies or other media works, those may have already been shared, and often in much better quality than one can find on DVDs if that's the medium in question. Think blueray rēmuxes and open matte versions.

[@isbestlizard]

13:08 needs a 2TB chewing gum packet sized nvme next to it, for another 3 orders of magnitude :D

[@johndoh5182]

I started building PCs in 1995. Yeah, a LOT of change WAS driven by disk capacity and it opened up the world of multi-media for PC

[@YodaWhat]

As I understand it, the rotary "Winchester" actuator is still referred to as a *voice coil actuator* because the essential _I cross B_ physics producing the mechanical force to move the heads quickly is the same physics as in the older linear voice coil actuator. But many of the early HDDs for personal computers used neither form of voice coil. Instead, they used a stepper motor outside of the sealed platter enclosure, and the heads could be permanently repositioned on the platters by way of a set screw on the stepper motor shaft. I personally used that method (along with SpinRite) to revive a 10 megabyte HDD that had _literally been a doorstop_ at a law firm, after numerous head crashes had made it unbootable. In fact, the oxide layer was visibly scraped off the first 12 tracks! That was my first HDD, in 1987, and that 10 MB capacity seemed enormous. But it was _S L O W!_ Then came multimedia and internet... For several years starting in 1996, I had to double my HDD capacity every 6 months, always selling the lightly-used drive to help finance the upgrade. Now I have 20+ terabytes on various _much faster_ HDDs, and though I upgrade less often, _it is still never enough capacity!_ ;-)😉

[@Wethearted]

It's intriguing that you chose this moment to discuss the "bust" of HDDs, considering that Seagate recently made an announcement about the mass production of HDDs utilizing a groundbreaking technology known as HAMR (Heat-assisted magnetic recording) earlier this year in 2024. This significant development, which Seagate has spent two decades researching, has been hailed as a "game-changing technology" by numerous experts. It appears that you might need to revise your video in the near future to reflect this new information.

[@Luckless_Pedestrian]

Worked at Seagate for a bunch of years and in the industry much longer... I remember HAMR being in development and many of us thought it was a few years away and always would be... glad it's seeing the light of day finally...

[@elzorab85]

I too was surprised he did not mention HAMR which will be great leap in HDD storage, I think now we are a couple of years away from seeing 40-60 TB hdd

[@drescherjm]

I was looking for someone talking about the bust as I have purchased quite a few 10TB drives this year at work. I got 10TB models because they were a great price @ around $90US each for used enterprise HGST He10s in good working condition which I verified with a week of badblocks testing on each drive. With that said I would love to use SSDs instead for our server storage. Maybe when the price of SSDs get down below $200 per 8TB of storage and it doesn't even need to be NVMe.

[@tastyfrzz1]

They had a heck of a time getting them to work right. The first concept heads used an electrostatic mirror to position the laser but every side of the head had to be machined. I remember talking to Phil Gorks at the Rivdrside lab and he was laughing saying, "We made two heads that worked!". Later on they made a bunch of heads and j6st started testing them so see if they could get an outlier. It worked! The winner, when tore down and evaluated was contaminated with a rare element and everyone was sworn to secrecy about what it was.

[@Vednier]

At least its not SMR. SMR drives was one real nail into HDD coffin recently. To get drive which is both slow and have to be used very carefully and can shift data around on itself (= drive is busy on its own) was really good motivation to say "nope, now SSD only".

[@maybehuman4]

I didn't realize the Hard Disk went "Bust," it's still the cheapest per megabyte form of storage, and in my experience far more reliable than SSD.

[@drescherjm]

For me SSDs have been far more reliable but my sample size is small as I only have a few hundred of each.

[@kunka592]

@@drescherjm Stop buying Seagates.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

SSDs have gotten better over the years, except if you have to write a LOT of data to them. HDs have mostly stagnated, though at a rather high level.

[@ThePolaroid669]

Please.....who buys magnetic hard drives anymore? I can get SSDs much cheaper than a power hungry spinning magnetic disk.

[@anonamouse5917]

@@ThePolaroid669 You can get an 8TB SSD for CDN $200?

[@TheAnimeist]

I love how you credit all photos, and then add your own. You sir have made my day.

[@Moxzot]

Not all modern platters are glass, there are aluminum plates as well

[@phiksit]

All the ones I've ever taken apart looked like mirror-polished aluminum.

[@finkelmana]

HDDs are still heavily used in data centers. Their ever decreasing cost per MB far outpaces modern SSDs. *THAT* is their downfall in the end-user market. The average computer user, either home or business, has no need for a 20 terabytes of storage. However, smaller capacity SSDs can meet these minimal storage requirements and do it orders of magnitude faster. Being significantly less heavy and shock prone are also bonuses, when it comes to portable devices. I have NVMe and/or SSD drives in all my devices, but I still back everything up to spinning rust.

[@iRelevant.47.blacklisted]

The problem with SSDs is their limited life time, their sort of 'consumables'. Also I imagine data recovery from a toasted drive is a nightmare.

[@finkelmana]

@@iRelevant.47.blacklisted Why does this old wives tale persist? Technically, yes. SSDs have limited write cycles before the NAND flash starts to write issues. However, even the *HEAVIEST* disk usage will still provide many, many years of use. You will likely replace your computer several times before the disk even starts to report write errors. Even then, with wear leveling and over-provisioning, you will have years more of use out of them with no loss of capacity or risk of loss of data.

[@5467nick]

@@iRelevant.47.blacklisted Most SSDs are warrantied for being able to write hundreds of terabytes of data per TB of capacity. Most people aren't filling their whole drive, erasing it, and repeating often enough for that to be a problem. You also should backup any data you aren't willing to lose. If you're trying to recover data from a failed drive, you've messed up badly.

[@Vednier]

@@5467nick Well, that not entirely true. For 3D TLC memory general rule is 600 rewrites, so yo get 600TB for 1Tb drive. For QLC this can drop to 100 rewrites and sometimes even less, also amount of data written and NAND write does not match, i seen drives which have almost x2 multiplier. Its true that resource is BIG but its not infinite and QLC drives, especially cheaper drives from less known brands can fail. But MLC\TLC - doubtful.

[@Vednier]

@@iRelevant.47.blacklisted You just need to pick right model. Recently got myself 1Tb MLC drive dirt cheap, it had 70Tb written on it and 100% health. How? Because its resource is magnitude bigger. Just stay away from QLC and you will be fine.

[@giusdb]

There are still evolutions, new alloys used, writing also using lasers and temperature, ever smaller heads, tricks like writing multiple tracks together, etc. .

[@shaunybonny688]

I remember when my dad got our first 1 gb HDD for our family PC, I think it was sometime in the latter half of the 90’s, maybe 97 or 98. What a time to be alive. It was a seagate.

[@MegaChickenPunch]

aaand it died a year later

[@crash.override]

I remember our family upgrading from a 4 GB HDD to a 20 GB Maxtor HDD in the ~Win98 era. A 5x increase; astounding! "Surely we'd never create enough documents or install enough programs to fill this up!" ClipArt libraries were on CDs!

[@smokecrackhailsatan]

The tens of thousands of spinning hard drives in the datacenters I service say that the "bust" described here is total BS. Nobody is doing bulk storage with 10 to 1 price ratios on solid state storage.

[@cusemoneyman]

Thank you. Sure, I've got an SSD in my laptop, but until SSDs cost the same per GB as HDDs, we're still going to be spinning a lot of bits around at high speeds.

[@howardsimpson489]

When the first digital telephone exchanges were installed, 10 meg HDs were standard. The exchanges had big rooms full of them requiring air conditioning. The failure rate was quite low as they seldom had to stop then restart. Most ran 24/7 for years.

[@larryjacklin1683]

I love that many of the early electronics researchers were hired just to come up with something new. Reminds me of Tuomo Suntolas ALD projects.

[@alexandruraresdatcu]

10:50 7200 RPM was for the most common HDDS but there were also 10k and 15k RPMS for low latency applications (servers).

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

10k rpm and 15k rpm seem to be limited to 2.5" hard drives, from what I've seen.

[@ColinDyckes]

​@@bricefleckenstein9666Original Veloci-Raptors were 3.5 inch 15K rpm drives. They later downsized them to 2.5s in a 3.5 heatsink. I still have two brand new 150GB velociraptors that were spares for a raid 10 array.

[@thegeforce6625]

@@bricefleckenstein9666they where initially 3.5” drives, they just used 2.5” (or 2”) platters inside.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@thegeforce6625 May have been 3.5 outline, but they would have been 2.5" drives then. Hybrid setups like that are always confusing though.

[@rollinwithunclepete824]

I remember "Winchester" drives... never knew where the name came from. Thanks, Jon. Another great video!

[@pummisher1186]

At 18:57, the "Seagate uniform" doesn't dissipate static. It's designed to NOT produce any electrostatic discharge. Wearing static discharge shoes or a static strap connected to a ground does that. The jacket merely acts as a Faraday cage preventing any of the static generated by the body from reaching the electronics BUT it requires a ground strap that is grounded!!

[@michaelharrison1093]

A great book I recommend reading is Clayton Christensen's "The Innovators Dilemma" - In this book Clay uses the HDD industry as an example to study the topic of innovation lots of really eye opening insights

[@alann4808]

Strongly also recommend reading The Innovator’s Dilemma.

[@AdamJRichardson]

+1. As he said in it, "Hard drive manufacturers are the fruit flies of industry" - as they or their innovations live and die so quickly

[@michaelmoorrees3585]

8:00 - Appropriate timing, as the first floppies I used were 8" floppies. They weren't Shugarts, but made by Cal Comp, which most people associate them with pen plotters. If you ever worked with Cal Comp floppy drives, you'll know why they're not know for making floppies.

[@melvance7281]

I remember even larger disks...Can't remember exactly what size they were...also remember reel to reel data "drives"

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@melvance7281 Larger discs would have been "disk packs" or hard drives. IBM originated the entire floppy disc concept with their 8" floppy - used for mainframe boot loaders initially.

[@johndododoe1411]

When I started buying floppies, Memorex was the quality brand and unlabeled "No Name" disks was the high failure rate alternative. I later switched to buying Nashua (apparently a HDD platter brand) floppies for most tasks, until market collapsed forced everyone to buy essentially rebadged no name . Now this consumable isn't produced any more.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@johndododoe1411 Maxwell, then Memorex, then TDK in my experience for quality floppies. But I concede I never bothered trying Nashua.

[@richardburfoot461]

Excellent - straight to the point, no waffle and truly groundbreaking use of music. Excellent- thank you.

[@MrDeliriousNomad]

In the early '80s I was excited to get an Atari 1200XL, which I quickly realized needed a B.A.S.I.C. cartridge to be able to program, (I had a subscription to Compute! magazine). Soon realized that the programs I typed in "went away" when I turned it off. After much pleading my parents bought me a cassette tape player along with several books on BASIC. I could now save my programs, (in about 5-10min/same to load). About a year later an enlightened me bought a 5 1/4" disk drive which cut the time to seconds as well as an Atari 130XE which had enough memory to create a ram drive and was delighted with the speed. Soon an uncle of mine brought over a "doubler" chip which doubled the speed and capacity after he soldered it in. 180K - 360K per side of the disk. Loved those early '80s when I was "go-to guy" and most tech savvy in town with a 300 baud modem, dot matrix printer & 100s of programs... Anyone else remember those days?

[@crackwitz]

Serverside, HDDs still play a huge role. They carry ALL that data that we access once in a while but that has to be there within the blink of an eye. All your social media. All their big data. It's all on HDDs. There is no cheaper medium with the same access time. Tape? Takes a minute to load and spool. Optical? Faster, but the capacity sucks. Ultra-cheap SSD? Still more expensive than HDD, and nobody needs SSD-level access times for that kind of data.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

There are a few servers that use mass SDDs, but mostly for local usage by folks like serious high-end video production companies that NEED the bandwidth, use 25 GB or faster LANs, and such. MOST servers still use "rotating iron" for mass storage.

[@JD_Viddy]

That takes me back to when I added a ST506 on my 6809 based Smoke Signal Broadcasting computer. Back when I was pretty good at wire-wrapping interface boards and the 68008 upgrade board.

[@stevenvanhulle7242]

Aah, the 6809, most beautiful 8-bit CISC microprocessor ever.

[@davidnorton573]

BTW PrairieTek manufactured the first 2.5" HDD, their founders all came out of Amcodyne, which all came out of STC, which came out of IBM when IBM chose to move the tape drive development labs out of Boulder to Tucson. This is lived experience for me, I started as a college intern at IBM Boulder during the Tucson move, and grew up with the industry, it was very cutthroat, I don't miss it but would thank it for a comfortable retirement.

[@MerlinErdogmus]

I remember visiting a friend in 2006 with my Maxtor 80GB HDD and I wanted to visit another friend that lived close by like a kilometer from the other friend. And I rode with my bicycle and I had the Maxtor 80GB HDD in my pocket. It slipped and fell one meter on the ground. The Maxtor 80GB HDD still functioned properly. At that time I'd experienced multiple drives dying just like that from one instance to the next. That marked the day for me to become a Maxtor fanboy only to realize that they've already been bought out by Seagate 3 years before. Over the years I've seen a lot of WD and Seagate drives die on me.

[@lexer_]

This feels like an HDD post mortem story. I am still using those!

[@Kevin_Kennelly]

In the late 80s we ordered a 1.9GB drive. It took 4 of us to carry it up the stairs.

[@moldovanmoldovan7593]

I wonder what was the price. Also, cheapskates risking fragile expensive device

[@krwada]

Great video. I am an HDD engineering veteran. I got my start way back in 1982 with a startup that made thin-film heads. This was back in the day when the transition from wound ferrite heads were being replaced by a thin film transducer head made using semiconductor fab techniques. The hard drive will still be around. The main reason is because it is a very low-cost method for storing data. Most of the younger folks typically use a combination of SSD along with HDD in their computing and gaming rigs.

[@katout75]

Absolutely fascinating look into the history into HDD, a few former =engineering colleagues worked at IBM, Seagate and Western Digital on HDD's. One of the most amazing things about the HDD is how much use the ultrathin head interconnect Kapton circuit board (orange colored translucent with copper traces) flexes in operation. This connects the heads to the main PCBA, I was told despite the rapid and repeated movements of the flexing of that board they never failed in stress testing. With the proper amount of strain relief they flex forever without breaking, amazing to the credit of the gifted scientists at Dupont who invented Kapton.

[@howardsimpson489]

Have a look at Boeing 757 wiring fires.

[@martinhinge1462]

My first PC had a 20mb 5.25" Seagate. I can still recall the sound of it spinning up. Ah, the days of youth and DOS... ❤

[@PJ-fj9hx]

My first PC was an IBM Clone Cordata 286 with two 5.25 inch floppy drives. The Hard drive option was quite expensive back in 1988 so I had to switch from DOS to my applications,ah you bought back some nostalgia there!.😉

[@rickpontificates3406]

I worked for Micropolis. We had an "incredible" 10 megabyte HDD... well, it seemed incredible at the time

[@tookitogo]

I had a 2GB Micropolis drive in the late 90s, as an external SCSI disk on my Mac. :)

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@tookitogo I once owned a pair of Micropolis 3085 drives - used them in RLL quite reliably for years despite them not being "rated" for RLL operation. I think I might have owned something of theirs a few years later, perhaps a 380MB or 760MB ESDI drive?

[@tookitogo]

@@bricefleckenstein9666 Hmm, I wouldn’t know. RLL and ESDI interfaces slightly predated when I got into computers. :(

[@toddb930]

Thanks for putting this together. It was a fast trip through the life of the hard drive and omitted many stories but gave us a good look at what transpired. A couple side notes. Finis Connor was associated with Al Shugart in one of the early companies. When Terry Johnson and John Squire started CoData in the 80's they needed someone with more industry wide exposure to get the product out. They got together with Finis Conner and renamed the company Conner Peripherals. Terry Johnson was the founder of Miniscribe.

[@Jeremy-fl2xt]

Such great content! In the 90's there was at least one adjacent worksite between Maxtor and Seagate (in Longmont Colorado which is close to Boulder that I sometimes see in videos). In the late 90's I worked at one of them on their pilot line. There were some couples with one spouse working for Seagate, and the other spouse working for Maxtor, which I thought was interesting. I even heard one guy pretended to "steal" his wife's car when he took visitors to lunch in order to try to show thriftiness vs. the other companies lavishness that their employees can afford nice cars. I wonder if the visitors bought any of it.

[@dosgos]

EMC put a bunch of cheap HDDs in a box, added some firmware, and chipped away at IBM's big storage arrays. Incredible growth in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1999, EMC acquired Data General for their mid-range storage systems.

[@claudiopiccoliromera2646]

20 yrs ago I managed an IT department, which still had an IBM mainframe. For some reason, even their newer storage units were still refered to as RAMACs. And today my cell phone holds way more data than all that hardware.

[@macforme]

Thanks for the trip down memory ( literally) lane and I want to thank you for putting URLs on many images so we can learn more. 👍😎

[@geneballay9590]

another interesting, entertaining and informative video. I lived and adapted through the very transitions you are discussing but never knew the back-stories. Thank you for all the work and sharing.

[@robeik]

Fascinating story. Some ways that I have intersected with it. I remember seeing the IBM disk packs being used in our university's computer centre in the late 1970s (no PCs in those days), and then built a copy of the university's in-house CPM-based computers which boasted an 8" floppy disk drive (cost me AUD$500 in the 1980s). In the late 1980s I installed a 10MB HDD in a PC of a professor, thinking "Why does anyone need that much storage space?".

[@pugster73]

3600 rpm drives? The last time I actually saw a 3600 rpm drive was the quantum bigfoot.

[@poofygoof]

I have 10k drives online right now, and I think 12k or 15k RPM drives exist? yet there was a line in here about drives "up to 7200 RPM." Sometimes I think these detailed inaccuracies are left for the pedants to bump up the "engagement" numbers. :)

[@TheDiskMaster]

The Bigfoot was 4500RPM. All drives with the SA1000 interface (8" drives) are 3000RPM and all drives with the ST-506/ST-412 interface (most 5.25" and early 3.5" offerings) run at 3600RPM. This also carries over for ESDI drives and many early IDE devices.

[@TheDiskMaster]

@@poofygoof 15K is as high as they ever got, there are 10K drives as well, though. The modern standard is 7200.

[@pugster73]

@@poofygoof There are 15k drives, mostly enterprise Seagate cheetah and Toshiba/HGST Ultrastar 15k. Good speed, but not very reliable.

[@aprilkolwey4779]

@@TheDiskMaster Bigfoot was a mix, the original (no suffix) and CY run at 3600 and the TX and TS are 4000. The most recent 3600 RPM drive I'm aware of is the Fujitsu MEA3320BT, which also happens to be the only 3600 RPM SATA drive I'm aware of.

[@speedrocket9238]

Great video. Thanks for a trip down memory lane. I was only in the industry for 5 years from 1995 to 2000. But there were lots of old-timers that regailed me with much of the same stories. But, by the time I got started, it was a mad rush off the cliff and the end of days was inevitable.

[@Iconoclasher]

Two things come to mind. First, from a mechanical engineering perspective, these things have far more precision than you can imagine, so why does it work at all! The second is how do they last so long! I got my first Mac in 2000. I bought a Maxtor 120gb external and connected it. Worked great. Today it's connected to my latest iMac and it still works perfectly. My other TOSHIBA (2007) laptop has a Hitachi 250GB HD. It's never been turned off, running continuously since 07. (it supplies a background music system)

[@ccshello1]

At least, I had the opportunity to use the removable disk pack in the university research group's VAX lab. So early days it is. I also remember those huge Shuggart Associate's 8-inch floppy disk drives and a thick operator's manual. One of the special design is need to adjust the spring tensioning for the Read-Write head assembly based on how SA800 is mounted. Gravity matters due to its size and weight. Another interesting topic is the ST506 interface. The spec has two sets of cable for control and data. A hard drive controller (early ones on ISA bus) is needed to handle the IO abstraction and data encoding/decoding (MFM to RLL, etc. etc. ) tasks.

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

We had at least a pair of 2.5 MB "disk pack" drive on the PDP-11/70 I learned to program on when I was at Rose-Hulman. I forget exactly, but I want to say RK-02 or RL-02 models? Western Digital got it's start in the "Drive controller" side of the industry, working with the ST-506 interface (and it's RLL version), and the later ESDI interface (which was similar but higher performance).

[@gregebert5544]

Conner Peripherals shocked the industry back in the late 1980's when they introduced a drive with the disk controller integrated into the drive itself (IDE interface), which led the way to parallel ATA. I believe it was 40Mbytes.

[@eliotmansfield]

i think their first one was 20meg - CP3022 - I worked at Olivetti at the time as was blown away when we say it. All the other names were a trip down memory lane. Some of them were famously unreliable - Olivetti’s own OPE disk were always back for repair along with miniscribes - NEC’s were very reliable and sought after. Maxtors were generally ok and Micropolis too

[@bricefleckenstein9666]

@@eliotmansfield I'm pretty sure that Connor introduced both the 20 AND the 40 at the same time. I want to say there was a larger drive in the same series introduced a month or two later?

[@eliotmansfield]

@@bricefleckenstein9666 yes the 20 and 40 may well of come out at the same time or almost the same time

[@antong3987]

@@eliotmansfield Olivetti. The hard drive sandwich company. A 5.25 drive, sandwiched between two pieces of plywood and stuffed into a box with poly foam.

[@eeydabez2169]

Great video, thanks! Another small bit of history: Ampex, an important company in magnetic storage and its use in the video industry. During my years in San Jose I had an elderly colleague who had previously worked in an R&D lab at Ampex in the 60's when they were developing a washing machine sized hard drive. He told a story about how they kept tripping on power cords which would destroy the read/write heads scratched the platters as the beast spun down. So they designed a huge solenoid to yank the arms out if the power was lost - good job, problem solved. Except... A few weeks later, the power cord was again yanked out by accident, causing the hard drive arms to retract while another engineer's arm was inside the machine! The poor guy lost part of a finger! It's amazing to consider that these technolgoies originated as washing machine sized objects that people used wrenches, drills and hammers on. :-D And as such, posed certain health safety risks!

[@sharkscrapper]

A fascinating historical perspective on HDD's - thank you for putting this together. I'm in the e-scrap recycling business and love when I get older hardware. I'm building a museum of sorts and your video gives me a new perspective on old drives I've accumulated.

[@JoseLopez-hp5oo]

g=c800:5 to access the Western Digital formatter from debug. After running Norton Speed Disk to get the best interleave. Ahh the days!

[@JohnDoe4321]

"Speed Disk" was the filesystem defragmenter. "Calibrate" adjusted interleave.

[@JoseLopez-hp5oo]

@@JohnDoe4321 Yes thanks you, NC ! Ok after 35+ years I dropped a few bits!

[@svenhans662]

I lived near the old Winchester manufacturing facility in south San Jose, they left that land very polluted.

[@jim9404]

As I recall ,the major contributor to the pollution was a nearby Fairchild Semiconductor Fab. This was discovered when there was a high degree of birth defects in the children of families who lived in a neighborhood near the fab. The Neighborhood and the fab were upstream of the IBM plant and the water moved downstream through the aquifer toward the San Francisco Bay. Rather than fight with the government over whose fault it was, IBM drilled lots of wells to analyze the type and concentration of chemicals in the aquifer and took remediation steps while they owned the property. 1982_02_28-At-Fairchild-new-reports-of-toxic-leaks-San-Jose-Mercury-Susan-Yoshum

[@theantipope4354]

11:00 Okay, as a veteran of the 80s & 90s hard disk industry, I have to take issue here; for many years, hard disks used stepper motors to drive the heads. It wasn't until the 90s that voice-coil drivers were used to position the RW heads, & that's when storage capacities really took off. I'm loving this episode. I'm remembering back in the 80s when ST506 (5MB) & ST412 (10MB) were the standard hard disks, & you had to find suitable controller cards to be able to use them on your PC. Does anyone else remember the days in the late 80s & early 90s when you could upgrade your storage by replacing your MFM encoded PC/AT hard disk controller with a somewhat less reliable RLL controller for an additional 50% storage? Ah, that was back when Steve Gibson's tools were valuable.

[@tastyfrzz1]

We were using vcmas at MPI in the 80s when I started in 83. RSD, FSD1, MMD, and even the small drive from Omaha used them.

[@thegeforce6625]

Good old SpinRite. Steve recently released version 6.1 in feb 2024, 20 years after 6.0 was released lol.

[@epyleptik1381]

I suddenly feel so much older. After cutting my teeth on (in the storage sense) Shugart 8" floppy disks, I then stepped up to Diablo Series 30 5mb drives, quickly onto 10mb CDC Hawks and then to CDC 97xx drives. All these drives required regular head alignment, floppy disk included. With the voice coil driven hard drives, head replacement and filters were replaced regularly. The relief with advent of micro-computers with their sealed Winchester drives was quite something.