Black Holes VS Brown Dwarfs, Moon Telescopes, Galaxy Collision | Q&A 201

[@Threedog1963]

Kamino I met a guy at a print shop here in the Houston area who was having an astro-print made. It was beautiful. I asked him how many hours the exposure was and he said it was 18 hours in his backyard...under the Houston light dome. I was very impressed that he got that stunning picture with the long exposure and filters. Having said that, I have heard that the typical filters filter light emitted from street lights, both Metal Halide and the High Pressure Sodium. Do you think the flood of LED street lights will be an issue in the future?

[@ElectricAscension]

A follow-up question to KAMINO: Why are Dobsonian telescopes considered terrible for (astro)photography? Could one not adapt a camera to the eyepiece and build a tracking mount? Thanks, Faser!

[@AudreyMayer]

A question that I thought might be worth asking: in the last video you put out (it was sent to my inbox Dec. 3) talked about the JWST being able to see almost to "the edge of the observable universe", so I was wondering if there is any possible way to see beyond that, or at least to understand that better.

[@galaxia4709]

question: Since spacecrafts are made from materials from the earth, what is the total mass of all (low-Earth orbit) satellites plus scientific probes (missions in and beyond the solar system) human kind has ever sent away from Earth? What percentage of Earth's mass did Earth loose hereby? How much did this change Earth's orbit mathematically (not in real life, because orbits and the universe aren't perfect), like in terms of femtometers or attometers closer in maybe? Also how much mass per 1 million yrs is Earth loosing of its atmosphere? And how much mass has Earth been gaining by space dust, meteorites and asteroids over the last 4 billion years? How much did this change its orbit? Thank you Fraser, and I love everything you do!

[@freedonnadd71]

I definitely liked naboo the best once all the visuals got added. It was really hard during the live show to pick my best, but I really think the visuals took that particular question to another level. Thanks for all the content! 🙂

[@bigbrownsound]

I’m amazed how Fraser can speak eloquently for so long on a single topic. He is a master.

[@dayveo]

my first question ever: I know that we can never get any information about the inside of an event horizon, but is there anything we can learn from watching the initial formation of a black hole that couldn't be learned from observing an already existing one? And have we ever seen a black hole form? What would it be like to watch?

[@johnbennett1465]

I can only answer one piece of this. We have seen the creation of black holes in the sense that we have seen the light from the super novas that create them. In order to see the details you are thinking about, we would have to be so close that we would be destroyed by the super nova. Better telescopes and being lucky enough to be close, but not too close, too one may change that in the future. But not anytime soon.

[@mrxmry3264]

Here's a follow-up question: in the part about the andromeda galaxy you talk about redshift and blueshifts. When you measure a certain redshift, how do you know if that redshift is gravitational, cosmological or Doppler effect?

[@rulingmoss5599]

Great video as always, voting Bespin here!

[@Mr_Kyle_]

NABOO Since brown dwarfs and planets in general are so hard to find, and they must make up for a lot of mass collectively (we can't possibly know how many planets orbit all the stars out there), how much of that mass could be contributing to "dark matter"?

[@Alph413]

Being lefthanded, im glad its on my other left…the Oort cloud answer was super interesting.

[@GrouchyHaggis]

Bespin - I have never considered this, Great question! Follow on - Maybe that's how some objects end up coming to the inner solar system? Borisov, ʻOumuamua etc.

[@chrissscottt]

I can imagine viewers from soccer playing nations taking exception to the idea that a football isn't shaped spherically. (in relation to our galactic halo of stars)

[@chrisbarnes4383]

Do they even have internet in such primitive corners of the world?

[@88888888tiago]

Since black holes distort space-time so much, could they be exploding supernovas but from our perspective it appears nothing changes since time-space is so distorted?

[@ollygd]

You might be referring to a Plank star

[@Mr_Kyle_]

NABOO Since black holes are invisible and can be any size, isn't the simplest explanation for dark matter that it is just a bunch of black holes? And does Hawking radiation not equate to dark energy (can you explain Hawking radiation)?

[@AvyScottandFlower]

The thumbnail really displays the capabilities of JWST Amizing! 🤗

[@ocoro174]

finally more Fraser

[@elementus2857]

One of the biggest reasons why life might not be possible around red dwarfs is due to the planet being tidally locked to the star. But what if it was a moon orbiting a large planet, would this increase the habitability of the moon since it would be tidally locked to the planet and should have a regular day/night cycle?

[@abeattenoukon7653]

Could you explain the age & size of the universe in relation to the Hubble Volume? If there are things in the universe that we can never see, how could we ever know the starting point/event? Does this mean that the universe could be much older than 13.8 billion years🤔

[@marknovak6498]

First generation stars could had been so massive, the ones that did not direct collaped into black holes may well have completely obliterated themselves in explosions that left no remnants behind (a good thing for seeding the universe with heavy elements)

[@filonin2]

They would be too massive to not form black holes. There is a specific window of masses where a pair instability supernova occurs and no remnant is left. Any mass higher and they collapse directly. Adding more mass only leads to a faster collapse, to the point where a star never even has a chance to form and a black hole forms directly from a sufficiently massive gas cloud.

[@artdonovandesign]

Question: Hi. Fraser, I'm confused. Kip Thorne states that Black Holes are not made of matter at all, but rather pure gravity-a puncture in space time with no physical matter. So how does a Black Hole lose "matter" through Hawking Radiation? ( is it just pure energy that's being lost?)

[@virutech32]

matter & energy are the same thing for the purposes of gravity. a box of photons & a box of protons are going to look exactly the same from a gravitational perspective & u could make a BH with either. If matter escapes the BH, the BH loses mass. If energy escapes, the BH still loses mass. E=mc^2 and all that

[@paulwalsh2344]

Tatooine ... No... I don't think that that's right, that Andromeda's stars are getting "younger". It's more like the stars are getting "older" slower, but getting "older" faster and faster as they get closer to our frame of reference.

[@TheyCallMeNewb]

Inclusion of Mysterium, tremendum, et fascinans (mystery, terror, and merciful grace) renders Bespin the best-in.

[@czerskip]

Bespin is a beautiful thought!

[@DerInterloper]

Hoth: How much Gamma Radiation would Primordial Black Hole with the mass of Dimorphos release at its end. Also, if applicable, What would that equate to in comparison to something like the Tsar Bomb or a science fiction superweapon.

[@virutech32]

something like that would live for a little over 184 kiloyears, & put out 14TW as high-energy gamma photons at the BEGINNING of it's life. Only get's higher power from there so yeah pretty frightening weapon. Could use a microBH that size as a starship drive so a missile who's payload doubles as propulsion sounds very weaponizable to me. Just make sure ur destination is reasonably within it's lifetime then shatter containment as u enter the system. Light up a mini quasar all up in the enemy's business before the hawking bomb blows.

[@virutech32]

also an evaporating microBH isn't very comparable to known weapons & regardless of the mass they started with they all give off the same amount of energy in the last second or whatever. consider a microBH at 1 second to death is putting out 26,000 times(roughly 4.6E21 W) the amount of solar energy hitting the earth in hard gamma. This is an insane amount of energy. Don't think Hiroshima. Think Alderon.

[@svendrastrupandersen5866]

Hi! My question to your program: I’ve heard multiple times, that when Andromeda merges with the Milky Way, it probably won’t have any consequences for us, since there are so great distances between stars. But is that true? Won’t There be any collisions, attractions and planets that change their trajectory in our solar system? We could hit and andromedean “Oort cloud” and get smashed. Many things could happen. Or?

[@virutech32]

the Andromedan "oort cloud", really stellar halo i think u mean, is even more diffuse than the galaxy proper so not really a concern. In any case yeah there will probably be at least some collisions, plenty of new star formation, captures, etc. But on our scale we'd have to be extraordinarily unlucky to be in just the right place to pass close enough to a star to be disturbed in any significant way. More to the point, millions of years in the future we will likely have the entire galaxy colonized, if not by people then by automated harvester fleets, so the collision just isn't a real concern since at that point we can outright move planets & stars. At least if we don't disassemble them all first to build & fuel habitats or what have you.

[@svendrastrupandersen5866]

@@virutech32 Yes, of course a stellar halo, but coming from the Andromeda Galaxy. It was a way of shortening the message 🙂 And I know we'll problaby not be around...

[@fredrickfuruvald416]

Your first answer was a bit confusing. The question was if the stars in andromeda will appear younger when it gets closer. And you said yes. But then you also said that because it takes millions of years. They will have aged that much. Like if I took a telescope pointed it at one star in andromeda, and then waited millions of years while looking at the same star. I would not see the star getting younger, actually the opposite. Unless I missunderstood the question

[@roccov3614]

That's what I was going to say. The answer is "no", it wont get younger. It would have to go faster than the speed of light towards us for it to look younger. Fraser sort of finally got to the point but that initial "yes" was confusing.

[@scottturnbull6341]

Naboo… fascinating. So the black hole orbits that sun not the other way about!? You would think the black hole is always that the centre

[@frasercain]

Stars can be more massive than black holes.

[@shanekelly4836]

Question : can nebulae be dense enough to have an atmosphere like conditions?

[@paulwalsh2344]

Good question ! I've often wondered just how visible a nebula is, within the nebula itself. Also if any colour is evident within a nebula since all the colours we see in old astophotos and space telescopes have either optical filters or photoshopped pallets applied.

[@virutech32]

not anywhere we've checked & without strong confinement we have no reason to believe that any gas cloud would be able to get that dense. Though near mass concentrations like protostars, planets, & whatnot there is enough gravitational confinement to get to atmosphere-like pressures in a very localized region. but outside of planets/stars no

[@paulwalsh2344]

@@virutech32 I've often wondered what flying through the Coalsack Nebula would look like... or somewhere within the Orion Nebula ? As a kid I was a big fan of SciFi cover art by the greats like Colin Hay, Angus Mckie, Jim Burns and just thought "this is what nebulae looked like." But I know now that it isn't so, but would genuinely like to know.

[@Straya09]

No, since the pressure and gravity would be so huge, that it would collapse in on itself

[@RaspberryPieman]

My Question: When the Orion spacecraft did its Trans-Lunar-Injection burn, it left Earth at a speed of over 20,000 mph, however when it got close to the moon, ready for its swing around, according to NASA's website, it was travelling less than 5,000 mph. How did it lose so much speed? I thought that it would still be travelling close to 20,000 mph - Did it use rocket motors to slow down or was there some other influence on its velocity?

[@virutech32]

When an orbit is eccentric(the lowest & highest points in the orbit are not equally far away from the body ur orbiting) the highest point is where the object orbits slowest while it speeds back up as it reaches the lowest point. No extra forces just a product of orbital mechanics cuz the higher u orbit the slower u go.

[@jaycee2556]

I see what happens to stars when they collide. They rip each other apart before they collide. Question. What happens to black holes beginning to end when they collide and does anything inside get ejected or ripped out during the process?

[@sinukus]

If the big bang was more energetic than any other explosion, why couldn’t many metals heavier than lithium be formed like we see with heavy metal fusion in neutron star mergers?

[@virutech32]

Wiki "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis" for specifics but as i understand it there was a short period of time where things could fuse(lk 20 min) & in that time other elements didn't have time to build up enough. So the fusion ended long before there was time to subsequently fuse those base elements into heavier metals. least how it was explained to me. I'm too lazy to actually read the page on it.

[@dhr18]

If Hawking Radiation does not turn out to be real, what does that mean for black holes at end of the universe. Heat death still valid. They just stop spinning leaving a dense mass of something?

[@RudolfLanghoff]

Hoft , very interesting, thank you

[@bigbrownsound]

Question. I’m curious how Maunaloa observatories are impacted by the current situation up there. 😊

[@frasercain]

Apparently the carbon dioxide observatory was taken out by the lava.

[@simba9825]

Question Fraser - in this day and age, how come we've not got satellites permanently located above each solar system planet, just sciencing away 24/7? Can't possibly cost that much. Or does it?

[@frasercain]

We're pretty close. A mission to Mercury, 3 to Venus, the Moon, 10 at Mars, one at Jupiter. It's just the outer Solar System that's hard to reach.

[@ankazz]

Exellent show as always! My vote: CORUSCANT

[@cjhofmann2710]

Can you go on a rant about the moon Titan

[@henriksrensen2463]

What would Happen if 2 Black holes colided directly into each other at very high speed? lest just say 90% speed of light or Whatever. Would they break apart back into normal matter?

[@spladam3845]

Some videos I wish I could give many thumbs up.

[@HebaruSan]

I dunno, Fraser. When we build stuff on Earth, it's standard to have humans driving machines like backhoes, bulldozers, cranes, etc. There's probably a reason that we use humans when they're available, and I have to think that those reasons would be equally applicable on the Moon.

[@virutech32]

we do it here because it's cheaper, for now. That's quickly changing & wouldn't be the case on the moon since here on earth we already have an existing life-support system. we'd have to bring one up to the moon & keep it running to do the same on the moon which adds cost. The moon is close enough for teleoperations & automation is constantly improving so i wouldn't expect humans to be piloting construction equipment for much longer even here on earth.

[@rengirl94]

Alderaan I have a question, how do the Astronomers tell the difference between galaxies that are redshifted because they are moving away from us, and galaxies that are red because they have no more star formation? Thanks!

[@frasercain]

Astronomers look at the spectra of galaxies, their specific chemical fingerprints for various elements and molecules. They can see how much a galaxy is redshifted by how those fingerprints are shifted away from their normal positions. www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/06/Spectroscopy_with_Webb

[@rengirl94]

@@frasercain thanks so much!

[@j7ndominica051]

Why would there be too much radiation with stars at 1 ly distance? If we took the sun and moved it at that distance, we'd get a tiny fraction of its present output. How bright would a star appear to the eyes at one light year?

[@AliHSyed]

Why is inertial mass the same as gravitational mass?

[@Violingirl79]

Question - how far would you have to travel before your view of constellations began to significantly shift? If you answer my question could you use a Trek planet name not a Star Wars one? Give Trek some love. Or even go with Moclas or Krill… 😂

[@derivious2012]

question: if you could travel at the speed of light i believe that you no longer experience time if i'm correct. So would that mean that you could in theory travel anywhere instantly. I'm aware that to the observer it would take x amount of time but the vehicle doing the travel could in essence visit anywhere in our local area and still be back home in time for their lunch, although i doubt there would be a home left after.

[@timeformegaman]

Yep, what you stated is hoa special relativity interprets it. You could travel 11 billion light years instantly, but when you get there 11 billion light years will have gone by.

[@galaxia4709]

On your way back you will not be in time for lunch however, but arrive 2 * x amount of time later. Also, neither in theory you can travel with the speed of light because you have mass, so travel time wouldn't truly be instantly.

[@derivious2012]

@@galaxia4709 i would be arriving in time for my lunch, i'm aware the earth would have long died wating for me. of course we cant travel at the speed of light with mass.

[@galaxia4709]

@@derivious2012 Then you shouldn't say in theory and in essence, for even in theory it isn't possible. And if you left in the morning you wouldn't be back by lunch time

[@kalrandom7387]

Frazier why does the ort cloud exist?

[@savethedave]

Could a planet like Jupiter conceivably gain more material and ignite fusion to become a star?

[@Ahuka]

Coruscant

[@Straya09]

Is it possible for planets around red dwarfs to not be tidally locked because of tidal interactions with other planets in the system since they are all so close together?

[@derivious2012]

if they are far out enough yes of course, as far as because of other planets interacting, likely not as this would not be a stable configuration having that many bodies interacting so close.

[@gamingtieofdoom]

Could we tell the difference between a brown dwarf and a dyson swarm?

[@virutech32]

a dyson would be far less compact. would be way more obvious in that sense, but then again it would also probably be a lot colder as well since ur reject temperature dictates ur efficiency. Also the emission spectrum wouldn't be that of hydrogen, but carbon or aluminum(whatever they use to build radiators). at any rate they wouldn't look too similar.

[@kadourimdou43]

If the Universe is finite, but continues to expand forever. Will it ever become infinite in size. When would it go from being really large and finite to then infinite?

[@virutech32]

No it would never become infinite as that would take infinite time. Infinity isn't a number that can be reached step-wise. Something either is or isn't infinite. No matter how much a finite thing expands it'll still be finite even if you have to use power towers to describe its size.

[@NotSure177]

Bespin

[@quiron139]

Hoth

[@jamesdubben3687]

Alderaan, why go to space (moon)

[@ioresult]

Alderaan

[@mysticwolf1636]

Tatooine

[@qthebaddest627]

@ 2:30 did he say “the people” in Andromeda are seeing our stars ?? Did anyone catch that ??? 👀

[@AvyScottandFlower]

Didn't know you needed a FILTER to look at the moon through a telescope! My vision is already compromised, I guess telescopes are not for me..

[@civilian0.587]

Question: Im 13 and cant find a satisfactory answer to this question. If everything is moving away and the universe is expanding then why scientists believe that Andromeda and milky will one day merge? Shouldn’t the opposite be true?

[@virutech32]

Not everything is moving away from us. Most things are, but not everything. We measure that using shifts in the frequency of light reaching us to determine what's what. think how an ambulance siren changes how it sounds as it passes u on the street. We've measured those shifts & Andromeda's shift tells us that it's moving towards us. Wiki "Redshift" if u want the details.

[@Straya09]

That only applies for galaxies that are outside of our local group. The Andromeda galaxy is so close to us, that gravity overcomes the expansion of the universe.

[@civilian0.587]

@@virutech32 thank you .

[@peterpalumbo1963]

I do not think that there is any comparison between black holes and brown dwarfs.

[@CyberThug1080i]

Wouldn't it be mind blowing in the future. If we could have an operative in far deep space observing galaxies suns, blackholes / wormholes etc. Having a communication technology (faster than light coms, quantum gravitational lensing plus laser coms or quantum entanglement communication etc.) where from the people on Earth's perspective they see an object in the past but getting precise updates on there future state from this operative in far deep space. 🤯

[@derivious2012]

This is exactly the time paradox ftl creates. I love the idea though.

[@blindtraveler844]

i just love tatooine because it was once an ocean world with jungle rain forests ..

[@Flanders619]

Yavin 4

[@Life_42]

Is it possible Mars got hit so hard its atmosphere was mostly or completely knocked off?

[@derivious2012]

Not exactly, earth was likely hit hard enough it made the moon and it grew atmosphere fine, venus possibly harder and multiple times too so much that it flipped over and it still has an ever thicker one. Mars was sadly too low in gravity and no magnetosphere, a deadly combination.

[@MCsCreations]

Thanks for all the news, Fraser! 😊 I can't spend a dime right now, at least not before I finish the construction of 2 houses here (they're going to be for renting)... And the prices for construction are absolutely mad right now. 🙄 But I want to get a telescope for astrophotography in the future. But I want something absolutely technological, so it's going to take a while. 😬 Anyway, stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@olorin4317]

Bespin.

[@davidlitton112]

is it possible to terriform the moon/revive the moon

[@derivious2012]

absolutely, however it would be eternally kept liveable by artificial means, ie fake magnetosphere and artificially added gravity.

[@virutech32]

Isaac Arthur has an episode about terraforming the moon & the answer is yes. the answer is always yes:)

[@Straya09]

Yes, but it couldn't remain habitable forever, since its gravity is way to low to hold onto important gasses, and it has no magnetosphere.

[@charleslivingston2256]

Alderon

[@kylehuntmaui]

❓ Who pushes the final button to launch a rocket and what does the button look like?

[@belstar1128]

28:00 live fast die hard.

[@jimhofoss9982]

if our universe is constantly expanding…why is Andromeda getting closer to the Milky Way?

[@frasercain]

Because Andromeda is close and gravitationally bound to us. A few other galaxies in our local group are. The rest of the Universe isn't, so it's moving away from us.

[@jimhofoss9982]

@@frasercain thankyou for the answer!

[@joelkilgore1925]

If everything in the universe is moving away from everything else, why is the Andromeda Galaxy nearing the Milky Way?

[@LetoATX]

Because it's close enough that gravitational influence between the two exceeds the effect of the space between them expanding. Cheers.

[@dropshot1967]

naboo

[@WtfYouMeanDude]

To me the biggest telltale sign of a species experimenting with space travel and developing that technology like we have is just the space debris and junk floating around the planet Look at ours we have so much junk floating around out there before we develop the technology to travel throughout the Stars so at some point another civilization developing the same technology would have probably had something similar even if it was on a smaller scale and the fact that we've seen nothing out there leaves me to wonder but then again at the same time we're only getting a small glimpse of our surroundings on the universal scale

[@Berlynic]

We just have no technology to spot space debris because it'd be so small. We haven't evdn discovered exomoons yet (there are people looking for them and they have a lot of hopes pinned to JWST). Our technology is still far off from spotting tiny technological space debris light-years away.

[@virutech32]

exoplanetary space debris, even under kessler syndrome, is invisible with modern tech & will likely remain so for a significant amount of time. Even using planet sized telescopes u would only be able to see massive geological features on exoplanets(think nearly continent sized objects). Space debris makes a pretty weak technosignature.

[@carlrogers8678]

So if you are not qualified to answer questions about the accuracy of The Big bang theory, who is? Is there a term such as big bang ologist? Just curious.

[@frasercain]

Sure, a cosmologist who has studied the Big Bang is the most qualified to answer questions about it. They've spent decades on only this specialty.

[@carlrogers8678]

Thank you Fraser. 🌌

[@blueredbrick]

The halo was football shaped and not spherical? That got me confused for half a second as an European lol. I vote to rename American Football Soccer 🤭

[@TheRavenLilian]

Bespin So half joking based on you comments about sending people to space even without scientific purpose, lets send someone to the moon with plein air painting equipment because it would be cool.

[@satanofficial3902]

"When we reflect back on the year and think about everything we experienced, the proof is in the pudding that bluegill slides are obviously experiencing a threat to current beliefs that aren’t very coherent. Yes, we have no papayas. It's a surreal experience and the silence of a carnival fun-house mirror distorts everything as per standard protocol. But this pales into insignificance when compared to perfect Twilight Zone settings in the fullness of time. Dandelion turtles attempt to hitch a cart to a dead horse to stay connected to the continuous pursuit of truth and the scientific method. Iconic roadside attractions of black holes chewing bubble gum bring to mind plausible scenarios for virtue signaling and the scale-invariant communication of femto-angstroms. Great minds think alike somewhere along the way because birds gotta swim and fish gotta fly. Harvey the Wonder Hamster is actual proof that it's a good thing lobsters aren't crabs because crabs are crabby. Play an accordion, go to jail. That's the law. Have you hugged your crocoduck today? Crocoducks need love, too, you know. It used to be called the mathematics of isospin." ---Albert Einstein

[@satanofficial3902]

"Thorne-Zytkow objects, with a spirit of resistance to your current beliefs with frequencies of all types of juicy quicksand, dream of unicorns and lollipops since the temperature is above the Hagedorn temperature. The common denominator is chicken soup for the soul. It used to be called the neurological apparatus of shocking discoveries, with heaps of snow falling from the sky. At least you have a chance to go faster than you think. The proof is in the pudding when you look through deep sea sediment samples finding traces of iconic roadside attractions with ultrashort flashes of light. Singing ice is constantly extending and retracting a spiral-shaped concentration of femto-angstroms. Sound familiar yet? To this day, it still amazes me that there hasn't been much conversation on the color confinement of the Pauli exclusion principle affecting molten ice lava capable of quantum level oscillations. If you build it, they will come. Because, you know, it’s going to work this time. Star Wars would have been so much better if Luke Skywalker had been a penguin. I see dead people." ---Albert Einstein

[@satanofficial3902]

And... This universe is a sim. The proof that this universe is a sim already exists. And what goes on in it is the result of the underlying sim programming code. In one way or another. You should all be stunning and brave and *DARE* to put the horse before the cart. A whole lot less of wasting time from just constantly floundering around.

[@luboinchina3013]

@6:45 Football is a sphere. Foot BALL = SPHERE 😂 Maybe you meant egg-shaped🤣

[@TeethToothman]

🫀🖤🫀

[@frasercain]

Thanks!

[@thebigerns]

Hey Fraser, rather than sending humans into space, wouldn't it be cheaper and safer to just pretend we did, but don't? Most people are oblivious to actual science anyway, and so are probably just fine with letting Matt Damon's explore Mars or fight aliens and such. Although, you probably think dinosaurs would still rule the Earth if only they would have paid more attention to actual science instead of the drama of their daily lives… where would you be then, huh?

[@virutech32]

yeah except plenty of people do understand the science, it's trivial to look up that science even for the layperson these days, spaceships can be tracked by amateurs using radio, & it's virtually impossible to keep secrets on that scale for more than a few weeks.

[@thebigerns]

@@virutech32 yeah except plenty of people think the Earth is flat or Elvis was an alien… so plenty of whatever proves nothing. MY POINT - which you do not address - is that ignorance is cheaper and easier than sending people or robots into space and by those terms deserves consideration on those merits. Making a lazy argument for the right idea does not make the idea right.

[@GauravSharma2106]

First

[@ELXABER]

Well if their current theory on “Black Holes” which equates to a Unicorn magically appearing after a supernova collapse, then no, they never end because as gravity approaches a singularity time stops, and if time stops then they never die. 🤦‍♂ Or their theory is wrong.

[@virutech32]

There is the theory of hawking radiation which posits that BHs evaporate over time & the mechanics of its formation don't really have any bearing on time to death.

[@ELXABER]

@@virutech32 yes, but, and this is a big ass but. Through spaghettifiction you still have the time paradox, so it contradicts this since there is no rotation in a universe where time stops, include hawking information paradox, which requires how many dimensions of reality to be created to allow gravity reversal? And back to spaghettifiction, it leaves paradox on top of paradox through multitudes of contradiction. Or, Akums Razor. It collapses back into an exotic matter star after the supernova with vast multipliers of heat, gravity, and rotation. Whee 99.998% of matter burns, energy is released defeating the information paradox, and eventually combusts the 0.001% if no fuel is added becoming a dark dead star.

[@raybello1246]

Tattooing

[@alfonsopayra]

question: where does the Artemis second-stage-vehicle-thingy end up after the last Artemis push? does it come back to earth? I saw that it also went around the moon, what for? (sorry non English speaker, hopefully i was clear enough)

[@shanekelly4836]

It floats around and eventually will orbit the sun, same as the atlas v 2nd stages, they are still out there.

[@FaxanaduJohn]

I skipped episode 200 because chummy crossovers aren’t my thing, but I’m back with a vengeance for 201! Don’t mind me I’m just a curmudgeon, but Fraser is great. 👍🏼

[@triskeliand]

Bespin

[@arthur_stephens]

Alderaan

[@JurijSlavec]

Bespin

[@bobologic6849]

Alderaan