Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?

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If you wanna make an omelet you gotta break a few eggs. And by omelet I mean a theory of everything, and by eggs I mean a billion billion subatomic particles obliterated in the next generation of giant particle colliders.
Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Dan Garisto & Matt O'Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, & Pedro Osinski
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Camera Operator: Bahaar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / @jrsschattenberg
In June, the consortium of Europe’s top particle physicists published their vision for the next several years of particle physics experiments in the EU. A big part of that is the Future Circular Collider, which, if it happens, will accelerate particles in a 100 kilometer circumference underground ring encircling Geneva. It’ll be nearly 4 times the size of the Large Hadron Collider, and it would be capable of colliding particle beams with 8 times the current LHC energy. The hope is that this will open the window to brand new physics - and perhaps break the current deadlock in our quest for a theory of everything. But do the FCC or other upcoming collider experiments really have a chance of succeeding? Today we’re going to discuss the incredibly ambitious plans for future colliders, and try to honestly evaluate their prospects.
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[@JonoSSD]

Another missed chance of calling a big particle accelerator "Megatron".

[@KafshakTashtak]

These accelerators have energies in Tera Electron volts range. Calling them Megatron is under selling their power.

[@grandsome1]

@@KafshakTashtak Megatron^6

[@qwerty_and_azerty]

SAHM TeraTron

[@acameron87]

SAHM I’m sure they’re a million times more energetic than something, Megatron could refer to that

[@thenasadude6878]

@@KafshakTashtak Mega-Megatron? Just avoid Theranos and similar

[@jefflayton4339]

"Oh, it's that guy. I don't know who he is, but he's always on your screen." My wife.

[@sethheristal9561]

"Ok guys we figured it out" "Yea! the first law of Jeff's preferences, finally!" "

[@alberteinstein2291]

Your wife must also be involved in learning about everything... you are everything to her

[@insertoyouroemail]

You promptly divorced her right there and then, of course.

[@slickus]

Lol almost same! :)

[@Murdog36]

😂 oh wives!

[@MattNewt9837]

"The trick is to bang the rocks together guys." - Douglas Adams... Can't say he wasn't wrong, we just need to bang the rocks together even harder.

[@Scherzo-mk4ih]

Anyone who quotes Douglas Adams is a good friend of mine

[@thefirstsin]

True👍

[@JavierAlbinarrate]

bang the rocks... mhh hey you perv! step down from that Venus statue!

[@thefirstsin]

@@JavierAlbinarrate ok I'll give you a like cause your comment is funny and *lewd* (= o =)

[@nimasalehi6153]

Thanks for the great quote from Robert Wilson: "except to make it worth defending"! It resonates to me as we all often take part in activities in our lives with no obvious immediate materialistic return "except to make our lives or community worth living". Great presentation as always!

[@Clefargle]

Can you do an episode on the so called “island of stability“ and other special matter configurations that may lie beyond the periodic table and standard model?

[@Clefargle]

Ascolano Irl I just meant in terms of future experiments and physics tests to probe elements past the periodic table

[@Dai5tr0y3r]

I liked for the 'Island of Stability' :)

[@Gooberpatrol66]

I would like to know if the "continent of stability" is real.

[@RStell-wt5qr]

That's sad. It's like a small child whistling in the dark because he's afraid. Are you that afraid of being incorrect? The implications are that this Universe was not created by chance. Something built this thing, is that so difficult foe you to grasp. Give it up. Something built this.

[@RStell-wt5qr]

110 people are can't accept that something built the Universe.

[@zounoaa9689]

"...which is for reference...a lot of energy" XD

[@Cronos804]

"A lot" is one of my favorite ordinals.

[@05TE]

I'd say it's at least 2 joules. Probably more.

[@byronwatkins2565]

10^-7 Joules won't exactly launch a rocket...

[@MusicalRaichu]

Tera-fying!

[@jimgraham6722]

$30bn later, what if we turn it on and find NOTHING. The Americans are right, we need to go smaller and smarter expanding knowledge at substantially lower cost. By the way I would vote for any nuclear research that led to practical accelerator driven fission power, affordable, practical fusion energy (not the ITER monster) and all this done economically and safely with little or no waste. These are truly urgent issues. If we solve them maybe an FCC in a couple of centuries.

[@thekaz2099]

let's stop half-assing this and just build a ring around the moon! we all know that's where this is going, why waste another penny building anything smaller?

[@pettanshrimpnazunasapostle1992]

Why stop at the moon when we could do one around the sun when we have a dyson satelite array in the future?

[@thekaz2099]

@@pettanshrimpnazunasapostle1992 we can't do a Dyson array now, we can do Moon collider today.. also we're never going to have a Dyson sphere around our sun. There isn't enough mass in all 9 planets combined to do it. We need an artificial sun, or to collapse one of the planets into a black hole and build an array around that.

[@alonelyperson6031]

@@thekaz2099 A dyson swarm is plausible with just mercury's mass tho.

[@YerpyMoose]

@@alonelyperson6031 the kurzgesagt is strong with this one

[@secnytsecnyt2981]

@@thekaz2099 who says you need to cover the whole surface area of the sun? As another user said, the mass of mercury would suffice.

[@OblivionFalls]

6:00 - _I can feel a yawn coming on_ 6:10 - _suppressed it_

[@P4NCH1]

Happens singing too ;D

[@pilliozoltan6918]

It's hard to sell, but negative results are also results.

[@BlueCosmology]

It depends a lot on the negative results really. The negative results for a lot of BSM that the LHC generated has been very valuable for exotics, largely because we had good reasons to believe and actually were fairly confident some of them were true. There's the huge difference with the FCC though, that we don't really have any convincing reason to believe that any BSM that we're currently searching for actually exists, just negative results for BSM with the FCC would be a huge blow to exotics, nothing useful.

[@sahilbaori9052]

Uhhhhh what?

[@beardedroofer]

Didn't Edison's lightbulb take 93 tries?

[@sdfkjgh]

@@BlueCosmology: Mebbe the reason we can't ever find BSM is because we keep neglecting to look for the D. ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

[@nawor3565]

@meaturama do you have a better idea? Why don't you come up with a theory of everything, then we won't have to build any more colliders?

[@Ole_Rasmussen]

The FCC will definitely never be confused with the FCC.

[@Ender240sxS13]

The FCC won't let me be Let me be me so let me see Thy tryin to shut me down in the LHC....

[@thenasadude6878]

This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. The FCC cannot follow the FCC guidelines, otherwise all its experiments will be useless

[@Mandragara]

@John McKay The idea is that understanding quantum physics better will allow us to build better machines.

[@PandemoniumMeltDown]

The Federal Censorship Commission?

[@Mandragara]

@John McKay You're right in that I'm misusing the term 'Quantum Mechanics', but my comment was aimed at the layperson who doesn't know the technical meaning. New particles can certainly change our understanding of the SM, what if we find a particle that doesn't behave as the SM would predict? What if we don't find things like SUSY? QM mechanics is well understood as you say, but the issue is that a lot of things are not really computable. Have you done any nuclear physics? QM on those scales is an absolute mess to work with. My hope is that a better understanding of particle physics will lead to models that are more easily computable. This is a bit outside my area, but I am a Physics PhD, so I know how to read paper abstracts at least :P

[@chatdu68]

Hey, when you said that "we need higher luminosity", I think we should mention the Belle II experiment in Japan. It's an electron-positron collider and it will have the highest instantaneous luminosity (thus integrated luminosity of 50 ab-1 at the end). Its goal is to find indirect evidence (compared to LHC which finds direct evidence) of new physics by searching for signatures of new particles or processes through measurements of suppressed flavor physics reactions or deviations from the standard model predictions! Bigger colliders are not always the solution :) Great video otherwise!

[@angelduenas]

Lol watch it blow up earth or sum

[@piguyalamode164]

@@angelduenas highly unlikely considering the energies of the particles involved are much much much smaller than amounts of energy we use all the time. Like, a Terra electron volt is a lot in particle physics terms, but is many orders of magnitude less than a Joule(for reference, a Killowatt-hour is 3.6 million Joules). The reason it needs to be so huge and energy intensive is that all that energy is focused into an absolutely tiny space. Even if it makes a black hole the energy involved is so small that the resulting object will be much much smaller than an electron, so it will basically do nothing(even if hawking radiation is not a thing)

[@gandalf_thegrey]

I think bigger accelerators are the solution to a different answer.

[@ASLUHLUHCE]

Reminder: US military budget for ONE YEAR (2020) is $738 billion

[@shneghabat]

The pathetic looting of iraq syria Libya revealed that all that money went towards corruption and nothing else.

[@powewq1748]

I think this money is spent well. The evil terrorists want to kill you and your children... they must be stopped. I pray Jesus will help our troops.

[@chadtheprogressivelibertar7787]

Powewq 1 😂😂😂 there stealing more money then you could count to in 10 lifetimes!

[@ASLUHLUHCE]

@@powewq1748 Can't even tell if you're trolling lmao

[@ozzymandius666]

Lots of Greenpeace types here who would rather the US get annexed by a hostile power.

[@brentgauspohl9779]

Matt's either rocking the covid hair, or is going to grow it out in order to fully assume the mantle of space jesus.

[@thetobi583]

My vote is on space jesus lol

[@DavidKennyNZL]

As they are filming in deep space his hair proves we have artificial gravity.

[@whitenoise1119]

we have gun jesus on ForgottenWeapons and space jesus here

[@Jossandoval]

Covid hair? At this point is more like corvid hair.

[@fomalhaut_the_great]

either way, i love it

[@ezp721]

Imagine living in times when we have a collider around the Moon

[@iainballas]

I was literally just thinking that a massive particle accelerator around the equator of the moon could be pretty useful for alot of things.

[@zsanterre]

It's actually not the size that matters as much as the material used. They've been making anti-mater, as well as new particles, for this reason.

[@Celestialeris]

@@zsanterre true, but there's still a very important link between the size of the ring and the potential for discovery

[@discomfort5760]

@@zsanterre Particle physics rely on statistics and statistics becomes more useful when you have more data per sample. Bigger particle accelerator = more data per time sample.

[@RelemZidin]

The moon? No, we harvest the moon, venus, mercury, and various moons to build an AU sized dyson swarm and a particle accelerator. We keep the earth as a zoo. Maybe keep the moon, i was getting excited. Moons cool.

[@JohnSmith-vd6fc]

Shout out to Sabine Hossenfelder: Maybe we should spend more time working with cosmic rays.

[@evilhenny]

Yo, study Gaia;... Dry your clothes on a drying rack made of slightly different material for 37 years.

[@davidhand9721]

I was just thinking about that. We already have an apparatus to direct high energy particles toward the poles (the Earth's magnetic field) so how much more would it take to focus them onto a target, or divert two beams and smash them together?

[@ludaheracles7201]

I used to work with a guy called cosmic ray

[@thenewtalkerguy496]

Even bigger shout out to skimpine pantyhoser.

[@zadokallen1499]

She has a point, doesn't she?

[@framwinkle]

"Future Circular Collider?" I do hope they can come up with a better name that won't become obsolete as soon as it's built, and stops being, "in the future."

[@certaindeath7776]

its a project name. when the project comes to construction, it will have another name^^

[@BaronVonQuiply]

I, for one, look forward to the Two Weeks Ago Circular Collider.

[@badlydrawnturtle8484]

I love books with titles like "The New Comprehensive Encyclopedia of X" (published 1987).

[@fnors2]

@@certaindeath7776 The longer something keeps a temporary name, the more likely it will not change. Watch it be called the "Future Circular Collider" with the justification that "We are doing the science of the future!" or something like that. And even if the name changes, it will likely still have the FCC acronym.

[@SoulDelSol]

@@fnors2 I'm pretty sure the future part is just in reference to the fact it isnt built yet. I'm sure they'll rename is to Present Collider. Though I'm personally fond of Smashy McSmash Smash

[@PowerhouseCell]

*Came here for the future colliders* *Stayed for the omlettes*

[@inamdarsaquib9528]

Divided by theories United by OeMelEtT

[@SaposJoint]

I've been a follower of physics breakthroughs since the early 60's. I hope I'll be around for the next things. Thanks, Matt. Keep 'em coming!

[@OldGamerNoob]

As many higgs as possible? would effects of inertia and gravity increase in an area where the higgs field increased like that?

[@sdfkjgh]

@@OldGamerNoob: -You wanna find out, you gotta put in a requisition form and research proposal for --www.scpwiki.com/scp-536-- with the O5 Council.- DISREGARD THIS, NO SUCH THINGS EXIST.

[@teaser6089]

may you live to experience many more discoveries,

[@johnkeck]

Could you do a show on anomalies that don't fit the Standard Model? The ones you mentioned here were new to me and give me the sense that there's a lot more going on than the average lay person knows about. Thanks!

[@deusexaethera]

I nominate the screenshot at 0:01 to be Matt's new profile pic on all his social media accounts -- including LinkedIn and Tinder.

[@AverageDrafter]

run

[@berserker8884]

Man I LOVE this community

[@MrMrdbarros]

Put the money on climate related research. Gives honor AND saves us. #teamhossenfelder haha

[@michaelblacktree]

HAHA! 🤣

[@aeroscience9834]

Marcel de Barros meanwhile the US military blows 750 billion (ie 75 total FCC’s) per every year. And no one bats an eyelid.

[@ulti-mantis]

@@aeroscience9834 No one? That's weird

[@MattersChris]

4:18 probably already mentioned. You labelled gluon as photon on graph. Lepton and quarks labels are reversed.

[@martiddy]

I noticed that as well

[@GNParty]

Underrated comment.

[@ericgraham8150]

Wow, how deep does this conspiracy go?

[@felinehairball5936]

Arrrrghgh! I hate it when that happens! LOL

[@Rationalific]

I just noticed those things, too. Good that this has been pointed out already, but your comment should be ranked even higher.

[@michaelblacktree]

Video Title: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? Me: Whose future are they going to collide? Hopefully not mine...

[@sadmanjahed1898]

This comment is so flipping underrated 😂

[@pairot01]

6:00 You need to teach me how to power through a yawn like that!

[@rathegod5290]

🤣🤣🤣

[@jbtechcon7434]

6:37 "No Sign Of SUSY" is the name of my SUSY & The Banshees cover band.

[@terryboyer1342]

Peekaboo!

[@muskyelondragon]

Kiss them for me

[@thenasadude6878]

Creedence Clearwater Revival is also not happy with the lack of Susy Q(uantum)

[@gordalla2957]

There's a planet in my kitchen

[@dominic.h.3363]

You know, when I was like three years old it was great fun smashing matchbox cars into each other... never would I have thought that I was actually performing what will later become the bleeding edge of science just on a different scale...

[@seanoconnor4738]

Some people are just the giants that the rest of these dorks stand on the shoulders of. Respect.

[@deusexaethera]

Somewhere in the multiverse, an alternate version of me is the owner and operator of a gay nightclub called "The Large Hardon Collider".

[@odizzido]

This is an excellent comment

[@powewq1748]

Its actually a stupid comment that isnt funny. In an alternate universe i force feed you your own excrement

[@simonheaney8721]

Don't quit your day job pal😕

[@deusexaethera]

@@powewq1748: So Sayeth The Only Objective Person On The Internet.

[@lobster7799]

Shawn Elliott Hahahahaha

[@Astro_Ape]

I get sooo excited whenever the SpaceTime intro plays!! Perhaps my favorite opening theme song/tune/melody of all [Space]time!!

[@lukabozic5]

Gluon is called photon in the SM circle. My eyes

[@rwbaira]

Leptons and quarks are also mislabeled (or miscolored)

[@denischarette7972]

@@rwbaira Also, in the representation of the muon and its magnetic field, the direction of the lines of force is supposed to be arbitrarily from north to south.

[@KhalilEstell]

Yeah this actually confused me and made me think that I didn't understand something about the standard model.

[@sdfkjgh]

@@KhalilEstell: Welcome back to feeling like the rest of us plebs.

[@MangezDesPommes]

It would be wrong to say that CERN and the LHC are located in Switzerland when 80+% of the infrastuctures are on French soil. The main lab was built on and across the border and If I remember correctly only the ATLAS detector is on Swiss soil.

[@michaelsommers2356]

The front gate, though, is in Switzerland.

[@julescolas4842]

I think leptons and quarks are inverted in the legend of the scheme of standard model at 4:51. Nice video btw.

[@germanshepherddog732]

i did notce that till now

[@akrybion]

I love that some of our most advanced technical achievements is essentially just "smash stuff together really hard".

[@NewMessage]

The 'pants analogy' all comes down to all the fun stuff happening where the legs come together? You win this round, Universe.

[@MusicalRaichu]

TBH I found the way he was gesticulating a bit disconcerting ...

[@thoughtfulldane4502]

Caveman: *Smashes rocks together, gets sharp ouchie stone* HRR! SUENCE! Modern Scientist: *smashes particles together, find new stuff* Hmmm...SCIENCE!

[@darrenc8776]

That is an acurate analogy mate. We know absolutely fxxk all

[@theemissary1313]

I will quote Adam Savage - "The only difference between screwing around and science is writing it down"

[@ac.creations]

@@theemissary1313 thats a good one.

[@danielbriones2938]

Some things never change...

[@thenasadude6878]

@@danielbriones2938 "Science. Science never changes"

[@tigerchuu2148]

“Which is for reference... A lot of energy” Well thank you for that... really helped 😂

[@michaelblair5146]

keep your style of video just like this. no annoying music, just you. no jump cuts its relaxing to watch.

[@adaxasd]

There's a little mistake: Matt said at 9:08 that the Future Circular Collider would be 100 times the energy of the LHC, when it is 8 - the subtitles are correct, however.

[@davecool42]

Was gonna say. Sheesh. But 100x would be way better.

[@MikeDCWeld]

Who cares? He said it right the first time.

[@NoxmilesDe]

Neeeeeeeerd

[@subliminalvibes]

So you weren't listening at 0:39 when he said it the first time?

[@rizkyadiyanto7922]

@@250txc its planned for 2027.

[@persiancarpet5234]

Better title: We still have no clue about physics but we're trying HARD

[@gm683]

We have more than clues, we know a lot but not everything.

[@gabrielmalek7575]

I mean basically.

[@MatthewCordaro]

Nice to see BNL's RHIC getting some love in accelerator talks. 💞 @11:14

[@Aizistral]

0:00 "Making the mother of all theories here Jack, can't fret over every particle!"

[@Cscuile]

Space Time has uploaded! Drop everything you're doing and watch!

[@RagaarAshnod]

I really appreciate the perspective of being Patriotic as a Species ❤️

[@RStell-wt5qr]

Play Halo, you'll appreciate the story.

[@hamstsorkxxor]

@@RStell-wt5qr Dear humanity, we regret being alien bastards, we regret coming to Earth. And we most definitely regret the Corps. just blew up our raggedy-ass fleet!

[@lexxynubbers]

Yeah, I'd like to see dolphins do something like this.

[@NoxmilesDe]

Wow stupid

[@250txc]

That was total BS. Only politicians and extremists use that word. -- Humans have and always slaughter each other. Get in the real world, OK?

[@MrSpying247]

Man i love pbs spacetime and just pbs in general. Such a great program.

[@syzygy6]

I like that you yawned while talking and just pushed on through 🥱

[@jyrinx]

I'd love to hear about Sabine's suggestion, which she mentioned on the live stream, for getting new physics sooner than the FCC: measure the force due to gravity from an object in a quantum superposition of states. That's *guaranteed* to produce new physics and could probably be done far sooner than the FCC will be completed. Shouldn't that be getting more attention, not to mention research money? (For those unfamiliar, we need to be able to put bigger things into superpositions of states and/or measure smaller things' gravitational force, but the gap we'd need to close is four or five orders of magnitude rather than (as I recall) the gap of 30 orders before we can detect gravitons. Sabine's guess as of a few years ago was that we're about 20 years away.)

[@MegaManki]

As far as I’m aware this is already being worked on. But it’s also really difficult to accomplish due to decoherence effects in macroscopic objects.

[@Mosern1977]

If someone says: 20 years away => we have no idea if it is even remotely possible. Fusion is 20 years away.

[@SuperStingray]

I think putting macroscopic systems into coherent states is going to be a big area of focus over the coming decades, because that's an extremely important problem for creating quantum computers with more complex circuits. It will be interesting to see if the technology that makes quantum computers broadly useful ends up helping us prove (or disprove) quantum gravity.

[@jyrinx]

Mosern1977 Fair, but there's actual progress being made on this, not just hopes for a breakthrough. Besides, at some point the FCC will be two decades off.

[@jyrinx]

Slartibartfass It's being worked on, but I'm surprised it's not a bigger priority. In particular, people make it sound like we might never be able to probe quantum gravity directly, when actually no, there's a credible path to get there.

[@LeoStaley]

Woah! You totally buried the lede there that I never heard before! I had no idea that the Higgs boson was so much lighter than predicted. I try to follow physics as much as a non mathematically trained lay person can, and none of the educational physics videos or articles I've come across ever mentioned that. Edit:that I recalled at least.

[@Jesse__H]

I'm surprised to hear that! I follow these kinds of subjects only casually, but the one thing I do remember about the period after we found the Higgs was how puzzled scientists were that it didn't match their predicted mass. 🤷‍♂️ so it goes I guess! There are so many sources of information it's inevitable that we'll miss something important eventually.

[@NightDescendant]

From what I heard (if I'm remembering correctly), the standard model predicted one mass for the higgs boson, supersymmetry predicts another, and they found a value that was somewhere in between the two of them.

[@LeoStaley]

@@Jesse__H I heard all about how discrepancies in measuring w and Z bosons led to it being theorized, how interacting with it is what gives massive particles their mass, how it was identified via statistics, and then talk of using the lhc to find more particles beyond the standard model, but I guess I somehow missed that. Keeps me humble I guess.

[@schokoladenjunge1]

Generally, scalar particle masses are expected to be very high unless there's a reason keeping them low. (Unlike for fermions, where the opposite is the case due to protective symmetries.) There were (high) upper bounds on the higgs mass from the masses of W and Z and then further stringent bounds from the top quark. Overall, it is pretty light. In the minimal supersymmetric extension to the standard model, it is predicted to be light, but actually has had an upper bound of around 135 GeV (see e.g. arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9709356.pdf) And while i'm not entirely well versed in SUSY, I've read that it's a bit difficult to get 125GeV. However, none of this really predicts more physics beyond the horizon as far as I'm aware. In fact, using the assumption that there's nothing more, you can *derive* the 125GeV higgs mass from asymptotic safety constraints, which are pretty conservative.

[@michals1967]

No, in fact the Higgs boson was not predicted to be heavy, because a heavy (>1 TeV) Higgs boson would not do its job. Actually, theory could not predict its mass except that it cannot be too heavy. The problem is that when you calculate quantum corrections to the Higgs mass, they diverge. It's an internal inconsistency of the Standard Modlel: the Higgs has to be light and at the same time there is no way to keep it light. Which is why we believe the Standard Model is not the ultimate theory.

[@Dra741]

Tweaking the luminosity and always seeing more Precision with the head on collisions, and the calculations of those collisions was quite impressive that I never forget that

[@MIck-M]

I can't wait for the day when all this wonderful understanding can make a better mouse trap.

[@HungryGuyStories]

They're missing a huge opportunity by not calling it the _Larger Hadron Collider._

[@daveseddon5227]

…. or the Bigger Hitty Crashy Thingy.

[@fredashay]

Or Collider McColliderface

[@ThatCrazyKid0007]

LHC then starts a particle rap career as Lil Hadron Collider

[@A.Lifecraft]

If LHC is then that other ring, the new one could be the one ring! And they could then have a watchdog at that facility and call him Frodo. You know, like stuff you do as a nerdguy at university...

[@PandemoniumMeltDown]

They could also call it the Larger Huger Coldron... but they don't, because, as all know: size doesn't matter o.O

[@kendomyers]

If you want to make an apple pie from scratch You must first invent the universe -Saint Carl Sagan (bless his name)

[@muskyelondragon]

Indeed 💘

[@zapfanzapfan]

CERN invented World Wide Web, I'd say that's enough reason to give them whatever budget they like!

[@WeissM89]

"Nice". That ending gave me a good chuckle.

[@LeoStaley]

Sabine hossenfelder has a few things to say about this, in a video of hers. She opposes construction of bigger colliders until theory has caught up to make better predictions about the results of such a collider.

[@plexiglasscorn]

She also said that colliders keep physicists, well, employed.

[@booJay]

I totally get where she's coming from and don't necessarily disagree with her, but excessive amounts of money could be (and are) spent on less worthy endeavors (and people), so I personally wouldn't make a huge fuss over it being used for this.

[@mrnarason]

She complains about lack of experiment evidence from theories but doesn't want to or believe in funding more Collider research... Okay

[@user-db4dd4ze3n]

Imagine building the collider and them finding nothing new...

[@aeroscience9834]

Wow...that’s just not how it works. Not how science is done at all. Who is this person, Aristotle reincarnated?

[@yosmith1]

Hang on, Sabine will be along any minute with a song

[@bigmikebeebee]

Please no

[@malcomyoung2240]

What you're doing for your patreons supporters are really cool.

[@natclo9229]

What an inspiration How you speak to those looking to be apart of something bigger than themselves is touching

[@37269J]

"Which is, for reference, A LOT OF ENERGY" 😂

[@jonathanrockhill6039]

"Signs of SuSy" Sounds like it would be my mom's favorite 90s alternative band

[@QlueDuPlessis]

I'd place it closer to the '60s. Susy was a popular song-lyric name in the '50s and '60s.

[@jennyreid722]

Brilliant video! We had a talk from the person who worked on providing the computing power for the LHC, fascinating! The global coordination for this project is unbelievably good.

[@enolastraight577]

2:41 Gerard K. O'Neill rockin' the Spock Hair!

[@PicsBoson]

"So the Future Circular Collider won't let me be or let me be me so let me see They tried to shut me down on LHC"

[@PetardeWoez]

but it feels so empty without SUSY

[@TheInevitableHulk]

nice

[@98lorevan]

Italians physicists be like: "Marcello, can we cook pasta by smashing electrons?"

[@MarsJenkar]

@Shane Ashby "Call-a the MythBusters."

[@Pandzikizlasu80]

Poles already know that the matter structure is the same as leniwe pierogis* - is made of quarks from pol. twaróg - cottage cheese. Build that thing in Poland and the true pierogis* model will be proven! *The rest of ingredients will be batter, sugar and cinnamon.

[@ekay4495]

@@Pandzikizlasu80 You high?

[@Pandzikizlasu80]

@@ekay4495 The etymology dictionary says "The word Quark (Late Middle High German: quarc, twarc, zwarg; Lower Saxon: dwarg), with is thought to derive from a West Slavic equivalent, such as Sorbian twarog, Polish twaróg, Czech and Slovak tvaroh." So quark - twaróg - cottage cheese is the main building block of all matter (and a kind of pierogis :P

[@DialecticRed]

The italian pysicists are probably also the ones reaponsible for spaghettification, and the different pasta layers of neutron stars

[@grandsome1]

The legacy of the ancestral technique of smashing two things together to see what happens, is still going strong, I see.

[@usuallydead]

I do love listening to Matt talk about pahticles.

[@TristanCleveland]

The diagram at 4:37 mixes up leptons and quarks (in the legend).

[@stevecruickshank5686]

And the "g" should be a gluon, not a photon

[@calvinjarvis3792]

Hey Matt I’m a long time listener and have heard of the possibility of sub-sub atomic particles like preons that potentially fulfill the role of a Dark Matter candidate. Is the any possibility of sub-quark entities?

[@NoSubsWithContent]

fermi-lab did a couple videos addressing that and determined preons would have to be 10,000 times smaller than a proton or something like that, there is always a possibility of them existing but it's gonna take a lot more energy than what we're producing to find them even if we figure out what they decay into. I'm going to assume it's very close to the energy required to create a blackhole.

[@sdfkjgh]

15:06 The Trousers of Time! Sir PTerry would be pleased.

[@MrPmjuszczyk]

I'd like to know more about designing the detection part of previously unseen particles, and how it evolved over time

[@stamx_]

I always get hit with "spacetime" when I least expect it

[@betterrobots]

I would like to see a video on Wakefield Acceleration, becuase that would be a great way to get higher energy collisions in smaller spaces

[@mastershooter64]

imagine a wakefield accelerator that's 100 km long lol we'd definitely be able to detect strings with that much power

[@MrDsfi]

4:38 Man I was so amped about the amount of energy in a form of a sick comparison that would follow. Why you had to do me like that?

[@irisfailsafe]

These crazy machines also serve as inspiration. If you are a kid and you hear oh there is this giant machine to creates collisions and explosions. Maybe that kid starts dreaming about working with that machine and becomes a physicist which in turn later discovers how gravity works or is the chief engineer of the rocket that takes us to visit Saturn. Having something to aspire to can never be underestimated.

[@Dustfinity]

My notifications: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? Me, without a damn clue what even a future collider is: damn can it??? 🤔

[@jessehudgins6066]

Lmao when curiosity takes you to strange places

[@sadmanjahed1898]

That's not the main question... The main question is whose future are they gonna collide?

[@joshuahillerup4290]

Maybe instead of a bigger accelerator we should make the smallest possible kugelblitz in space we can, maybe with a similar mechanism (but smaller) that Jeffrey S Lee talked about in his paper Acceleration of a Schwarzschild Kugelblitz Starship.

[@SahasaV]

You do know that if we put the current total energy output of humanity into creating one. We would be multiple orders of magnitude short of making one the size of a proton.

[@joshuahillerup4290]

@@SahasaV one the size (I'm assuming you're talking about volume and not mass) of a proton is *way* bigger than what would be needed amazing scientific research. Even if it only lasted a milisecond before completely evaporating that evaporation should take long enough to answer all sorts of questions about things like quantum gravity, including confirming (or of course falsifying, which would be even more interesting) Hawking radiation.

[@SahasaV]

@@joshuahillerup4290 Again, orders of magnitude smaller, using the entirety of the energy available to our species right now.

[@yuryeuceda8590]

As always, great video Professor.

[@apinakapinastorba]

Universes are so smart. As they mature, they produce suitable conditions for sentient beings, capable of producing large particle colliders, to thrive, causing new ”big bangs” to happen and thus completing their reproductive cycle.

[@plexus]

It’s gonna be sad when they build that monster over like 2 decades and when they fire it up, they find absolutely no new breakthroughs as far as any new particles. (Knock on wood)

[@krashd]

Sad, but also informative, every result in science teaches us something.

[@vibaj16]

Rob Fraser “what information have these 34 collisions shown you?” “We misused our budget”

[@THC4k]

Maybe we're at a point where it's more effective to heavily invest in AI over new colliders. It seems weird to me that physics isn't at the forefront of AI research despite generating more data than any other field. Building and understanding an AI that is capable to rediscover the Standard Model (or an alternative) only from currently available experimental data seems like the logical next step for physics and science overall.

[@ebob0531]

They are at the forefront of a lot of physics. Just not this sort of physics.

[@Thros1]

Once they figure out true ai all of our efforts will seem like child's play, if they don't decide we need to go we should be in for a real treat!

[@joaodecarvalho7012]

The Standard Model is for me like the Periodic Table. It is sacred.

[@robertschlesinger1342]

Very interesting and worthwhile video.

[@MaximQuantum]

Gonna be telling stories to my grandkids about the Alex S-L-ino.

[@camerons6028]

Matts tattoo says: "only the god particle will judge me"

[@GrimSleepy]

At least it's not a Super Nova, I'd rather he not take the Earth with him. :D

[@warpdriveby]

We certainly hope it will! It would be absolutely amazing and revolutionary, every time we pulled back another curtain the benefit to humanity has been impossible to overstate.

[@Bigandrewm]

A joking point of criticism, as a musician: you don't "engage your diaphragm" to project. Your diaphragm creates vacuum in the lungs, and thus is the primary muscle we use to breathe inward, not outward. Outward force is generated mainly by abdominal muscles. Of course, in the vacuum of our solar system with about 1 atom per cubic meter, no effort is necessary to expel air.

[@geuis]

When we’re talking about space flowing, is this implying some kind of literal movement of space itself or just describing the paths that particles would follow if encountering that extreme environment?

[@powewq1748]

Nooo. Not quite but close.. space time flowing is a phenomenon that describes the low entropy variations that occur naturally within quantum wave theory... i hope this helped

[@ramon1029]

Ah yes, particle accelerators. The intellectual version of “mine is bigger than yours”

[@Lolalogo]

I feel so lucky that I've been to both Fermilab and la CERN.

[@coreysmith8286]

Congratulations on winning the award for the most narcissistic comment ...

[@Lolalogo]

@@coreysmith8286 I mean you can visit both too no?

[@R0BL0W]

Proton be like "the fcc won't let me be or let me be me so let me see"

[@polysmart]

Lets build a particle accelerator around the Moon's equator.

[@happygimp0]

After that we want one around the earth, then the solar system and in the end one that goes around the milky way.

[@hudsoncaceres6820]

ggzh a Argue With Everyone And then we can activate it to destroy the Flood

[@gamingcreatesworlddd2425]

@@hudsoncaceres6820 which flood

[@NewMessage]

Wait.. so.. is an omelette made of a billion billion subatomic particle 'eggs' a tiny big omelette, or a huge small omelette? My calorie count quick reference card doesn't seem to cover either...

[@jonnypeatersons]

Hey Matt and spacetime team, you are so awesome!

[@guillaumemaurice3503]

Thank you for sharing this video that was very interesting.

[@SKIND-SMOKEWAGON]

BNL is 5 minutes from my home. Probably won't be here in 10+ years, though.

[@GoodMorningHikers]

i like how the Tim Allen approach solves most "unsolvable" things in science. we just need more power, bigger magnets, and better lasers... obviously.

[@MdSteel7]

Great pronunciation! Ciao from Verona, Italy :)

[@fudhater8592]

2:41 Thankfully for us his audition for The Monkees didn't pan out

[@_ric]

Me: Can we get a new particle accelerator? My mum: We've got particle accelerator at home.

[@powewq1748]

Not funny not funny not funny. Please go wireless bungee jumping

[@_ric]

@@powewq1748 That seems somewhat of a huge overreaction to a someone posting a play on a common meme.

[@ccvcharger]

But, this one's bigger.

[@mastershooter64]

i wonder if it's possible to build a particle accelerator which has the circumference of the earth would it be able to accelerate protons to the speed of 299 782 457.9999999 m/s ?

[@RStell-wt5qr]

No, but I make really good vegetarian lasagna.

[@mastershooter64]

@@RStell-wt5qr ah yes, lasagna made inside a particle accelerator

[@babygirl8181980411]

Love how he engages the imagination!

[@Dra741]

With the Large Hadron Collider, I was seeing Luminosity increase exponentially, and also the detection of a particle that came out of the formula of the Collision