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Conquest of Sindh | Muhammad bin Qasim
➤Topics Covered:-
➤Early Muslim presence
➤Rashidun Caliphate and the Indian frontier
➤Umayyad expansion in Al Hind
➤Al Hajjaj and the East
➤Campaigns in Makran and Zabul
➤Umayyad expansion in Sind and Multan
➤Umayyad campaigns in India
➤Arab Campaigns in Indian Sub Continent.
Islam in South Asia existed in communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in Sindh, Bengal, Gujarat, Kerala, and Ceylon. The religion originated and had gained early acceptance in the Arabian Peninsula. The first incursion by the new Muslim successor states of the Arab world occurred around 636 AD or 643 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate, long before any Arab army reached the frontier of India by land.Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, the governor of Bahrain and Oman, sent out ships to raid Thane, near modern-day Mumbai. His brother Hakam sailed to Broach and a third fleet sailed to Debal under his younger brother Mughira either in 636 or 643 AD, according to one source, which does not specifically state the results but mentions that these expeditions were sent without the Caliph Umar's consent, and he rebuked Uthman, saying that had the Arabs lost any men in the expeditions, the Caliph would have killed an equal number of men who had participated from Uthman's tribe in retaliation.However, another source states Mughira was defeated and killed at Debal.The expeditions may have been sent to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the Arabian Sea, and not to start the conquest of India.
Shortly after the Muslim conquest of Persia, the connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib. It was reconquered by the usurper Chach of Alor in 631[clarification needed]. Ten years later, it was described as "under the government of Persia" by Xuanzang, who had visited the region. Three years later, however, when the Arabs invaded, it was regarded as the "frontier of Al-Hind".During the caliphate of Ali, many Hindus of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali.[2Under the Umayyads (661-750 AD), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi was one of those refugees. Al-Baladuri wrote that "In the year 664 AD, and in the days of the Mu'awiya I, Muhallib son of Abu Safra made war upon the same frontier, and advanced as far as Banna (Bannnu) and Al-Ahwar (Lahore) which lie between Multan and Kabul.
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