Best Chess Game Of The 20th Century

[@raghav4841]

Now I understand how Bobby Fischer played so well in his career. Not many people know this but he had an older brother who helped him throughout his chess journey. His name was Stock Fischer.

[@stanley3064]

Hahahaha

[@SCYN0]

Omg 😭 😂

[@turnipxd]

good pun

[@kevinbarth]

😄

[@suebuitelaar7607]

I see this is some kind of pun but I don’t get it.. What is a “stock fisher” ? 🤔

[@noornasri5753]

Bobby the entire game: "I dare you to take it"

[@benracu4406]

this comment needs more likes

[@hopesonmakokha5217]

haha he must've been like "I double you mother******"

[@carsonproctor6037]

This is the funniest comment ever

[@Jason-uv5tm]

@@benracu4406 it has 1.1K likes now

[@Rise_0-0]

@@Jason-uv5tm it now has 1.5k

[@funmachine100]

Byrne said that he let Bobby mate him because he wanted to see the masterpiece complete

[@SP-bb2ni]

Truth

[@carlneoh5843]

What an honourable player

[@XxMVPxDawg]

@@carlneoh5843 Lol at first glance I read "What a horrible player".

[@dhushy63]

Nice I appreciate these kinda stuffs

[@stabgoblin]

Then he should have took that bishop

[@o..o5480]

"Bringing queen out and using it the entire game is not advisable" Every god damn opponent I played: "Allow us to introduce ourselves"

[@robinsinpost]

'Please allow ME to introduce myself. I’ve been around for a long, long year' Yow….yow….yow Huh, huh, huh

[@chinmayanaik1380]

especially with gay openings like the wayward ewwww

[@WorldisOne]

@@chinmayanaik1380 I can't with your reply😂 seriously? gay opening😭😭

[@shivaji856]

Correct. If you bring Queen out, It would get the required support.

[@adnansrour8790]

Nelson..

[@pocketgroyper9301]

What an absolute masterstroke of a game. Seeing a windmill get executed at this high of a level is a joy and a treat in addition to a very early queen sacrifice that pays off. Bobby truly was a wizard at finding all kinds of creative ways to set up forced mates.

[@hellofellowgamers4214]

ye i dont see windmills often but when i do they are brutal

[@nikolasnash7288]

GLO GLOYPER

[@MONSTERKILL2013]

Spic fuentes will never be white to me

[@skyg4723]

😢יבו

[@blueguitarist]

Donald Byrne it is said let the game go on to let young bobby have his glory. The fame of this game goes partially to him for the sportsmanship

[@tjitsekoster9379]

Also, it must be amazing to lose like that to a 13 year old and he must have known he was part of some historic moment.

[@verasinha7863]

Byrne said he could have resigned the moment the queen sacrifice was played, but he wanted the young bobby to finish the game with a beautiful checkmate

[@larrylindgren9484]

@@verasinha7863 Ok did he think the 13 year old would make a mistake and he'll beat him. I'd say he thought Bobby would miss play before he got to the mate. You don't want to lose. You don't want to lose to a so called child. Of course no one knew this was The Bobby Fischer at 13 who'd becoming probably the great chess player in history. If Bobby wasn't there were few in front of him. When you ask all the chess masters of today if they could play anyone in chess history. Who would it be. Hands down most say Bobby Fischer. He was a master at getting you to move the pieces he wanted you to move. If Fischer moved a piece and it looked like he was giving it to you and you took it you probably lost. Fischer gave pieces for a reason. He wanted you take that seemly blunder. Fischer did make mistakes. But they were few a far between. Between 1967-1972 I don't think anyone ever played better chess. He crushed everyone. He didn't just win. He crushed people. Winning 20 games in a row against GMs. I don't care who your playing. If you win 20 in a row against the people Bobby played it was impossible yet he did it. They should have been able to play to a draw somewhere along the line.

[@amiruliman5]

@@larrylindgren9484 he said it himself that he wants the masterpiece completed

[@HelenCrane-jl1nv]

BS

[@samfsad9041]

One of Byrne's chess students related later why he played on: "First of all, you have to remember that in 1956 no one knew that Bobby Fischer was going to become Bobby Fischer! He was just a very promising 13-year-old kid who played a great game against me. When it got to the position where I was lost, I asked some of the other competitors if it might be a nice thing to let the kid mate me, as a kind of tribute to the fine game he played. They said, 'Sure, why not?' and so I did." - Tim Krabbé, Open Chess Diary (quoting Don Heisman)

[@innosanto]

in that case Byrne would be a great teacher.

[@gillrowley7264]

So much respect.

[@TheGluv4e]

"lol, loser" - Fischer, probably

[@adhk]

Ahh...this is so cool...Amsterdamer Tim Krabbé is also an extremely prolific cyclist and has written a favourite cycling classic called De Renner (The Rider). A few years ago I went on a couple of big group rides that he also attended. Really enjoy seeing him quoted here.

[@tahsinalahi]

True gentleman doesn't exis...

[@aakashhaque9805]

Levy is a content MACHINE

[@fionnfitzsimons3500]

@Automne 123456789 stonks fish

[@PludoOfficial]

Amen

[@azurefrost3264]

I was like "does this guy even rest?" now I'm used to this

[@idomerimovich9592]

I am enjoying the content, but the frequent uploads are not good for his channel because of inflation. If he would make a video like twice or 3 times a week, the viewers would have more time to watch each video and would expect the next video more. Now you can see, each video of him is getting less and less views. :(

[@fionnfitzsimons3500]

@@idomerimovich9592 but if he makes 2 videos that get 1.2x the viewership than if he were to make 1 video for example, would that be better or worse?

[@soupe2000]

11:30 This ending would've been too beautiful to happen, but props to Byrne as well for not falling the traps set by all those absolutely unreal moves. You need to be 2 players to make an absolutely iconic and memorable game of chess, and they both delivered.

[@soxnation1000]

Great point. I was also amazed that Byrne saw all those traps

[@datboiwildin]

absolutely. props to byrne entirely

[@ericpallred]

I was cheering & clapping with the “smothered mate” option you showed!! I love all your explanations, so much energy, excitement for this cerebral game.

[@Tendomcgoobin]

yes!

[@oliver-04]

You was clapping?

[@HaTheMolesterIsDead]

@@oliver-04 "you was clapping"

[@squiddy7155]

​@@HaTheMolesterIsDead I clapped yo mama

[@isaiahmonteleone]

What’s worth more than a rook? A king. And that King is IM Levy Rozman

[@Iwilleaturbabieslad]

yOuR nOt lEvY rOzmAn!

[@cesartheskinwalker]

Lmao

[@isaiahmonteleone]

@@Iwilleaturbabieslad brrrrrruuuuh 😂

[@Iwilleaturbabieslad]

@@isaiahmonteleone I bet someone will say that

[@isaiahmonteleone]

@@Iwilleaturbabieslad yeah lol

[@Cgaffman]

When Levy doesn’t tell you you’re worth more than a queen 😢

[@Nimrodx3]

Same

[@beholdandfearme]

Last video I watched he told me I was worth less than a knight. It made me smile.

[@momothewitch]

Feels bad man

[@kapils4113]

hey man . ur worth more than a queen

[@tanaypatel109]

Time to unsubscribe.

[@sharpronin562]

Can we take a moment to appreciate how much work Gotham puts in to uploading quality educational chess vids twice a day?

[@adamanlop5945]

ok

[@betzalelfrankenhuis2406]

He’s a goat

[@stefanrendevski1837]

No

[@cant-stand-ya3335]

That's his job lol

[@Jordan-ux6ks]

@Chris Dean do you thank a restaurant worker when they give you your food despite it being their job? Why are famous people special in a way in which they aren't deserving of a thank you? I think the OP was thanking Gotham for his hard work.

[@t_linus_andersson]

Bobby Fischer makes chess look so beautiful.

[@grahamsmith2753]

Fischer's favourite player was Paul Morphy. Fischer described him as the most accurate player who ever lived. Morphy also made chess look ridiculously easy, sacrificing pieces and pawns because he could see the mate at the end of it all.

[@Giggungungap]

I totally love your historical matches videos, I always wanted to understand what was going on behind these great old master's games and now I can finally do it. My brother showed me this channel and its great.

[@maxbischot6958]

KZbin: How much content would you like to make? Levy: Yes

[@zigayrette1142]

much*

[@maxbischot6958]

Ssssstt nobody saw that ;)

[@PikIdo]

@@maxbischot6958 (edited)

[@TKNinja37]

ChYes*

[@imafraud]

hmmm

[@fella11814]

As an older guy just getting interested in Chess, you move a bit fast for me but I've found myself going down a rabbit hole of your videos because of your capability for entertainment and being straight forward with what you're talking about. I can always pick up the pieces with a quick google or watch elsewhere, but when it comes to pacing I actually think you're the top notch for a learning player. It doesn't take too long, it's never boring, and it's always a bit of challenge. I guess that makes it fun.

[@JesseDishner]

Same

[@LittleLouieLagazza]

Agreed. Same-same.

[@tomoyakun9294]

Im 21, and I completely agree with you, part of what made chess more interesting to me was listening to him make commentaries about chess game too fast for me to comprehend alone, it makes me feel the marvel of these players more so than just watching the games raw

[@mikeballard8404]

I agree whole heartedly. I like when he puts the extra excitement/volume, like " HE TAKES QUEEN " !!!

[@bradleyneufeld6127]

Totally. Its super helpful sometimes to hit the setting button and slow the Playback Speed of the video (or speed a video up if it's too slow

[@mauriciomondragon4841]

I propose a bigger challenge than analysing Bobby Fischer and Kasparov: a new series of videos where Gotham recaps my games and tries to make sense of my stupid moves

[@jeffzest8393]

Guess my elo

[@nickknight8065]

Mine too. Can be summed up by Levy saying, "I don't know what he was thinking there" about 23 times.

[@sjgh.r]

Jeff Zest 1356

[@incessantyoutuber9318]

And that how Guess the Elo was born

[@rootbeerfloathaspop3301]

That playlist already exists; it’s called How to Lose at Chess

[@EM38101]

Man, I miss this version of Gotham, enthusiastic as can be, explains every move, doesn't talk about Magnus every second video, I hope he notices that his fans liked this version better.

[@EM38101]

@@art-of2tm I mean, hes more of an asshole now, he thinks that were idiots

[@Jade-zm2tg]

Have you seen his WCC recap now?

[@EM38101]

@@Jade-zm2tg yeah, it's embarrassing

[@Jade-zm2tg]

@@EM38101 he doesnt talk about magnus in them and explains every move and i would say he's pretty enthusiastic

[@EM38101]

@@Jade-zm2tg this comment was made a month ago, he obviously changed, but the wcc reviews are still mid tho

[@tylerlynch2849]

Utterly beautiful chess. Bobby Fischer's brilliance takes my breath away

[@funny-video-YouTube-channel]

Good Game. Fisher is the human AI, before Ai was available.

[@chandrashekharsinghrathore6693]

👍

[@alexnica7895]

Bro human AI is just I 😂

[@user-uk9er5vw4c]

@@alexnica7895 human artificial intelligence, lol

[@ethanolhaines4139]

That would be Capablanca, the "chess machine"

[@zoujonathan6172]

aren't all humans artificial intelligence

[@vetoland92]

Best game of the 21st Century: Carlsen vs Nakamura *Double Bongcloud*

[@dimrivadum9722]

Can't argue on that

[@DrippyWaffler]

Double Bongcloud Hotbox Variation

[@dunngyllite7883]

that was indeed - remarkable

[@physicsisawesome696]

Why do I see Hikaru and Magnus dancing

[@michaelquisutdeus2970]

😂👌

[@masoomshafi7406]

9:38 Levy: what's worth more than a queen? Me having watched the past recaps: YOU. YOU are worth more than a queen. 😊 Levy: A king! Me: oh 😔

[@rafaelrafaelrafael]

I also thought I was worth more than a queen. Disappointed 😔

[@harrisjohneddy5660]

Don't worry guys, were worth more than a chess board.

[@LsSur54]

Lmao

[@the_Punisher_]

But you are a king

[@ethanolhaines4139]

Snowflakes

[@radaction5743]

So many people have analyzed this game for decades. Yet, it never gets old. Thank you.

[@mmind166]

We want more videos on Bobby Fischer sir

[@zatchary]

I need a sound clip of Levy saying "What??" every time I blunder

[@adios8919]

I love how you put double question marks implying that it is indeed a blunder

[@marc8118]

When Gotham says what is wearth more than a queen and he didn’t said “you” 💔

[@chandrashekharsinghrathore6693]

👍

[@tamasdudas8351]

"worth

[@SasmitRanjan]

Cringe

[@tuba2987]

When you cant even spell worth 💔

[@GeekonaBike]

Young Whippersnapper is definitively what they said in 50s. It was often directed at myself. I took it as a compliment not matter how it was intended

[@chandrashekharsinghrathore6693]

👍

[@marklehman5272]

Holy shit I saw bishop to e6.... I'm kinda proud of myself.

[@musabrashid1062]

I’ve been waiting for this vid for so long.!, i saw others explaining this game but did not understand..but know it is clear and I understand why this was such a hit..! Thank you levy..you the best

[@Grrrpure100]

Wow! This game absolutely blew my mind. The whole sequence after Bishop e6, including the threat of smothered mate, is just gorgeous.

[@josh3112]

Qf1 Rxf1 ne2+ 🤯

[@josh3112]

That variation was good

[@Carlwatkins1984]

"My bishops are laser beams, I mean criss cross apple sauce" Levy Rozman 2021

[@rawdaaljawhary4174]

I looove when Levy says criss cross applesauce 🤩. It takes me back to recess and makes me smile 😊.

[@majoshi4335]

this

[@vinchinzo594]

@@rawdaaljawhary4174 Criss cross applesauce, eenie meenie miney moe, Rick Ross is a boss, grab him by his teeny toe

[@michaelirish6634]

This is probably the first game of chess I've seen that truly highlights its sheer beauty and complexity. Thank you.

[@benyanman]

Have seen this game from multiple youtube channels before but honestly, this is the best recap of this marvellous game of the century.

[@georgecindyaustria4995]

This game is a masterclass of chess. So many lessons to be learned in it. My favorite of Fischer’s games by far.

[@RobertRFalk]

TRUE FACT: It was Agadmator's recap of this game that got interested in chess again! The way Bobby gets his pieces working together still blows my mind every time I watch it. Thanks!

[@andrewptob]

I would’ve blundered all of those baits that Byrne didn’t bite on. Crazy that someone can see so much and still get crushed, but Fischer was just on another level.

[@benb203]

I’m really enjoying these historical game recaps!

[@michaelkemp5408]

Yeah, interesting to see how chess theory and practice has evolved over time- more please!

[@mctuble]

Very insightful. My only pro AND CON is you make everything look too easy that I want to go play only to realize I forgot what you said to do in a certain situation and realize I'm not that good but still love learning the game. Love the content man.

[@vinchinzo594]

I just started playing chess and this is my current cycle xD "Ooh, beautiful game, makes perfect sense! Let me try!" then I blunder my queen :)

[@kakhak]

Mind-blowing... The world never seen the genius like Bobby.

[@thephysicistcuber175]

14:03 yes, the bishop moved, I remind you that black short castled earlier.

[@realimsocrazy]

levy puts out videos faster than stockfish can calculate the best move

[@mercuryatamolos3687]

Love that you’ve been analyzing historical games like this and the Ed Lasker game! Keep it up please! There are beautiful games from Anderssen, Morphy, Alekhine, Capablanca and so many more

[@BernhardWeber-l5b]

Omg the commentary is SO instructive! Perfect!!

[@GTtscizzle]

11:24 I love how he says queen f1; body language + facial expression + voice. He already knows this move is coming and he still can't help himself getting hype af.

[@Axiomatic75]

Levy is right about the importance of a confidence boost you get when beating a stronger player. I'm currently rated 1400 (long time format) and recently beat a 1850 rated player, actually by far the highest rated player I was ever up against. It really put me in a different state of mind. I'm not scared to play say a 1500 rated player anymore because I know I can beat them. I'm more confident to make bold moves when before I'd try to play it safe.

[@3scrs334]

He sounds like a trumpet when he says 'prepare' at 4:50

[@tessalexander4569]

how the fuck did you notice this??? you’re completely right but how did this cross your mind

[@DodgyDan4]

@@tessalexander4569 your comment has killed me 😂😂😂

[@priscillaperry6463]

🎺Brrp 🎺brrp 😂😂 I totally hear it

[@priscillaperry6463]

I cant unhear thisss lmaoo

[@VimpGaming]

11:10 The suspense built up was insane.... was a potential ending literally would have been brilliant

[@ARAGAMINGALOK07]

This is probably the BEST and most LEGENDARY Chess game I have ever seen! Our cat died today, so I am just trying to get my mind off his death watching some YT vids, I cried a lot today. He came at our home somewhere in the beginning of this year.. My sister brought him in and named him 'Casper' after a few days. We had a lot of fun together, he would often get in my blanket for warmth, would come over to our door everyday at 4-6 AM and my mother would open up to invite him in and provide him warm milk which he would happily drink. Today, I carried his dead body to his final resting place... I decided to put this here because this is one of those channels which I love a lot. Dang... I am crying again😢

[@shauncameron9554]

I have to say that I'm really pleased with the recent increase in game analyses, keep up the good work!

[@ikarea3057]

Holy shizzle an amazing game, so many crazy moves and traps featured in this game! To imagine that Bobby could play chess at that level at 13 years old is beyond me :o

[@parsadavari5739]

you know who is about to dominate the match when its Fischer's perspective(the main character)

[@JoelJoel321]

I've seen this game analysed before but you brought a new level to it with lots of important lessons. Thanks Levy.

[@SobriquetSobriquet]

Love the energetic commentary. Hopefully this makes someone fall in love with the beauty of chess.

[@VegetaPixel]

This Bobby kid seems pretty good, he should try to become world champion.

[@shaheedlinzag3436]

His dead bruh

[@akramansari885]

Nahh broooo you are exaggerating a NM title is enough for this kid for defeating an old fart in a fancy way anyone can do that what's so special bout it

[@456death654]

How do people still don’t know this joke

[@xerowon3490]

@@shaheedlinzag3436 r/whoooosh

[@MorbiusBlueBalls]

or nazi for that matter

[@bodhienglish2180]

levy recapping classic chess games is the only thing keeping me going

[@joeb4142]

Damn Levy, 100k views in 6 hours? You da man! I’ve seen this game many times and it never gets old.

[@gavinvolaire]

Awesome video. Dude, you're so fired up about chess. I'm sure I won't be the first to metion Bobby's king bishop got fianchettoed early on then moved back to block a check

[@scubacat3134]

I'm under 600 rating for chess and this absolutely blew my mind. It even taught me so many things about the order I move pieces and the positions I move them to. Mainly because of your analysis. Great video, thank you.

[@pacnite]

I’m glad that Gotham is covering historical matches. I know agadmagor does this too but I enjoy it more with Gotham’s commentary and personality. No hate on agadmator tho. That guy was a KZbin chess pioneer.

[@Xonatron]

I enjoy the multiple perspectives.

[@bobbyfischer117]

no way agad is way better, as he goes more in depth in the variations at what was in my mind. agad is the best. gotham will never reach the agad level.

[@god2020]

@@bobbyfischer117 chill

[@fatcheetah7750]

I actually managed to find the queen sacrifice move ... after seeing it about 100 times in books

[@lukemckelvey5996]

Your chess commentary is epic and unparalleled! I'm supposed to be finishing my uni assignment! Love it!

[@mileshenley1163]

Bobby's dark squared bishop actually had moved earlier in the game, but moved back to its original f8 square to block the check from the queen.

[@Leofardom]

I somehow predicted the knight sacrifice 2-3 moves earlier

[@car_stone_]

7:22. Criss-Cross Apple SAUCE

[@AntiTheory]

I play the King's Indian as the black pieces all the time and it would have taken me a million years to see the moves that Fischer made in this game beyond the opening.

[@tahaymvids1631]

If this is Bobby at 13 I don’t even want-

[@Justin-qe6gj]

?

[@ahuman6546]

Yea bye

[@rmetz_r6210]

Wath

[@Saffettti81]

Most savage and brilliant play ever

[@vzssb782]

Glad you decided to cover this game. I first watched it nearly a decade ago when I was just getting into chess and it always stuck with me :) After 17...Be6, I was wondering if 18. Qxc3 would've been better than what Byrne played. After plugging the position into the lichess engine, it seems it IS the best move. That said, the position after 18. Qxc3 is still -8.5, despite black being up 5 points of material (1 bishop and 2 pawns) in this variation.

[@panglimapanglima]

Sorry I was wrong 😂😂. I never thought at all that Dewa Kipas was cheater. It turns out that he’s not that good😂😂. Regards from Lombok, Indonesia.

[@СеверьянИванов]

Let me just appreciate Levy's work and such impact on chess promotion👏👏👏

[@Boop__Doop]

I would've gotten destroyed so bad from the first attack

[@viksinha5410]

My dad taught me that the queen is useless attacking-wise if there is not another piece helping it

[@kaldrazadrim]

This is my favorite, chess game of all time, and the one I recommend to people to get anyone to fall in love with chess

[@justseccoo7853]

Its all good and fine until you realize bobby was in MIDDLE SCHOOL in 1956

[@levyfishman455]

😮

[@julividio2310]

the spirit of making the content levy. From indoneia

[@queenelisa1094]

I'm loving the historical games series you're making! I wish I could see a review of a romantic chess game like the Immortal Game or one by Morphy one of these days, could be super interesting!

[@bravedonkie45]

I'm re-watching this on fischer's birthday

[@thomasjordan3241]

As friend of one of Donald Byrne's sons, I would like to mention a few things. Firstly the family name is pronounced "burn". Second, it is indeed true that Donald allowed Bobby to finish the game because his play was so brilliant. Bobby and Donald played together on the U.S. Chess team during the cold war and were friends until Donald's untimely death due to complications from Lupus in 1976.

[@ianstopher9111]

Like the famous musician David Bryne, I thought everyone with that surname pronounced it Burn.

[@ZorLink21]

14:37 that is called the Vukovic mate

[@420dev-cs2]

dude i love your dedication for chess, thank you!

[@andrewbalaz3140]

I love how levy thinks that somebody would watch his videos hundred years later. :D Kappa

[@CarassiusAu]

That “somebody” would be me grandchildren

[@walkingtree2486]

Probably will. A lot of media we consume normally will be studied hundreds of years later

[@paulbeades6681]

Man, this content is so good. Cheers.

[@paulbeades6681]

Fascinating. Enjoyed that a lot.

[@ButOneThingIsNeedful]

Interesting that two of Bobby Fischer's most spectacular performances were against both Byrne brothers (Robert & Donald). This one in 1956, the other (vs. Robert) in 1963, when Fischer was 20 years old.

[@itmightbe]

2:25 yes Gotham density is a word

[@xDMrGarrison]

Fischer was only 12 here jesus christ. This game would've been beautiful even if he was in his peak, but 12 that's just nuts. Levy please keep covering these historic games, you're really got at it and I love the quick the explanations of the tactical and strategic ideas that occur :D

[@Sacramescu]

Great video, it’s always super interesting to see how good players can see so many moves ahead! I just got to 900 today and my main concern is to not blunder! Very fascinating!

[@aslampanakkadan6056]

"Two drunk guys at a local bar" are probably the best players ever

[@geekspeed300]

Bobby fisher is legendary player this game is just amazing truly the best game of the 20th century

[@ConradCraft]

"I am your DENSITY!" - George McFly

[@Lucas-wm7cw]

1:36 sorry partner I'm actually watching this from the year 1877

[@CrybabyEren]

2024 lol

[@basincut100]

It was reported that Donald Byrne, in a sporting gesture, said to his colleague who was observing the game: will I let the boy mate me? His friend apparently agreed that he should. Afterwards, Donald also said to his friend “We must keep an eye on this boy”. I, like so many others around the world was enthralled to follow the drama in 1972 when Fisher played Spassky.

[@jonathanbucher6498]

Game 6 of the 1972 world championship between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky please! Your Recaps are awesome Levy.

[@maximilian_k.2453]

The real beauty here is levy still being nice to his subscribers

[@ashnilsingh]

Mr. Welcome to GothamChessRecaps : "not sure when you watching in the future" Me: err immediately

[@Xonatron]

But still future!

[@Igor-ug1uo]

8:05 I thought about knight takes c3 while you were explaining things and quickly concluded it was a bad move. I was surprised to learn it wasn't so bad 😄

[@maxhorsford7800]

Last time I was this early levy was still wearing the same hoodie

[@satoru_Gojo_21]

I really enjoy watching those old Gotham videos. Love from 2024.

[@edwardjarvis3442]

Levi i know this video is old, but you are one of the most captivating game reviewers i've ever come across. Besides from just being incredibly thorough and leaving no stone unturned, you have an infectious passion for the beauty of chess that rubs off on people, myself included.