Prototyping on a 5-axis CNC

I'm making a robot bird, and wanted to talk about the manufacturing process
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[@jonathanhobson7534]

I'm glad this video came out. My dad never taught me about the birds and the knees.

[@superradmaker]

this video is the birds knees

[@thatcoolkid367]

They don't have knees?

[@lizardkeeper100]

ba dum tis

[@Jules.D]

​@@lizardkeeper100 What's the joke ?

[@LincolnWorld]

@@thatcoolkid367 Of course they don't have knees. Birds aren't real. Seriously though, birds definitely have knees. Their legs aren't just one solid bone sticking out of their hip.

[@IslandHermit]

Given how old that reference is and the likely age of the audience here, I'm surprised to see it getting this many likes.

[@samk2407]

2:30 it's actually the ankle! Birds walk on the equivalent of tip toes, so their ankle joint is where our knee joint would be, and their knees are up much higher

[@crackedemerald4930]

yeah, our common ancestor had legs too, so they can be talked about that way without much problem. Their legs and our legs are probably really non standard vertebrate legs lmao.

[@Bob_Adkins]

That sounds painful, but it does work exceedingly well!

[@gigaherz_]

It is funny to look at the skeletal structure. It is usually well understood that bat wings are webbed hands that have very long fingers ... but the same is also true of birds!! And the structure of the leg of a horse is really the same as a dog, or a human... or a bird.

[@samk2407]

@@crackedemerald4930 i have actually no idea what you mean by that

[@xxportalxx.]

​@samk2407 yeaaah, I think maybe he meant our leg structure (along with the other primates?) is the non-standard configuration, with more animals walking on their toes?

[@orbatos]

The answer is more, more design and production to see for us, simultaneously more content for you. If it seems too off track for this channel consider making a secondary one for deep dives/detailed production/screwups and many of your viewers will watch that too.

[@adamthemachinist]

Great format! Really enjoying it

[@BreakingTaps]

Heavily inspired by your DFM series! For a channel named "breaking taps" it's a crime this is the first real machining video I've done in years 😅

[@pitot1988]

We need more of this type of step by step walk through. You got me excited about learning 5-axis CNC now. Thanks! It is really useful to see your design and fabrication methodology and design philosophy.

[@t.josephnkansah-mahaney7961]

I agree. Love seeing how things are made from micro to the macro!

[@brokens1097]

Don't waste your time if you live in the states. Materials will cost you more than finished parts from over seas.

[@Narwaro]

At some point I learned that small parts are best done on a lathe. With a Y-axis. And live tooling. And a parts catcher. And a subspindle. Basically 5 axis milling machine with built in automation 😅

[@floodo1]

live tooling and sub spindle da real mvp

[@isaacthedestroyerofstuped7676]

As someone with autism who regularly walks on the balls of my feet, that is the bird's ankle! Most animals that walk are digitigrade and transfer their weight through the toes and the metacarpals. Hominids inherited the plantigrade posture from our arboreal ancestors which you can blame for issues like tensor facitis and osteoporosis/arthritis of the knee and ankle. Neat and surprisingly important video! Science is all about reproducibility, so the little details like this are very helpful for anyone who wants to follow in your footsteps!

[@BreakingTaps]

TIL, thanks for the extra context!

[@oneil9615]

We don't see this kind of machining Small parts very often on KZbin so I really enjoyed this video! The video about the copper rocket nozzle was also really cool in the same category (and copper looks sooo good)

[@PatrickHoodDaniel]

This is a very well illustrated back and forth of what the machining operations do and understanding the concept of 5 axes. Thank you for taking the time to put this together.

[@thedabblingwarlock]

You had it right the first time. That's the ankle joint. Birds, cats, and dogs have what is known as a digitigrade locomotion. They move by walking on their toes. Conversely, humans and bears have plantigrade locomotion. We walk on the whole of our feet. The reason we sometimes think of that as the knee is because a lot of digitigrade animals have short femurs. Hope this was a fun piece of trivia to learn about.

[@BreakingTaps]

TIL, thanks!

[@Narwaro]

The beauty of machining is the people and the amount of creative problem-solving. While watching the video I came up with a strategy in my head on how to machine the whole part including all the chamfers on a three-axis mill xD

[@mikeydk]

1:33 that is exactly how we mostly use ours... but combined with a robot, it makes even more sense. Some parts we can finish in one cycle, so load up the robot, go home, come to a bunch of finished parts next day.

[@tristanarnold4706]

Thanks for all the effort you put into sharing your work and interests with us! I really enjoy watching your videos and feel like I've learned something after watching them. Keep doing what you enjoy!

[@henningklaveness7082]

I'm a long time fan for the science and micrography, but I also like machining videos and love your take on the genre. Don't hesitate to post more :-)

[@Ogaitnas900]

"Some mistakes have been made" *soul leaves chicken leg* haha Love the machining videos.

[@lumotroph]

The magic smoke has been released!

[@TheGiedow]

An useful tip for converting inch fractions to metric: 1/16th of an inch is about 1.6mm

[@shazam6274]

The thickness of a standard PCB !

[@flyguy8791]

This was a super interesting video! I really enjoyed the format - you did great the pacing; also the showing off of actual machining footage and how it looked in the software was excellent. I'd love to see more videos like this in the future, hope it does well!

[@Persiantramp]

Machining content is always highly appreciated, specially coming from your channel!

[@simoncleret]

One of the best videos I've seen on Design For Manufacturability. Fantastic work, man!

[@marked23]

I appreciate the way the video was edited to show each step in CAD and then the actual operation on the machine.

[@MichaelAllanFrancisSheaver]

For many years now, I have watched a ton of wonderful CNC machining videos but none of them offered the answers to why they do what they do. Your short but deep dive really filled in hte missing pieces for me! Love it!

[@davidwitten2746]

Excellent! I really like both your content and the balance you achieve between concepts and practice. This is refreshing and difficult for a presenter. Like most people, I get sucked in by the novelty : bird robots, diamond milling. But I really want to learn about how this stuff gets done. Clever topics without learning about materials and methods is not enough.

[@DarkArtGuitars]

Awesome video but you can't leave us with just tradeshow air machining footage. We want to see chips!

[@Bob_Adkins]

Good luck seeing those little chips!

[@kstricl]

@@Bob_Adkins If he's fixed the Electron Microscope, be no problem ;) But seriously, if you want to see chips - Cutting Edge Machining, Abom79, bcbloc02, Inheritance Machining, Keith Rucker are all channels in my feed that do that. The chips were there, but I had to load the video in 4k on my work display to see them, no chance you'll see them on anything like a phone.

[@SpriteGuard]

I think the shot of the saw shows why it's done that way -- you can't see much through coolant.

[@Eng-OS]

​@@SpriteGuard I want to see coolant 😅

[@devbella5223]

Dude - I love the curiosity and plethora of content I’m blown away by what you know and do I feel like you could very well specialize in any of these but you’re exploring and creating and learning and brining us along and I’m here for it.. love your content very informative and looking forward to more always interesting the way you explain it

[@stevesloan6775]

At 18:18, you're saying make the geometry of your project match your tooling. :)

[@4Erlik]

You know, a month or so ago I spent over 4 hours trying to find the guy with the rope-joint-video because I wanted to test it out in a project I'm working on. I just couldn't find it. And now I just stumbled uppon the channel by random luck. You, sir, are a legend

[@IanGrams]

I quite enjoyed this format (especially that simultaneous axis deburring) and would watch more of it. I don't own a CNC mill but I learned a lot about the CAD to CAM process from this that could be helpful should I ever use a mail-order service. Cheers for mentioning Adam's videos as those look to scratch the same itch.

[@andersjjensen]

I found this interesting for sure. I'm tiptoeing around converting a small metal lathe to 2 axis CNC for wood turning (of all things). It's quite the learning experience so far...

[@IslandHermit]

The bottom holes didn't get deburred/bevelled. Did you do that by hand? Or does the slitting saw somehow not leave burrs?

[@BreakingTaps]

Oh yeah, good point! Should have mentioned that, I deburred those holes by hand. There are ways to debur the bottom edges (slot all around partially, deburr, then finish slotting) but backside holes are tricky to do. Backside chamfer and lollipop tools could do it, but you'd need to also remove some material for clearance with a t-slot cutter or something. Usually not worth the hassle, easier to do those few features by hand.

[@turbojens]

@@BreakingTaps This isn't really necessary in aluminum with a double-sided bevel cutter if you don't go very deep. I do it all the time.

[@capnthepeafarmer]

One tool I recommend you acquire is an Iscar boring head, it will increase the accuracy and precision of your holes, and it will reduce your cycle time. It's one tool I wish I had ordered sooner when I first got into CNC machining.

[@Chris-bg8mk]

Love it! Can’t wait to see it run! Back when I used to do this kind of work, I would run all those parts in a vibratory tumbler containing ground walnut shells and a polishing compound. The resulting finish on aluminum was like a mirror, although the media could be a bear to remove from small bores.

[@malichi2395]

Fantastic foundational info. Thank you for making this.

[@s90210h]

loved this video! I'm always interested in the interface between STEM and Arts, and Machining is definitely such a craft and practice

[@mikeselectricstuff]

Interesting mix of metric and obsolete units!

[@BreakingTaps]

My brain is cursed 💀

[@Roobotics]

I have this problem as well, in that I love the accuracy and forwardness of metric, but can only think of PCB tracks and their spacings in 'mils' due to most fabrication houses specifying in those for standardized simplicity.. it truly is a curse that forces one to keep switching around depending on the thing being checked.

[@juanmacias5922]

Such a fascinating process, thanks for sharing. :D

[@andymouse]

Honestly you mostly talk complete and utter Engineering, this stuff is an awesome watch !

[@friskydingo5370]

Future video headline. "Breaking taps saves a bird with homemade implants."😁

[@rigcustoms5994]

Awesome video as always ! I always get exited when I see that you have uploaded something.

[@seitenryu6844]

It could still be done in one operation, since the contour around the larger hole isn't critical. You could use that area as your cut line and hand finish the contour.

[@douglasharley2440]

8:05 lol, being able to precisely bore with an end mill is *sweet af.*

[@Arek_R.]

Nah bro you don't cosplay the machinist. Dude with supposedly 50 years of experience at my workplace does, he took like one year to learn to how operate the 3-axist CNC and he still can't use CAD CAM software. He also always gets stuck on having to have a fixture for almost anything, he refuses to do break off tabs.

[@guifrakss]

That looks great.

[@barryshrives]

Show us all of your work It’s fantastic thank you

[@ElectricNed]

Whoa, did this guy get hot since the last video? He is pretty cool

[@BreakingTaps]

😎

[@pastudan]

As someone currently looking into a hobby CNC machine -- this video might have convinced me to splurge for a 5-axis :p

[@cvoisineaddis]

@13:17, I know you mean 5 tenth(ousandth)s of an inch, but for some reason it's very funny to me to think of it as 5/10 of an inch.

[@brandonb9452]

Same

[@samroesch]

Nice vid! Adam is definitely the real deal. I think I’m also a cosplay machinist 😅

[@pvc988]

Bird legs have almost the same joints as we do. It's just that their placement is a little bit unexpected for us.

[@isaacthedestroyerofstuped7676]

Yeah, it really shouldn't considering we are only among the small minority of animals which walk (not climb) with a plantigrade posture.

[@bradley3549]

I was today years old when I learned what a Turbine Blisk is!

[@jeffwillis2592]

All mammals have the same basic set of bones and joints, although some have evolved to become vestigeal, such as whales' legs. For instance, giraffes have approximately 7 cervical vertebrae, same as humans, although each of the giraffes' are much longer. Birds also have a very anomalous skeleton to mammals. Birds upper limbs are the wings. The joint of the hind leg that bends forward (in all of these animals) is the knee. The main joint that bends backward is the ankle. Horses "walk on their toes" similar to birds.

[@wernerberry7800]

Thanks for the great video! I enjoyed all your videos; however, oddly, I really enjoyed this one most. Thanks for sharing your thought process!

[@mattiasfagerlund]

My dad used to work for System 3R - the "chuck" in the five axis cnc. Very cool, haven't seen that logo in twenty years.

[@ProJektorish]

Do you want an AI robot apocalypse? Because that's how you get an AI robot apocalypse!!!

[@bowieinc]

Really enjoyed being walked through the basic process.

[@michaelchernoff9033]

What CNC machine are you using? What software are you using? Is this mastercam? This is really cool. I especially like the tip of machining up a breakaway zone using the slitting saw. I'm amazed that didn't wobble and scrape the surface.

[@BreakingTaps]

The machine is a Kitamura Medcenter, and I'm using Fusion360 for CAM (with the machining extension)

[@michaelchernoff9033]

@@BreakingTaps Thank you.

[@mathiaschaves7604]

love this format!

[@funy0n583]

you could try using a jewelry vacuum caster to cast the parts and then just use a drill press to make the important bores

[@rbouakaz]

Very insightful ! Thank you very much 🙏🙏🙏

[@AnExPor]

Good stuff. Thanks for doing this video.

[@nawtdavids]

Great vid, I'll appreciate every bit of "How I machined" content that you publish! I think this particular part should not have been de-bird though.

[@mattmays9063]

I won't lie, you almost got me with the ToT clickbait.

[@SeanHodgins]

I need more axis in my life.

[@BreakingTaps]

Slap a spindle on your robot arm and you'll have a 6 axis machine! 😇

[@fonzysflight9724]

Have you considered using metal 3D printing? You can print the part and finish the holes with a reamer, or design the part with an additional arm so that it can be machined in a CNC with a single fixture, significantly reducing milling time and waste. Small parts like these, when 3D printed, cost only a few dollars. If you're a hobbyist(with a 5 axis cnc😆), there's a chance that the printed part will cost you less than the raw metal piece

[@BreakingTaps]

I've thought about it! Biggest issue is just turnaround time. Most affordable metal printing is in China still (last I looked anyway), so it's just faster/easier for me to machine or FDM print something in my shop than wait for a part to arrive from China. Material cost of aluminum at this size is basically pennies so it's not a big deal to iterate through a few designs. I'd like to do some metal printing work at some point, just haven't found a project where it made sense yet and really used the capability well.

[@johanneslodahl7738]

Interesting design for a prototype. I feel like if you had to build a bunch of those parts it would have been cheaper to make this part from 3 different components: You can sandwich it from two identical pieces of flat steel (very cheap, easy and fast lasercut) with a small block or even a turning part or round material in the middle. Then add two or more holes for pins to align the parts (with great attributes for shear force) in this way you can safe a lot time in machining, chose the parts for your needs in strength and you can be more flexible in design changes later. And you eliminate the need for a 5-axis machine in general!! However for demonstration purposes and for prototyping good enough of an example

[@johanneslodahl7738]

* after further investigation: The middle part is so small, it could be easliy lasercut as well and only needs the two holes on the bottom for your design plus the holes for pins.

[@johanneslodahl7738]

I hope this is not to confusing haha😂 Maybe its an interesting video-idea to compare both manufacturing ways and talk about the differences: i am most certain that send cut send would cooperate in this project.

[@nbprotocol5406]

That part can be done in one op on a 3 axis mill.

[@henery2000]

Machining content is always welcome :)

[@yagwaw]

Very interesting and useful, thanks a lot for sharing!

[@ghostdog9833]

Well, sleep can wait 24 more mins 😅

[@jainvibhore1997]

Seriously! 😂😂

[@oliverfalco7060]

And you have 5 seconds left to brush your teeth :D

[@r0cketplumber]

And of course the three holes opening onto the last flat face will need to be deburred by hand- but that greatly reduces the manual operations.

[@JZL003]

This is such a silly comment because i appreciate the machining but that's also a nice shirt :)

[@BreakingTaps]

Thanks! New acquisition for end of summer/fall, really like it so far!

[@Falconguygaming]

1:40 Also called 3+2 (three plus two), or 3++

[@ah-64apache84]

This is nice, but most of the time you can desing the part so that it is machinable on a standard 3 axis machine, while retaining all of the functionality.But of course 5 axies allow for fancier designs and might be faster in some cases.

[@paulroberto2286]

I love that mug!

[@ke9tv]

Fun! Were it not for the fact there aren't any threaded holes in it, this is actually the first video I've seen on your channel that runs an actual risk of breaking a tap!

[@kirkbothwell7373]

more machining please!

[@samsonsoturian6013]

The airplane factory I worked at achieved 5 dimensions of working by simply having four CNC machines linked by a robotic assembly line, but I think the seven figure price tags of those bad boys are beyond what most people here can hope for.

[@JKTCGMV13]

Cool to see Adam the Machinist pop up

[@ZomB1986]

Now spend 3 days hand-engraving intricate classic patterns on each flat side of each part

[@nikolaikruglikov7358]

very interesting, thank you!

[@ahfreebird]

The man is literally building a robot chicken!

[@wouldntyaliktono]

Breaking Taps is what happens when a post-doc finally achieves nirvana.

[@felixpelletier4296]

Never knew Thom Yorke could machine 5-axis parts! 🤟

[@vitasartemiev]

It seems you've ditched the rolling contact joints. Would love an in-depth look at pros and cons.

[@phizc]

0:42 someone could set up a manual mill for 5-axis machining by mounting a rotary table on an indexing head. Granted, there are probably more efficient ways.

[@jfieqj]

This was interesting, thanks.

[@AIJenkins]

Excellent video! What 5 Axis machine are you using? Thank you.✌️

[@BreakingTaps]

Thanks! It's a Kitamura Medcenter

[@AIJenkins]

@@BreakingTaps I’m a bit old school with two 70’s desktop Emco lathes, a desktop CNC Shapeo, BamboLabs X1 Carbon multi filament printer and a desktop Snapmaker laser / CNC / 3D printer. I really enjoyed your video! I was wondering how the two smooth side holes were going to be finished, then how entire final piece would be released. I’m in IT, not a CAD designer or 3D designer. Thank you!

[@interestings7866]

Looking more and more like a mad scientist 😂

[@tamasmihaly1]

Really good stuff

[@AzaB2C]

Greatly appreciate this, and your other neat videos. I like CNCs, I have 4. But am curious whether 'high performance' SLM printed materials would be 'good enough' for your bird robot thing?

[@BreakingTaps]

Probably! I just wanted to do some machining :) I'm also investigating nylon SLS and a cool CF-PEEK additive technique to see if they will work for future iterations. The first prototype I made with resin SLA and honestly it's probably fine too, I just don't have a good/reliable SLA printer right now.

[@mrlaxman915]

Did you write a custom post for your machine? I have the exact same machine and have been limping along with a modified fanuc post for fusion. Awesome setup!

[@BreakingTaps]

Oh no, that doesn't sound fun at all 😢 I post through CAMplete (it came with a year subscription when I first got the machine, and just kept using it). So the workflow is Fusion -> CAMplete post -> Simulation -> gcode from CAMplete. I think the CAMplete post was made by Kitamura, maybe ping them and see if you can get a copy? It's not perfect, there are some quirks like jerky repositioning moves on some toolpaths. Can see it a little when the deburr path is repositioning. But I think that's more of a CAMplete issue than anything, I'm not super familiar with tweaking that software. I did buy a native Fusion post from DSI (since probing in CAMplete sucks) but honestly haven't used it yet, so not really sure if it's any good.

[@mrlaxman915]

Oh interesting. Thanks so much for the detailed reply, I'll check out CAMplete first

[@usopenplayer]

I'd love to know more about why the round part is easier on the lathe. I get it at a high level, but not having any of that machines, my instincts tell me the rotating base of the 5 axis machine is functionally similar to a lathe.

[@BreakingTaps]

Oooh, I should have talked about that a little in the video! So it's totally doable on a 5ax machine, I've done it a lot before I got a lathe. But the two things that make it not-ideal are the rotation speed, and endmills vs single-point tools. So the C axis on my mill can rotate at like 300 RPM? Something like that. But my lathe can spin up to 6000 RPM. When cutting small diameters (especially in aluminum) you pretty quickly hit max RPM to keep the surface speed correct. This ultimately impacts how quickly you can machine the part, so a slower RPM == more time. The other issue is the tooling. Lathes cut with a single point tool, and that tool is "in the cut" the entire time. So it's a nice, stable continuous cut. This can lead to really great finishes and stress-free machining. The 5ax machine has to use a rotating endmill, which is periodically "engaging" and "disengaging" the work as the flutes make contact. The discontinuous nature can lead to vibration and chatter. And even when it's cutting well, the surface isn't nearly as nice since there are microscopic cusps from each flute hitting the surface. That said, sometimes you can get better tolerances on stuff like cylindricity from of a 5axis machine instead of a lathe, because the kinematics are easier to adjust/compensate

[@BreakingTaps]

I should also note that there are machines called "mill-turn" which are sort of a 5axis mill that also does lathe work. Or a lathe that does mill work... it's gets blurry 😅 It basically has a milling spindle that can also load up a lathe tool, lock the spindle and then turn the part like a lathe. There are also lathes that have "live tools", which are little motor-driven spindles on the lathe turret. So you turn the work and then can mill out basic features.

[@usopenplayer]

@@BreakingTaps I think I get what you mean, but to muddy the waters even more, I watched your video where you scraped that monocrystaline diamond for optical finish a few weeks ago. So theoretically you could use single point tools on the mill too. I've looked at a lot of forums discussing this topic, but they lack the level of rigor that you put into your work. And because I have no hands on experience, I just substitute that (poorly) by watching every single lathe and milling video on KZbin. I'm planning on getting a some combination of these machines in about 4 to 5 years (about to have a baby), so I'm accumulating the knowledge now. I plan on working with wave guides, so precision and rigidity are definitely high on the list.

[@BreakingTaps]

Yeah, the diamond scribing trick only worked (on my machine) because the cutting forces were super low. It wouldn't be able to turn a "real" part with any sort of depth- or width-of-cut. Machines that can do that will have a machine tool taper that has some kind of positive lock feature so that the toolholder doesn't spin in the taper interface. I.e. BT30, CAT40, HSK-A all have slots which engage a "drive dog" on the spindle housing to prevent accidental rotation. My tools are HSK-E type which don't have any locking mechanism and can spin if over-torqued when cutting. Those kinds of machines often have heavy brakes on the spindle which is engaged while turning too. Mine has neither, so it was relying on the spindle encoder and motor torque to keep position. Any non-negligible amount of cutting would have started to torque the spindle around and potentially rotate the holder in the taper. If you're interested, check out the Willemin 408MT. It's basically a bar-fed 5 axis mill/turn, very cool machine! Edge Precision on YT has a Mazak Integrex which is more like a lathe that does good milling work. But yeah generally it's all shades of grey. 5axis machines are great jack-of-all-trades sort of machines. You can often cheat and finish parts that _should_ be done on a different machine, but _can_ be done on a 5 axis instead. Like really deep bores can be machined with a long ball endmill that you slowly ramp down the walls, instead of using a long boring bar in a lathe.

[@anon_y_mousse]

If you didn't have a 5-axis machine, would you employ alternative work holding means or just design the part differently? Also, what do you think about casting and cleaning up parts as opposed to machining? If you had an SLS metal 3D printer, would you use that over every other process or do you think the technology still isn't up to snuff? If you have to make a video to answer, demonstrating each technique would be great.

[@BreakingTaps]

Bit of both! I'd probably design it to be have more square sides so that it's easier to grab in a vise (the current design would need custom soft-jaws to hold the part), and try to limit undercuts. And then just accept that it might take 2-3 setups in a 3axis mill to finish. Metal 3d printing is really amazing! Although it still struggles for high tolerance features like bore IDs. So if I had access to one I'd still need to machine out the really critical tolerance features, and have a similar thought about how to hold onto the part. That's the big trick with metal printing, often the final part needs post-machining but is also a really wonky shape and hard to hold onto. I have some contacts that can do metal printing for the channel, so it'll probably show up some day and we can talk about pros/cons and post-machining operation!

[@boombox8675]

what he doesn't show is the secret time space continuum machine he has hidden behind all the mess in his shop cause each video he looks one year more older

[@heinerml2]

Great video! But we want to see chips flying!

[@thaphreak]

A pocket NC has been on my wishlist for like 10? Years 😂

[@Basement_CNC]

It has been on mine to, but to expensive, to small and generally being a toy has led me to just make my own 5-axis It was NOT cheaper, or easy, but it's WAY better😂

[@iemozzomei]

Awesome run down, I can just send this to people instead of explaining things badly haha.

[@openworked]

Reminds me a bit of the mechanical art pieces from MB&F M.A.D Gallery. Nice work. Also wondering what CNC machine you use? And does using simultaneous 5-axis machining lose some precision given multiple motors are running vs 3-axis? Cheers

[@ggarber4763]

This helped me. I had some intro CAD classes but no CAM or even consideration of manufacturablity. I can handle home 3d printing ok abut always felt too guilty to send off for machined parts. BTW, feel free not answer if it isn't the public's business, but how do you afford so many cool toys? Do you work them into your day job?

[@BreakingTaps]

Glad it was helpful! So I'm mostly fulltime youtube now, but previously I used all this equipment for client/prototype/jobshop work, making parts and assemblies for customers. And analysis/consulting with the microscope stuff.

[@arildedvardbasmo490]

More machining content ❤