Lecture 50a How Tyrannosaurus rex became king of the dinosaurs

In this video I explore the origin and evolution of the group of carnivorous dinosaurs that gave rise to Tyrannosaurus rex, by trancing the lineage of Tyrannosaurus rex back in time to the Jurassic Period, and feature various fossils of dinosaurs that may have given rise to T. rex. I also explore how Tyrannosaurus rex became the king of dinosaurs in the modern age.
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[@runeloreaus]

Thank you for your continued working sharing your detailed knowledge of the amazing natural history of our planet to the wider public. Recently I've had a renewed interest in our geological past and have found your videos to be a fantastic resource. In the past I have gone hunting for fossils, and as my understanding of ancient life increases I find myself going back to some of the specimens I collected and seeing them in a new light. I live in Central Australia with tens of thousands of vast, often unexplored bushland and desert around me. Finding information on localities to hunt for fossils had been difficult, but after watching your videos I picked up some tips and managed to come across a bunch of old publications of the geology and fossil record. I was also surprised to find my state geological surveys explanatory notes were completely public. Now I know the areas I had previously searched were the Amadeus Basin's Horn Valley Siltstone dating from the early to middle Ordovician and the Arthur Creek Formation dating to the middle Cambrian. I created overlays on Google Earth Pro using the maps from the geological survey and now have a much clearer idea of where to search on my next trip! I'm hoping to bring back some good Trilobite specimens from the Arthur Creek Formation as these can be found well preserved in siltstone.

[@paleo1019]

Great video Dr. Burger!

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

Thank you. I enjoy your KZbin channel, keep up the good work.

[@Ludwick.Vesper]

Lol dr.burger

[@Alberad08]

I never heard of ulnar deviation in context of running - nor thought of it that way. Yes, that makes all sense! Thank you very much for sharing this!

[@cancel1913]

Really appreciate your videos.

[@prepperpov5852]

Your channel is exactly what I’m looking for

[@viniciusborges6439]

Me too

[@derrickbonsell]

I've heard that if Tyrannosaurus lacked feathers as an adult it was as a derived feature, perhaps in the way that scales on bird legs are degenerated feathers instead of scales as Crocodilia and Lepidosauria have.

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

Yes, it would be derived. Larger animals tend to reduce integumentary structures, think rhinos and elephants, to help cool the animal in hot climates. While some living in cold climates keep their integumentary structures, like wooly mammoths. T. rex living in a warm climate could have lost their integumentary structures. It will be exciting to find some evidence of feathers in the future.

[@derrickbonsell]

Either way it always amazes me (well I learned it from your theropod video) that T.rex is more closely related to the little songbird singing every morning than to the Allosaurus that to an untrained eye like mine just looks like a smaller T.rex.

[@jayswift4511]

I thought t Rex was best known (although widespread) from the hell creek formation. Wasn't that a more temperate climate in the late C?

[@fredolney9595]

Thank you Dr. Burger for another great video. I am looking forward to many more in the future.

[@Vampire__Squid]

Kinda unrelated, but have you ever talked about why crocodiles are the only large reptiles that exist today?

[@TheCakeIsNotaVlog]

I don’t look up at the stars and feel insignificant. I see the scope of the universe, and I feel like a god. Beyond a god. Because, there is so much out there, even more unseen, vibrating between the bright spots. Possibly so much, that it goes on forever. And me, this tiny, insignificant, fragile speck of dust? I’m part of that. I am, you are, we _all_ are, star stuff. We’re not insignificant. We are everything

[@philcelegatti]

Great video!

[@mydocument7917]

Thank God you uploaded. Amazin content!

[@matthewturner2803]

Wonderful talk, really enjoyed it!

[@johnlawrence9957]

Another great video! Thank you!

[@krisinsaigon]

convergent evolution is fascinating, i love these videos. I think you need to adjust the white balance on the camera, it seems to jump. Possibly you have it set on your camera to auto white balance. It makes your skin look a little orange, it's the colour temperature of the lights you are using and the colour temperature the camera is set at are not the same. I think what is happening is you are using tungsten light bulbs set at 3200k to light the shot but your camera is set to daylight at 5500K or it is changing automatically. if you set the camera to the same colour temperature as the light source you will have more natural and beautiful looking skin tones. If the skin tones are too blue the camera is set too low and if the skin tones are too orange the camera is set too high. I'm looking to make some youtube videos myself, on a totally different subject, and i've just been having to research this. if the light source is tungsten 3200k and the camera is set to 3200k then it will be fine and if the light source is 5500k daylight and the camera is set to daylight it will also be fine.

[@krisinsaigon]

having watched a few more minutes, i think what is happening is the white balance is set to automatic. Do you notice how the colour of your face keeps changing disconcertingly between takes? i was just watching the moment about the downward moving wristbone in small raptors, and then you talk about it being a trait share in birds and at that point the colour changes. I think the camera is on automatic white balance and that is why it shifts then. if you set it to manual and at whatever the light source is at this problem will totally go away

[@tyrantking1916]

I think they evolved like that because they were in a arm race with their prey items the ceratopsians Ceratopsians develop frills and horns for defense, Tyrannosaurs develop teeth and powerful jaws for Attack

[@phonicdictation9856]

spectacular lecture

[@phonicdictation9856]

super interesting

[@harrisoncoleman6306]

Amazing Bro!

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

Thanks

[@AlohaMilton]

Love your videos. Bought that book, thanks for the reading recommendation. How about a video on the Tanis site? Would love your take on that. High energy 'rapid' geologic events are a huge interest of mine as well as deep history.

[@bathyshawaii6882]

Another great video! Gotta big up Barnum Brown- I think his knack for PR might have given T. rex an early bump. Also: banana-sized teeth 😄

[@prepperpov5852]

Wow thanks

[@danielshadegg8913]

Love ur videos!!!

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

Thank you.

[@martinfernandez882]

AMNH 5027 on the thumbnail, I like it. Could you talk about Xenacanthiform sharks?

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

That is a great idea!

[@hermione3muller674]

Did T Rex have colour or feathers and were there any on continental Europe?

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

We don't have direct evidence for feathers, however, Dilong does have evidence of fluffy downy like feathers, so T.rex likely could have had some. There is no evidence for color, so we don't know. Tyrannosaurus rex and Tarbosaurus have yet to be found on continental Europe, however, larger ceratosaurians and tetanurans are known from the Cretaceous of Europe, and share characteristics with African dinosaurs.

[@darklord-vm9xz]

Tbh T-Rex is ok but I prefer the prehistoric mammals I hate the question spinosaurus vs trex

[@dwightehowell8179]

I'm not at all sure that Jane and Bloody Mary are juvenile anything. Bloody Mary had forearms bigger than Sue and body parts with bones don't usually shrink when you grow bigger. There were also over 30 shed teeth at the site of Bloody Mary's triceratops kill. The teeth were from animals that would have been approximately the same size as Bloody Mary. That suggests a rather large pack of juveniles and no adults or something that isn't T-Rex. X-rays of the skulls of these animals doesn't match up well with an adult T-Rex either. Time will tell or not.

[@BenjaminBurgerScience]

Yes, they do show much longer skull in these juvenile forms. It will be interesting to see what future research shows.