Black Holes obey the Laws of Thermodynamics. Here's how.

Black holes seem like the ultimate absorbers, which would make you think they're absolute zero. Hawking radiation tells a different story though. It's a thermal spectrum!
Nick Lucid - Host/Writer/Editor/Animator
Vanessa R Bradley - Thumbnail
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VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS
Hawking Radiation:
• How does Hawking Radia...
Cosmic Microwave Background:
• Cosmic Microwave Backg...
Cosmic Horizons:
• Is the Universe a gian...
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OTHER SOURCES
web.stanford.edu/~oas/SI/SRGR...
arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0409024
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hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/...
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LINKS TO COMMENTS
• Could there be Infinit...
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IMAGE CREDITS
Supermassive Sagittarius A*:
www.eso.org/public/videos/eso...
Black Hole Simulation:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13326
Astrophysical Jet:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12994
Cosmic Microwave Background Map:
sci.esa.int/s/WLGmGdw
Stephen Hawking:
images.nasa.gov/details-20080...
Portraits:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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TIME CODES
00:00 Cold Open
00:26 Hawking Radiation
02:02 History of Thermodynamics
04:59 Thermometers
06:54 Black Hole Laws
09:10 Summary
09:51 Outro
10:13 Featured Comment

[@RussellFlowers]

Idea for cutting in the front of the line... "Hey, I was first!" - "Yes, but you weren't zeroth!"

[@gregoryfloriolli9031]

Yes, we’ve had breakfast but what about 0th breakfast?

[@werefrogofassyria6609]

@@gregoryfloriolli9031 That breakfast you had was 0th breakfast. We're in too big of a rush for real breakfast.

[@purpl3grape]

0 the hero 1st the worst 2nd the best 3rd the one with the hairy chest

[@yrrahyrrah]

What about -1st?

[@theobolt250]

That answere says a lot about you. Mr zero! 😂

[@stevenjones8575]

"Fine, but just the quick version!" *makes time for "Black balls in space!"* This man has his priorities straight.

[@raemuowalter4737]

tbf black hole should get a new name since we know way more about today, "hole" is confusing, don't look at me I don't have idea for a sweet name

[@sylfthesoundyoulongfor8363]

@@raemuowalter4737 Singularity sphere

[@michaelmcdoesntexist1459]

Sphergularity

[@Random_PersonOfficial]

aren't *_Black balls in space_* just black holes?

[@Predated2]

@@raemuowalter4737 well, while hole is confusing initially, it is a hole, a hole with a perfect radius in the entirety of spacetime, making it a sphere. We could maybe get a better name though "well", since a black hole is the part of a gravity well where nothing can escape through causality. So maybe a Bottomless Causality Well, even though that is probably even more confusing.

[@samardeep1401]

"Black Balls in Space" is probably the best line to start a discussion about black holes

[@Breakfast_of_Champions]

Black Balls in Space baby!

[@LeopoldoGhielmetti]

When you have Black Spaceballs, you can fall inside at ludicrous speed

[@whatelseison8970]

Black ball beats 'em all.

[@blenga2]

I laughed out loud with this line, was totally not expecting it 😂 Best line of 2021 for sure !

[@ronniestanley75]

If you cross the event horizon, you are Balls Deep.

[@andrewmat]

Love how his wife is supportive. "You can do it"

[@sympathybear7031]

Lol

[@kendakgifbancuher2047]

Black holes are also the COOLEST things in the Universe!

[@boonewalker3973]

I impulsively clicked the video because i thought that’s what it said hagagaga

[@tomkerruish2982]

Black holes are out of sight!

[@doctorwhoinfinite]

@@tomkerruish2982 but never out of mind!

[@boogieboss]

I think life is the coolest/miracles thing in that violent universe.

[@jskratnyarlathotep8411]

THERE!

[@joaquintineo9589]

"Black holes are the coldest things in the universe" My crush's heart: "Allow me to introduce myself"

[@justinahole336]

I was going to go with my ex or their lawyer.

[@BeardedBooper]

Soul-crushing attraction? Sucks the life out of you? Coldest thing in the universe? Are we sure they're not the same thing?

[@T1Oracle]

Inescapable gravity? Time slows down the closer you get? No matter how strong you think you are, you still fall in? Are we sure these two aren't the same thing?

[@otakuribo]

Black hole: "Finally, human science recognizes how cool I am. 😎"

[@burnerjack01]

Black holes suck.

[@brainboxanky1729]

I really expected "conservation of energy should not be violated" thing as soon as you mentioned emilie du chalet😂😂 Epic video....

[@James42_]

And "Black ball in space"

[@cesaraugustoarevalo5473]

I am from Perú, a place where nobody understands and aprecciate the value of physics. Each video is such a motivation to keep studing what I truly love. You are absolutely brilliant, and It´s ok to be a little crazy !!

[@wurttmapper2200]

I'm from Perú too! And I appreciate the value of physics a lot. It's perfectly ok to be a little crazy

[@horizonbrave1533]

What a 'hot' video! Thanks TSA! By the way, I love the newer 'outtake' black and white parts...a little candid behind the scenes peak is fun. As always, it's great to start the day with some awesome science learning.

[@mukundyadav6913]

Last time I was this early, space and time were absolute

[@aniksamiurrahman6365]

You mean Absolute Vodka?

[@kreynolds1123]

if we consider they never were, despite the period of time we thought they were, then you would be saying you never were this early vs it's been over 100 years since you were this early.

[@mukundyadav6913]

@@kreynolds1123 nerd

[@kreynolds1123]

@@mukundyadav6913 Some wear that title with pride.

[@mukundyadav6913]

@@kreynolds1123 virgin

[@clover7359]

The coldest I've ever been was when I went outside to start my truck in Fairbanks at 6 am, it was -26 F and it was parked a good distance from the camp and to get to it you had to cross snow and ice.

[@ScienceAsylum]

Yikes! 😱

[@Gustavo-hi5dm]

I've been waiting for the thermodynamics of black hole video ever since the hawking radiation one. Too bad it didn't include the second law, but I guess a full video for it will be worth it!

[@ScienceAsylum]

Yeah, you would have been disappointed if I tried to cram it into this video. It deserves its own video.

[@dennisdeslager3382]

@@ScienceAsylum When?

[@aaaaaattttttt5596]

​@@ScienceAsylumwhe?!!

[@Kitsudote]

I've thought about black holes a lot, but for some reason I never thought about their temperature. This was very fascinating, basically black holes do temperature in an inversed way.

[@elmojackson6621]

Thinking about Black Holes a lot? You naughty boy 😂 Of course they have a temperature, unless they are dead 😂

[@alexandermcclure6185]

@@elmojackson6621No, no. Get your mind out of the gutter! Black holes are for eating, best served at room temperature.

[@alextirendi5412]

Question: Are blackholes cold because time is standing almost still inside them? In other words: since temperature is motion, the motion in an blackhole just slows down because time goes slower?

[@Miguel_Noether]

The rate at which time flows in a reference frame respect to another, does not relate to temperature

[@XEinstein]

Time is way way weider than that inside a black hole. Inside a black hole time and space change places so you have three dimensions of time and only one of space.

[@Senekha86]

It has nothing to do with time. "Nothing escapes a black hole" -> really 0 temperature, because it emits nothing. The hawking radiation is a weird idea, you should check Nicks other video. The short story is: the effect is really, really low (still unproven btw.) and therefore the black hole doesnt "emit" much.

[@juzoli]

No. Temperature is how they transmit energy to their environment. Motion is just one easy way to do it by kinetic collisions. But it can also be done through radiation, and other ways. But black holes don’t transmit ANYTHING to their environment. By definition, they are perfectly cold, they cannot heat up anything. They are absolute zero. Except Hawking radiation… Also, as stated in the video, they can be hot in the inside, they just don’t release it until the end of their life.

[@DJ_Force]

@@XEinstein That's a bit misleading. Yes, space becomes "timelike" and time becomes "spacelike". However, time still marches forward for the local observer, and objects still have volume (3 dimensions). In fact, nothing interesting happens upon crossing the event horizon except the view.

[@ProfessorBeautiful]

I love the shout-out to Emilie du Chatelet. And also to Amontons! There were some brilliant people back then. So much insight with so little to work with.

[@Samyak]

Wow i love ur guys content. Its always soooo informative.

[@pierfrancescopeperoni]

Yeah, black holes again, this is the coolest channel on KZbin.

[@bryanfuentes1452]

great content nick...and love those portraits at the backgrounds

[@nothosaur]

I love your time lines. Keep doing those! :)

[@sethsims7414]

My favorite laws of Thermodynamics: 0. There is a game. 1. You can't win. 2. You can't break even. 3. You can't even quit the game.

[@twothreebravo]

"The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco." - Apparently NOT Mark Twain

[@mjproebstle]

literary

[@turingmachine4617]

That could be Ireland as well.

[@OmniCalculator]

The video is pretty cool and well explained. But I have to make a remark about what you said regarding thermodynamics. Even today, thermodynamics is mostly focused on macroscopic phenomena and leaves microscopic/atomic stuff to statistical mechanics (a complicated bastard nobody loves). I know, I know, the line is blurry and there's nothing more subjective than defining the limits of a domain in science... so whatever! Anyway, great video, loved it!

[@ScienceAsylum]

I tend to consider statistical mechanics to be "advanced thermodynamics."

[@OmniCalculator]

@@ScienceAsylum it pretty much is. Less counter-intuitive, but much more complex. :P

[@wesshepard]

Another banger of a video Nick! Thanks for the great content.

[@clivewakeham7239]

I love the "Conversation of Energy" clip, lol

[@liviuconstantin9960]

Yep....that's crazy all right !!! But then again, crazy seems to be the new normal. Kudos and keep it like this. We love this insanity!

[@controlflow89]

This channel deserves MUCH more subscribers, great work!

[@poodamanhaha]

Your videos are without a doubt the absolute best explanations on KZbin. Bravo sir.

[@raghav401]

You are Coolest human being i have ever seen. I love not understading physics properly ever.

[@arctic215]

Another black hole beast by Nick. Love ya.

[@freezinfire]

Black Balls in Space! XD I liked that line when I first heard it in the Black Hole VIdeo a long time ago. Also, the IR thermometer is one of the best scientific instruments I have ever used. Beautiful Video btw.

[@II-th7bn]

The way you study is just awesome,you tell from background and history to real deepness

[@Testgeraeusch]

I remember reading a student joke about the "temperature of hell", reasoning that a thermodynamic system like hell should either expand faster than the incoming amount of souls, therfore cooling or heat up if the expansion is too slow to counter rpessure building up due to the added souls. But if we take a black hole model for hell, which may be a bit more insteresting on a theological level, these findings are exactly reversed... ...and it would proof that Satan is in fact the coolest in the universe B|

[@bookworm8368]

Hail Satan

[@sonicthehedgehog1606]

@@bookworm8368 hail jesus

[@puddleduck1405]

@@bookworm8368 rabbit??

[@bookworm8368]

@@puddleduck1405 I fixed it :)

[@thenasadude6878]

You make it seem too easy a topic :) The only stutter I had was because of the graph plotting wavelength, and thus hotter things were to the left and colder ones to the right. But the graph redeemed itself: the extreme squeeze to jump from visible to black hole frequencies really put things in perspective

[@ScienceAsylum]

The graph just doesn't look as nice to me when it's plotted against frequency 🤷‍♂️

[@thenasadude6878]

@@ScienceAsylum it's all right, I should have paid attention to the axis labels

[@MrVasile]

Thanks Nick...another awesome video.

[@Krish-jm6ve]

Wow This video did blow my brain ! Thank you again Nick !!

[@kylebowles9820]

Me, a programmer "yes, of course the 0th law"

[@Dina_tankar_mina_ord]

ive always thought a name like "blackstar" would be more fitting than hole.

[@Bomba_drastic]

Your name doesn't relate

[@Dina_tankar_mina_ord]

@@Bomba_drastic What I mean is that a black hole is really a star with tremendeous gravity. it has the same characteristics as a star in other regards.

[@Bomba_drastic]

@@Dina_tankar_mina_ord not really black holes break quantum mechanics and generally theory of gravity.

[@Dina_tankar_mina_ord]

@@Bomba_drastic Its a star from the begining. It turns black. but hey im not trying to change your mind. ever heard of a blackbody?

[@ewutermohlen]

Well there's just a big difference between the way a star and a black hole behave. The objects that are close in mass density to a black hole are neutron stars. And even though a neutron star has incredible mass. It behaves a lot more different than a black hole and some even argue that neutron stars aren't stars either since it doesn't undergo fusion anymore. And in this video you also learn the temperature is very cold where all the stars are hot. And we all know light doesn't escape the black sphere trapping it inside hence the name black hole.

[@alexvilonyay8597]

Amazing and succinct! Great video crazy for life!

[@midnightdragonfly9707]

Amazing! I really appreciate this video🖤

[@tushardubey4838]

Awesome sir

[@pizzalover472]

Coldest ever been: waiting for a bus in Pittsburgh.

[@micahtewersofficial]

Myyy dude. Literally searched for this the other day out of curiosity and found nothing nearly as good. Keep killing it.

[@GlenHunt]

BOOM! BOOM! To the Boomline! But seriously, your episode about Hawking radiation is like that chapter in a book I keep referring back to. Gonna go watch it again now.

[@MrMcp76]

Isn't this actually the temperature of the event horizon? If Hawking Radiation occurs at the event horizon then the singularity causing that warped space-time could potentially be a different temp... Which we of course could never know as that information cannot escape the extreme curvature of space-time. Perhaps a nit-pick?

[@sanmar6292]

Time should not flow beyond the event horizon, so there should not be a temperature. And you also cant enter an event horizon. You can only get squished around it, and become a part of it/expand it that way.

[@narfwhals7843]

@@sanmar6292 As far as we can apply the same rules to the inside of the black hole time still flows inside. It just sort of switches places with the space direction towards the singularity. The singularity becomes a point in the future. And you can absolutely enter the event horizon. For the infalling observer the event horzion isn't necessarily anything special. There is no physical boundary there, so you can just cross without anything bad happening. You just can't go back. And nobody _outside_ will ever see you cross. They will see you get redshifted until you merge with it.

[@user-sw9gy5xp4x]

I have a question that in thermodynamics we come to a conclusion that perfect absorbers are perfect emitter. Is it true for black holes too? Because to me blackhole seems a perfect absorbers but not perfect emitter.

[@ScienceAsylum]

Assuming "perfect emitter" means black body radiation, that's exactly what Hawking radiation is.

[@jlpsinde]

Great, dear Nick!

[@iftrejom]

Another amazing video from this legendary science youtuber

[@Outcast_Raj]

When i read about hawking radiation first time from hawking's book, it said that the radiation has something to do with one of the counterparts of a particle antiparticle pair which manages not to fall in whereas its partner eventually ends up inside the BH, can someone tell me what Nick is referring to...when he says extreme radiowave frequencies are emitted by black holes?

[@naamadossantossilva4736]

Watch the other video.The part-antipart pair explanation is BS.

[@ScienceAsylum]

Even Hawking himself knew that explanation was a lie: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qKO4p3-ip9uarrM

[@rererere693]

It's because the particle explanation is false, Electromagnetic emissions supposedly from the hole are actually at wavelengths that correspond to the diameter if the hole. So small holes have high frequencies and large holes emit at longer wavelengths, ie lower energy emissions, thus very cold and slow emissions , whereas very small holes emit xrays and evaporate very quick.....allegedly

[@_John_P]

@@ScienceAsylum (09:01) Would it be fair to say that the Universe cannot be a black hole, amongst other reasons, but also because any 3D object would become dissociated, due to the inability of the information to climb back from the particles that are further "down" towards the particles that are slightly behind, effectively breaking chemical bonds, atomic bonds...?

[@ScienceAsylum]

@@_John_P I explain why the universe can't be a black hole in my video on cosmic horizons: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pWS2lqSirraMlc0

[@yashdadhwal3034]

Can you please tell me if I accelerate a quark would it emit photon due to its electric charge or gluon due to color charge?

[@tushardubey4838]

No brother

[@yashdadhwal3034]

@@tushardubey4838 what do you mean?

[@YounesLayachi]

A quark by itself cannot exist alone afaik So you will be accelerating a particle made of at least 2 quarks But interesting nonetheless I never thought about the effects of colour charge

[@yashdadhwal3034]

@@YounesLayachi I know due to color confinement it's not possible but let's assume it to be hypothetically real then

[@yashdadhwal3034]

In that situation what do the laws of quantum field theory tells us whether it should emit a gluon or photon

[@benjaminrobinson5552]

This channel is as awesome as any out there. I hope you get the viewers you deserve.

[@6900xx]

Good video Mr. Nick. Loved the timeline part. It would nicer if you mentioned the fact that S-U graph for a BH are concave up unlike "normal" matter with concave down shape. The shape of the graph nicely explains that as energy is added to the BH it's tendency to absorb energy increases, which corresponds to cooling down.

[@coolbionicle]

What inspired you making this video??? Yesterday Dr. Becky posted a video with a very simillar topic and an almost identical correction of the blackhole's geometry. What kind of recent discovery are you guys preparing us for???????

[@ScienceAsylum]

I assume you mean this one: kzbin.info/www/bejne/jaGspIR4gbeqhpo Dr. Becky really knows her stuff 🤓. Funny coincidence. I'm actually working up to that exact topic and I'll be going into more detail than she did (because that's why I do on this channel).

[@coolbionicle]

@@ScienceAsylum The very same, yes, she's amazing! It's still very intriguing how the topic on blackholes has been spiking all over youtube as of lately 🤔. Alright then, cool! don't overwork your clones though 🤣.

[@rehatas6059]

If nothing can reach absolute zero, then the background radiation will always live on right?

[@ScienceAsylum]

Should be, yes.

[@aniketeuler6443]

Oh nick thanks for another informative video 😄

[@whoaitsdakenster]

Thanks for what you do!

[@naveenrsuresh5778]

Waiting for the giant can of worms....

[@joesguiltyguitar]

I'm going to watch this video again until I get a understanding of everything he is saying ..

[@tawkinhedz]

Thats the spirit!

[@dr.schlopp4089]

You should probably pass 1st grade grammar first, but we all know how much AN* obstacle that would be for such motivated minds

[@joesguiltyguitar]

@@dr.schlopp4089 do you always talk to yourself , dr. schlopp?

[@joesguiltyguitar]

@@tawkinhedz 😁👍

[@dr.schlopp4089]

@@joesguiltyguitar yee

[@yaminijoshi3740]

Thank you for such amazing content.. It was really so much effort into one video.. Keep doing the great work..

[@physicsphilosophy2492]

Loved your explanation Sir👌👌👌🌺🌺♥️

[@DecadesApartBandSTL]

"Black Balls in Space" sounds like it would be an adult parody to Mel Brookes' :Space Balls"... No disrespect to the great information presented by Nick!!!

[@wrldai5573]

“cOLDesT tHinG” huh Everything reminds me of her😢!

[@joesguiltyguitar]

It's ok , there's more fish in the sea dude ...

[@user-fo5uq7tg6j]

Wait why is he searching for the fish in the first place

[@wrldai5573]

@@user-fo5uq7tg6j my goals are beyond your understanding 😏 Ever thought about finding out how aquaman was born

[@user-fo5uq7tg6j]

@@wrldai5573man you know,sometimes your genius is... Its almost frightening

[@rbkstudios2923]

You are men of culture as well I see

[@samanthahockley1015]

I’m almost 23, I do not plan on studying physics at university and I don’t need to for my career but am I going to beep watching your educational physics videos and other because it’s interesting af? hell yeah I am, love physics!!

[@AnilKumar-mp9hk]

You seem so happy n excited.. Big fan of your channel

[@ScienceAsylum]

Thanks! 😀

[@Stormprobe]

Keep clear of black space balls!

[@Orinslayer]

The flat plane method of teaching about curved space time has got to be one of the most damaging things science has ever done.

[@catswag16]

This is my favorite channel on KZbin

[@Petrov3434]

Great video !!

[@prameyakrishn1929]

Hi

[@ScienceAsylum]

👋

[@Nickelodeon81]

Low

[@danyalag3366]

Black Holes are the COOLEST things in the universe. I'll see myself out.

[@nickverbree]

Man, I love your videos

[@grantkerst908]

Gotta say love the addition of the grayscale bloopers!

[@rationalbelief4451]

1st

[@joesguiltyguitar]

You dirty little first 🥇 got it fast fast !

[@brainboxanky1729]

Yes you are first

[@brainboxanky1729]

Bhai tui banga e thakis?

[@rationalbelief4451]

@@brainboxanky1729 hae vai

[@laplacia]

I am happy that you stopped answering questions with questions. Good job!

[@user-uu7sk8bz5l]

The way you explain such complicated subjects is very attractive .please sir we need you to teach us more.

[@shelley-anneharrisberg7409]

Awesome video! "Black balls in space" is just going to have to be my new motto! Love the physics of black holes - and explained really well! :)

[@Frahamen]

I like the conversation style videos!

[@Earth4Mars]

Wow. I learned something new today!

[@mobiustrip1400]

@6:58 Love the way he scratches his non existent goatee 🤣

[@prameyakrishn1929]

I just love your videos

[@hemsingh6785]

And thank you for making this video

[@PirontiGameplay]

Omg I love your videos so much

[@zgegosaurusrho8205]

Black hole are so cool....Your Clapeyron was good, but poor Chatelet had a phoneme cut. Thx for your content!

[@nilanjankmukherjee234]

🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️🤦‍♂️ So counterintuitive.. This video raises more questions than it answers. Looking forward to the next video

[@ThaBeatConductor]

Really happy you didn't say the cliched "Nothing, not even light, can escape." Thank you, get so tired of hearing that.

[@ScienceAsylum]

That statement is true, but only inside the event horizon. It's just that people tend to get the _impression_ it also applies to outside the event horizon, which is _not_ true.

[@ThaBeatConductor]

@@ScienceAsylum Definitely. One of the coolest areas around a black hole, i think, is the photosphere. I like to imagine what it would look like to sit in the photosphere. What would we see?

[@buckhubach2720]

Hey Nick, I just got your book. I'm looking forward to reading it. Hopefully I can handle the math. Another good video.

[@ScienceAsylum]

Thanks! And good luck! 🤓

[@knowmankind]

Thanks!

[@johnrivera922]

You are the greatest sir.

[@ZetaFuzzMachine]

4:53 DAMN RIGHT WE DO

[@NiSR0011]

the black balls and pumping out radiation ..eating all surroundings ,yet follows all law of thermodynamics ..And shivering ultra coooool..yeahaa...chilled out !thanks .

[@georganatoly6646]

my programmer brain hears 'the third law' and interprets law[2] shows highlighting the 4th law -- my brain: it hurts!

[@wernerviehhauser94]

Oh, that brings back memories from 1999 when I had a course in astrophysics and gave a presentation on compact objects

[@mrhypnagogia]

YEEEES I LOVE YOUR VIDEOS

[@TheSwiftFalcon]

Hey, that's a smooth segue at the end there. :)

[@FriskMeemur]

0:40 the science asylum when your parents walk in

[@ky314]

Impressive segue to the ad!

[@ScienceAsylum]

😂 Thanks.

[@prathamjohari8301]

As a computer science student, 0th makes lots of senses... we don't count from 1, we do it from 0

[@uninspired3583]

Nods to previous videos, chefs kiss.

[@khastilrist]

I so want a "conservation of energy shall not be violated" tshirt

[@ciCCapROSTi]

It makes intuitive sense that larger black holes are cooler, they are less dense after all.