Can water solve a maze?

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[@SteveMould]

This video explains why I had a blue splodge on my face in the last video! The sponsor is 80,000 hours. Head to 80000hours.org/steve to start planning a career that is meaningful, fulfilling, and helps solve one of the world’s most pressing problems.

[@MatteoMekteusClementel]

Awesome Steve :)

[@jamesbizs]

Nah. I’m good. Thanks tho

[@GamesNTech]

If you put small holes in the clear acrylic at the "top" of dead end pockets that are sealed it might cause the water to go more places. presumably more water would go down then out of the holes because gravity should still be stronger.

[@BeeKeeper-]

egg

[@I86282]

Well you know Mercury has a pretty low pressure before boiling. Or you could try making a super fluid. That's always fun.

[@ElectroBOOM]

You know what I think can solve the puzzle flowing through the main path right away?? Smoke! Pushing smoke into the puzzle, it will flow through the path of least resistance from the start

[@KalebPeters99]

Yeah! And as a bonus it can solve mazes where the exit is above the entrance

[@aande1]

My guess would be though, that smoke would fill much more of the maze over time, because it doesn't have the surface tension of water.

[@fred8281]

Yes, that is almost the same as at 6:36 where the pre-filled maze is fed with different colored water. If the air pockets were also pre-filled with water, then it would be exactly the same.

[@DukeBG]

@Infinity electricity kinda solves a maze in real life all the time - that's how the lightnings get their shapes

[@kaloyanmarinov525]

If you blow enough capacitors at one end it will create the smoke you need to solve the maze!

[@thomasschmidt7649]

Realizing every maze has two halves was a surprising revelation I didn’t expect.

[@elliott614]

Certain types of mazes*

[@elliott614]

Notice there are no loops in these?

[@elliott614]

It's actually pretty obvious when you consider a solution must exist and there are no islands

[@thewiseturtle]

AT LEAST two (separate) parts. Not two parts. Many mazes have many separate disconnected walls. (There's no requirement for only having one possible solution in a maze.)

[@Skyl3t0n]

@@elliott614 That would make it 3 parts.

[@staticbuilds7613]

This shows the difference between physical and digital simulations. In digital there is always something overlooked like the ire pressure in this situation which is why its always important to test the digital one on a small scale first.

[@Freakazoid12345]

Yup. It's interesting that lots of times when I'm reading good info on using a simulation or simulator of/for something it's recommended to do the real thing along with a simulator. I have peripherals for simulator games but should probably get rid of them because I don't access to the real world counterpart to get the most out of the simulation.

[@KuroroSama42]

I'd correct that to say "there's usually something overlooked". It's theoretically possible to have a perfect simulation, but can be very hard to do.

[@Kholdaimon]

The point of a making a simulation in science is to put in all the variables that you think effect the outcome and their strengths and interactions and so on and then you compare it with real life observations. And then you expect to find that your simulation is inaccurate at some point and you try to find out what caused that inaccuracy and by finding out you learn something new... Simulations are always inaccurate, they are supposed to be, as soon as a simulation is perfectly accurate your field of study is solved, but, so far, there have always been more questions left to answer in any field of study and thus more inaccuracies left to iron out... At in the natural sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, etc. I am not sure, since I am not a mathematician, but I think there are parts of mathematics that are solved...

[@LutraLovegood]

@@Kholdaimon Solved is one thing, but how fast is the simulation? What if you need to run hundreds of simulations for engineering and design?

[@Kholdaimon]

@@LutraLovegood I mean, you never run a simulation once and if it gives the result you want call it done. You always run it hundreds of times so you can do statistical analyses on the results... When I did my research the standard was 1000 iterations of a single set of input parameters and then analyse the results, which took about 3 hours on my fairly good gaming computer, but this was 10 years ago, my current computer would do it A LOT faster... The speed depends entirely on the nature of the simulation, some are really fast, others require hours and hours on university owned super computers.

[@TheFinalRevelation1]

Someone should make a free demo and share or code for a 3d simulation, this could be in unity or unreal or something like that.

[@icravedeath.1200]

Could be a neat water physics simulation to use for games.

[@jemlap]

@@icravedeath.1200 I'm pretty sure UE does offer water simulation. Blender has had physics simulations for a long while now. Don't know about accuracy in a scientific level, but they are more than amazing for what ever I will ever make :D

[@tonyvisente5286]

If you want a realistic level of simulation you'll probably have to implement the whole rendering engine and physic system by yourself

[@Catterjeeo]

Unity is no longer an option.

[@mikefochtman7164]

Regarding surface tension, try solving the smaller maze with 'wetter' water. Reduce the surface tension of water by dissolving some alcohol in it. :) Might be interesting with different fluids as well.

[@Yozo_official]

Smart

[@SteveMould]

Or pure alcohol, or add soap. Great idea!

[@ericmoss6110]

@@SteveMould Or superfluid helium-4! 😂

[@davidellison4750]

I saw soap bubbles in your red/blue section so assume you used a detergent or other surfactant.

[@Kram1032]

@@ericmoss6110 omg, superfluid helium would be an amazing test as it also can crawl *up* - it'd presumably solve the maze pretty much exactly by the keep-hand-on-wall method. That said, if water was already a difficult thing to seal against, helium manages to be nigh impossible lol

[@i_am_awesome_j]

the fact that a maze is two separate pieces blew my mind more than the water maze. It makes perfect sense but I have never thought of that!

[@EvoSteve89]

100% lol, same here! I never thought of that and I STILL can't wrap my head around *WHY* that is, lol

[@SageofPHY6Paths]

+1

[@EgaTehPro]

I'm confused why it has to be two pieces?

[@EgaTehPro]

Oh, right, because one of them never touches the other.

[@SajtosNokedli]

It can be made of 3 pieces or 4 pieces or 5 pieces

[@suhanhalepotra6738]

The water looks more like water than real water.

[@rociochave1066]

Thats....not even possible

[@lazydk2654]

Regarding the 2 paths leasing to 3 walls you can 'hug'. It still works holding the hand on a wall, if you do so when you enter the maze. The 3rd middle part that loops wont be one of the walls at the entrance. So unless walls are shifting its a pretty safe approach

[@Solstice_AC]

Directly to the experiments in less than 1 minute, now this is the channel that deserves to be popular.

[@jerronimo3000]

Legitimately almost didn't click because I didn't want to sit through 8 minutes of "hype" for an underwhelming reveal at the end of the video. This was not that, and I was pleasantly surprised

[@minamy]

i mean it kinda is, not everyone has 2m subs

[@unknownfall]

its just straight to the damn point

[@danx9194]

Yeah just forward the video 9 waste of time minutes

[@Freakazoid12345]

I love experiments.

[@billyruss]

I had never thought of a maze being in two halves - and yet it's so obvious when you think about it! Steve is like the Johnny Ball of the digital age 🙂

[@DavidGuild]

Not only that, but the solution is exactly the path between the two halves. (I think. Proving this is left as an exercise for the reader.)

[@billyruss]

@@DavidGuild Yea! I got that once I got that it was in two halves - just never thought of either of those things until I watched this! I love the way his videos make you look at everyday things in a new way 🙂

[@lonestarr1490]

It's for the same reason why there can't be any two-dimensional beings. Their digestive system would just cut them in half.

[@JoseAlcerreca]

@@lonestarr1490 What about the top of the head? 🤔

[@kilianvounckx9904]

​@@lonestarr1490octopuses eat and poop through the same hole, so it could work

[@Alexand3ry]

Maze-solving algorithm for red water: 1. Find someone who solved the maze with blue water 2. Copy their homework

[@triffinne]

I came here from the short to ask what would happen if you put dye in after it was solved, very glad to see that it worked exactly as I expected! Thank you for doing more than just answering the face question and thinking of more interesting things that can happen in the situation!

[@CarzyNavi]

Flood fill just got real

[@Yozo_official]

Indeed

[@Sam-rx8wd]

How do I do flood fill with voxels as fast as possible

[@davidellison4750]

I loved the solution of cutting slots in the upper acrylic plate to allow the solvent to reach the surfaces you wanted to solvent weld.

[@rofltehcat]

For the smaller maze, you can just fill a flat metal/ceramic tray with just barely enough solvent to cover the bottom. Then put the maze into it with the side you want to solvent weld. Leave it in there for like 10-30 seconds. Then take it out, and set it onto the panel you want to weld it to. Because the maze is so finicky, I'd still do the first side with the syringe. This process works for all kinds of parts and actually tends to give a cleaner, more even, weld. However, since you're using laser-cut pieces you'll have plenty of micro-cracks in them after getting them into contact with solvent (unless you tempered them afterwards), they are probably just hard to see in the black acrylic. For large pieces this works too but of course you'd need a pretty large tray (or one custom-made for the job) and a lot of solvent. You also don't need to actually submerge the pieces, just lowering them until the solvent pulls itself onto the welding surface is actually better (because it only coats the surface and because the solvent doesn't get squeezed out) but a bit finicky, you might be able to put some uncoated steel wires into it as an offset. Source: Sometimes do this at work, but for most pieces the syringe method works just fine.

[@anggyvannesaarteagadiaz2113]

7oq

[@100StepProgram]

This is the first video ever where I saw the short, thought it was cool and actually watched the real video. That’s how good your content is

[@SaliasLeRounard]

That was very nice !!! Coming from the shirt and absolutely loved that you thought about phone users and used the tool to link to this bigger video ❤

[@Kwaq84]

There are couple of important things this experiment shows, especially when dye is added. It shows what happens when there are unused lines in water delivery piping (like for example building hydrants sharing same line with tap water). It can become breeding ground for bacterias, eg. Legionella, despite water moving, and that's why it's important to use backflow prevention valves.

[@KnugLidi]

'water age' is indeed a critical factor in delivery quality water. This is why municipalities and other agencies controlling water supply model and test for water age as part of the design of new expansions to an existing system. Areas of known longer ages, are regularly flushed. Additionally, modifications to the distribution system can help eliminate these regions. one tool in this fight is preventing a dendritic (tree-root) branching of the system. By carefully utilizing loops and and multiple paths, it is possible to significantly reduce water age.

[@kaitlyn__L]

This is also why I always run the tap until the water is genuinely cold, to ensure it’s not been sitting around for who knows how long in the building or the street. Sometimes it happens quickly when there must be high turnover but sometimes it takes a few minutes.

[@KnugLidi]

@@kaitlyn__L Temperature isn't a bad guide, although the 'new' water from the street (which is buried, so likely cooler) will have to cool your warmer piping down, so once you feel the temp start to drop, you've likely got 'fresher' street water at the tap

[@karol30660]

That's why I don't trust the campaigns that say that water treatment is so good that you can drink straight from the tap. I do believe that the water from the treatment plant is great, but there's no way I trust those pipes between them and my flat, not to mention those in the building itself.

[@KnugLidi]

@@karol30660 I'm sorry that you distrust your water distribution system. I would suggest you sample your own water from your own tap and have it tested (at your own cost) against your national drinking water standards at a private, independent lab for your own peace of mind. If, in the unlikely event that your water falls outside of the national standards, your local distribution maintaining agency will be VERY interested in your results.

[@donaldasayers]

With your second complicated, big maze, I don't think it is surface tension but an air lock, the path repeatedly goes up then down so if there is a bubble in each up bit, it requires a minimum head of water to overcome the sum of the uphill parts.

[@andrewharrison8436]

Agree

[@lukasschmidt175]

Agree too

[@LucasHartmann]

My kitchen sink agrees

[@donaldasayers]

@@LucasHartmann My car cooling system agrees.

[@okloster0]

Physics agrees

[@chrisko1]

If you get stuck in the Backrooms- just flood it

[@inimmz]

gonna have to find a lottt of water for that

[@XvoseEthereal]

This is amazing. You could hypothetically have a huge containment of water with multiple maze plugs of different tensions to simulate different distributions instead of larger or smaller ducts

[@LucasFroitzheim]

I love by the way how you included the animation clip at the beginning but still motivated us to watch the original which supports its creator. Just love it

[@EEEEEEEE]

‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎E

[@redfyresasoiaf]

Also that he wasn't 'shaming' the animation creator (for lack of a better word) for not having realistic graphics but instead said things along the lines of 'he animated something I can't recreate'.

[@mjw7994]

Regarding using the "hand on one wall" method to go through a multipath maze, as long as you pick a wall right at the entrance then you should still always find your way out. Any extra paths would create a third piece to the maze, but by necessity it would have to be in between the two outer parts which must be the two parts bisected by the entrance and exit.

[@JuniperHatesTwitterlikeHandles]

I wrote a longer comment about this but also if there are 2 entrances and 2 exits, you must find a path from an entrance to an exit, and the paths between each entrance and the exits connect, there is a chance the wall you follow will lead you on a path between the two entrances instead of to an exit, but that's the only thing I can think of that would defeat the algorithm, barring dropping someone in the middle of the maze instead of starting them at an entrance... or having no paths from the entrance to an exit, obv.

[@dreadlindwyrm]

@@JuniperHatesTwitterlikeHandles You can theoretically have traps and one way doors in a real maze, so that you can go through a particular section one way, but not leave through the same area - meaning that you'll get trapped in the section beyond the one way door. Or you place the exit in the "middle" part by having a tunnel up or down from one of the rooms that's only accessible through the third part of the maze.

[@LunaliBrighteyes]

Another solution I've seen in real world mazes is to have checkpoints in the maze that have to be reached for the maze to be considered complete.

[@coryzilligen790]

This only works if the starting point is along the outer wall of the maze (which is _generally_ the case, but not necessarily). If you are starting from a random location within the middle of the maze, then you have no way of knowing whether the wall you touch would be connected to the exit or not.

[@jonahzurn527]

It is also possible for the exit to the maze to be a staircase or ladder or something which is placed within the maze. That would mean that you could follow the outer wall in a complete loop and never find the exit.

[@IronsAtlas]

Nice, now the alligator can finally have his shower

[@rhythmtreble7311]

I had a feeling it would be surface tension being too strong for the water to overcome it. You present your paradoxes and caviats in such a good manner its more like an assist than me just knowing it

[@webkinskid]

man, you really nailed the lighting on the larger mazes, the contrast of the "walls" is perfect

[@sthenzel]

The "keep your right hand on a wall" always works, IF you start doing so from the entrance! A maze may have two or more paths to the exit and therefore has more than two wall structures, but it will always have just two outside ones.

[@andrehil]

I thought the same thing!

[@thehunters3402]

Actually it doesn’t work at all if there are any floating walls in the maze, as in walls that don’t connect to the outside. Left or right wall doesn’t matter. Sometimes the floating wall is obvious and sometimes it’s not. Oh, and it only works if you can touch the outside wall directly from the entrance.

[@sthenzel]

@@thehunters3402 At the entrance there is always an outside wall! It may be part of a 'floating' wall, yes, but then there´s more than one entrance. In that case, switch the same hand to the other wall of the newfound entrance.

[@thehunters3402]

@@sthenzel I know. Just expanding on the conversation because that’s what I like to do.

[@christopherwellman2364]

I've always wanted to map the Paris Catacombs by spray painting a white line along the right wall.

[@nancy4289]

Great job Steve... I see all your videos.... And you explain a complex concept in easy way..... ❤️❤️

[@abrahimabd1657]

Not only water but also gravity

[@__-cd9ug]

That last part is so interesting. Blue water has figured out the maze and now the red water can go directly to the end with virtually no loss

[@janbam1778]

I wonder if there's some kind of force(?) flowing upstream from the end to the start??

[@lonestarr1490]

@@janbam1778 A negative pressure difference, basically. Like pulling water through a drinking straw.

[@whannabi]

If it was a human sized maze maybe we could follow the current and also get out

[@FirstLast-gw5mg]

The blue water is basically doing the same thing that the air did in the smaller maze. It's blocking the "wrong" paths, and instead of surface tension, there's just the boundary between two liquids of the same density - they're not going to mix very much at all in such a small time frame, so it's basically just a question of whether the blue water has anywhere to go when the red water pushes against it.

[@unfa00]

That's because the 1st pass water has blocked off all the dead ends, making it so any pressure can only be relieved directly towards the exit.

[@JonFehr]

If you wanted to simulate the simulation you could put a small vent hole at the top of each isolated section of the geometry and then just cover/plug the hole once water starts leaking out of the venting hole. That should be easily done in the larger versions and you just need something like flex tape to cover the vents. it won't look as pretty but the physics should work.

[@SilverLining1]

Obligatory flex tape meme here

[@3d_dean975]

Putting in a air release valve would also work so he could avoid manually covering the holes

[@robpet198]

Also, by treating every maze surface by a hydrophobic repellent, you could reduce the surface tension friction. Would be fun to see the results and how they compare to the vacuum simulation 🙂

[@YoungGandalf2325]

Wouldn't that be like creating a maze with multiple exits or paths? Not really a maze?

[@cyberwomble7524]

@@YoungGandalf2325 See them as emergency exits and hang little "no exit, staff only" signs on them. The air can be considered staff.

[@davidb8185]

I have wondered about this for a long time. Wondered but never quite sure if I could build it. Thank you for building and showing it. For the surface tension try adding soap.

[@modolief]

Fantastic! Really great idea and excellent follow through to complete video. And A+ narration. Thanks 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

[@user-jn4sw3iw4h]

5:40 True, if you only start using the 'hand on wall'-tactic as a backup plan, after you've already been in the maze for a while a multi-solution one can trap you. Doing so from the start will work (for any 2 dimensional maze, where 'out the other side' is the goal. Get to the centerpiece artwork (or staircase to the exit-tunnel), are made out of 1 piece and may loop you back to the entrance )

[@annana6098]

If you're able to mark the walls in any way at all, if you loop back to the same point on the wall, you are following a center wall that doesn't connect to the entrance or exit. Switch to the wall opposite and follow that one. If necessary, just keep mapping these interior walls until you get to a wall that leads to the entrance or exit. I follow walls all the time in games to fully explore areas and find places I've missed. If you're in a maze in real life and you fear you don't have all the time in the world to walk around--definitely find a way to mark your exploration or break yourself out of there.

[@EEEEEEEE]

‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎E

[@yaboynotnut5386]

@@EEEEEEEE real

[@bugsuck11]

I actually used this once in a dnd campaign. Our DM put us in a huge mirror maze room. Using a combination of a few magic items, I made a torrential downpour of water and we waited a minute before following the flow

[@niek280]

That’s clever, love it!

[@ShiningDarknes]

How did you keep it from back-flowing out of the maze? I mean this method only really works because of the verticality of the maze making it so the water cannot simply flow back out of the entrance. You would likely need way more than a minute in order for the water to rise to the point where you could detect a flow is a big room. My solution to DM's throwing mazes at casters is always just fucking blow through it or use divination magic to scout the correct path, ain't nobody got time for that.

[@sethb3090]

​@@ShiningDarknes I play as a ratfolk, so I have an unfair advantage

[@ShiningDarknes]

@@sethb3090 how so?

[@niek280]

@@ShiningDarknes Why wouldn't you exit through the entrance, as long as you get out right?

[@VEVOHADIMUSIC]

The water in the tank came to a halt like a car going uphill with its engine’s torque just short of power. The water in the maze needed more weight pushing down so it could push up all those nooks and crannies and fight against gravity and surface tension alike. Truly fascinating. :)

[@drbasil]

As a physicist, I must say that it looks oddly satisfying (and accurate). This is the first time I see this channel btw. Immediate subscription activated 😌

[@lqr824]

5:28 Even in a multiply-connected maze (one with multiple successful paths), you can be sure that the walls of the ENTRYWAY will be the walls of the exit, as long as the entry and exit are on the outside border of the maze. I didn't realize that until you showed your "coloring the walls" at 2:50 then mentioned that two paths would create a middle part. That middle part won't be the left or right wall of the entrance, but would necessarily be an "island" in the middle. The interesting thing is that you can't just wander around and decide later to use this algorithm: you need to commit to it at the very entrance to the maze. And, it only works if the exit is also on an external wall, not say a stairs in the middle of the level, or say a goal or treasure of some kind not adjacent to an exterior wall.

[@pwhnckexstflajizdryvombqug9042]

This doesn't work in 3d mazes (multi-level)

[@tcxd1164]

Though generally not a problem, if you're starting from the middle of a maze (e.g. you're blindfolded and carried to the starting point, or you forgot to use the strategy until later), then there'd be no guarantee.

[@lqr824]

@@tcxd1164 I explained that in detail.

[@tcxd1164]

@@lqr824 yeah, I reread that more clearly after I already posted the reply, but oh well.

[@rubenbohorquez5673]

It could also be the case that the exit/goal is somewhere in the middle of the maze, and there's only one entrance/exit, then it could be made of a single piece and thus following a wall will take you around the entire maze (including both entrance and exit)

[@nerfherder4284]

This video actually made me realize that if you just try to visualize how the maze is in two pieces it becomes easier to solve visually. Pretty cool! I also think it works how a siphon works.

[@howardbaxter2514]

It’s also why if you keep going right, or keep going left, you will always solve the maze. Unless, of course, the maze is broken up into more than 2 parts.

[@howardbaxter2514]

Which, by the way, knowing such information is good for you in emergency situations. If you are ever in a building under evacuation and it is pitch black inside, put your hand up against the wall and follow it. You will eventually reach a door and/or window.

[@crackspider101]

@@howardbaxter2514 Yeah, but it might only be an internal door...

[@tokyovoice8835]

The title of the KZbin video (Maze Vol.01 Simulation) is a maze simulation using OpenFOAM. Channel subscriber: Take Den [OpenFOAM & Blender]

[@YetiCat28]

What earned my sub? Was it the in depth and interesting explanation? Was it the amazing content and engineering? Sure these helped, but I can find them on most channels. No, the thing that has earned you my sub was the innovation, ideas, and problem solving you had on the side: Like mazes being two pieces or laser cutting holes in the 3rd layer. You make great stuff, so keep it up. Bravo Steve!

[@aniasparkle]

Why are the water videos always the best? Watching this is so soothing. I feel like someone could make an entire channel of just water mazes.

[@macronencer]

Love this! Mazes were "my thing" at school. We had exercise books with squared paper in them for maths, and I used to draw mazes all the time, so I became really familiar with a lot of stuff about them. The "stick to one wall" rule is a good window into some of them, as it makes you think about where the entrance and exit might be (could be in the middle), whether it still works with multiple entrances, whether there's a way to use it to escape a maze if you start in a random spot (there are algorithms that can eliminate dead ends as you go, but they require some sort of memory or external modification)... A third dimension also stirs things up. The maze at Longleat in England (which was the largest in Europe in the 1980s, not sure whether it still is) has six bridges that go over the hedge paths. This allows you to see some of the connectivity from above, which people imagine might help - but the presence of the bridges also makes the topology more sneaky and the maze harder. I LOVE MAZES! Cool to see your construction skills applied to them like this. Excellent video.

[@chrisakaschulbus4903]

And now you could generate big mazes in minecraft and explore them in virtual reality... yes, the world is crazy like that today.

[@nikelsad]

@@chrisakaschulbus4903 do you mean a particular mod for mazes?

[@chrisakaschulbus4903]

@@nikelsad I made mazes with server plugins a couple years back. There are also "picture to schematic converters". So combining that with a normal image maze generator should also be possible. Particular mods or names i don't have, though. I only generate mazes for CNC laser action.

[@muenchhausenmusic]

Dude, that sounds awesome!! I think one day I'll make this a birthday trip for my ex-girlfriend. She also loves everything logic-related. This christmas I gave her the hardest version of the Perplexus 3D labyrinth, she fucking loved it and tried cracking it for a over a whole day 😊 Have you heard of those? They are more about the motor skill to bring the ball through the maze. The hardest one is actually pretty hard! Thanks for the unintended present idea 😉

[@macronencer]

@@muenchhausenmusic You're welcome! Yes, I think I know the puzzle you're referring to. I don't have one but I think I've tried it once.

[@ayyjsanders9319]

I honestly forgot about u my guy! I’m subbed but haven’t seen ur vids in a while and then boom here u are again lol so glad ur still actively asking content

[@itzfraggle9620]

This is actually very similar to how valve bodies work in automatic transmissions. Great stuff!

[@bergmanjoe7886]

@SteveMould What a great video! It was cool to see how fluids actually travels through a maze with real world physics. Also What a great sponsor. 80,000 hours was something I didn't know about till now and I'm going to look at that organization ASAP.

[@TippyHippy]

l put my hamster in a sock and slammed it against the furniture.

[@PeaceOutNewYork]

I really think you should look into getting the big versions of the mazes into a gallery. They are really beautiful art pieces against that white background. The blue liquid is really radiant

[@AnAfinityForKarma]

Came from your short, they're working - this is awesome :)

[@Hunting380]

I cant believe how many things I learned from this. I was not expecting this much from a "pouring water in maze" video! 😃

[@tundernan1]

Hey Steve, I do quite a bit of solved welding acrylic. For the second half you can do the dip soak method, where you 'soak' the acrylic in a thin puddle of solvent (such as in a custom HDPE or PTFE tray) and then clamp it to the 2nd clear acrylic part. Great video!

[@SteveMould]

That’s basically what I did for the smaller ones! Question for you: is it a good idea to soak for a long time? I just dipped.

[@tundernan1]

@@SteveMould Yes, you would want to soak the acrylic in the solvent to soften it, making it tacky so that when you make contact and clamp with the other piece of acrylic the two will bond in the same way that applying the solvent via capillary action does. Soak time will depend on a couple of different factors such as if the acrylic is cast vs extruded, if it has any colorants or co-polymers in it, and which solvent weld you are using (I am assuming you are probably using weld-on 3 or 4 or some other dichloromethane base solvent), and what clamping pressure you are using. You'll need to play around and find what works for you, but I would start with a 15 second soak and go from there. Since you are using lasercut acrylic, you'll need to be extra mindful of the acrylic crazing when you do this. You may need to anneal your parts before soaking, but I hope you can get away with not annealing since it can deform and change the dimensions of the part. The stresses in the crystalline lattice near the cut edge (the cause of crazing) are built up differently between laser cutters depending on the ambient temperatures, speed of the air assist, etc. If you are able to stop the cut edge from cooling as rapidly that will help with the crazing. The easiest way to do this is to lower the airflow of the air assist.

[@grell9296]

You've scaled up one of the dimensions of the system without scaling any of the other relevant variables (viscocity, density, simulation time). Neat to see how the system changes from that one input. I'd be interested to see this run by scaling all of the relevant variables to keep the system's relevant dimensionless numbers the same (reynolds number, etc). Would make for a great fluid dynamics example. Smarter every day or veritasium did a video on a boat research that talks about this a little EDIT: It's veritasium's video at a naval wave generator

[@f1lt3r]

Neat! I would love to see a b-side of this where once the maze has been solved by the water, seal the exit and then see how much water pressure it would take in the tank to force all of the air bubbles out of their pockets

[@dalehorton7748]

I do have to give you credit, this video was *brilliant* timing with these growing questions about the nature of intelligence and problem solving. "Solving a maze" appears to be a lot of work, a huge number of decisions that all must be made correctly, and at each decision point there may be a varying amount of information available about the rest of the maze. You can analyze the water in the maze this way, at this junction there is a pocket of air pressure preventing it from travelling out that way, at this junction it will pool until it overflows, etc, and talk about how it "solved" the challenge - but no "decisions" were made, it didnt "think". i'm starting to wonder if a valid definition for life could be something wayyy more generic than we ever thought, like "A system that has the capability to act in an unexpected way in order to achieve a desired goal." Which would mean a) AI is already alive, and b) its ungovernable once it has any kind of reward system, at least in terms of the alignment problem. FWIW the "cheat" my statement relies on is that a "desired goal" implies that the agent has some element of self determination, which means that's the more atomic component here, and the true quandary.

[@bobthegoat7090]

This is a great analogy for another phenomenon. I remember when people were very surprised when slime mold could solve mazes. Were they really clever enough to find that out? No, they simply did the same thing as the water. They went everywhere, but when they reached a dead end, the slime mold that followed that path would simply die, as it was not part of the shortest path.

[@AmericanCube]

Doing satisfying experiments and explaining the science at the same time is great. Keep up the good work!

[@EEEEEEEE]

E

[@Spearmeat638]

This is a visualization of Parallel Breadth-First Search, which is quite interesting. With multiple molecules in the water (a vast number), it can search for the shortest path simultaneously. The BFS search also has the advantage of finding the optimal solution. As mentioned in the video, the air pressure prevents the water from going the wrong way, making it very different from the maze-solving video. However, that simulation can also be like the real world by adding some functions. Typically, the maze-solving agents we see in videos can only sense if their nearest cell is open or closed. But in this situation, thanks to the air pressure, it can sense much further. Have no idea how to implement the sensing feature, it can be done somehow. For anyone wondering about implementing this algorithm...

[@johkonut]

Lots of really cool tidbits but i was really impressed with the slit idea for the solvent

[@Magrior]

Definitely one of these concepts that I never would've thought about on my own but are really interesting if someone brings them up. If you wouldn't mind the mess, you could maybe drill small holes near the top of the "air chambers", so the water could push the air out of the maze and get closer to bergman's simulation?

[@nico4331]

and connect them to tubes pointing upwards so the pressure would equilibrate and you don't have blue liquid everywhere :)

[@arsniy]

I think, that mercury could solve this problem

[@2bfrank657]

​@@nico4331 this is the solution. Just need the tubes to reach higher than the top tank and you'll have no problem with water escaping that way.

[@KevinCrouch0]

I absolutely LOVE that this had unexpected turns, like just completely ignoring whole sections because air pressure kept them out Also interesting that near the end for a while, the air was bubbling up from extraneous sections and pushing some water towards the exit (again because of air pressure!)

[@jasonaranda3176]

Very interesting, it is amazing how something can put something else into perspective. This is why lightning strikes the way it does, and makes so much sense now.

[@yomyomcam]

Water solving mazes would make a perfect relaxing/satisfying video!

[@_mycroftxxxadamselene922]

Always impressed at how Steve manages to make something that seems simple, so interesting and educational. AND, I am in my 70's.

[@davidandrew7314]

You are not in your 70s lmao. Your channel gives you away instantly.

[@nooooooooooooodle]

I'm surprised you didn't put this in your "Interesting" playlist, you might want to do that

[@TheoSur]

​​@@davidandrew7314 maybe it's a very childish grandpa who knows

[@_mycroftxxxadamselene922]

@@davidandrew7314 You are only as old as you feel?

[@JustAPersonWhoComments]

Ur pfp lol 💀

[@Ole_Rasmussen]

This was very satisfying to watch. I like that you mention the little details you discover/know along the way

[@jordanfranck]

This was WAY more interesting than I thought it was going to be

[@Jack-to7ur]

Water always knows the answer😉 Thx for good video! it was really interesting idea and video to watch!

[@SathvickSatish]

This is actually quite cool. Reminds me of how water in minecraft also does pathfinding.

[@mcmarkmarkson7115]

More like gravity doing its work

[@kebien6020]

​@@mcmarkmarkson7115 and air pressure. And surface tension for the smaller ones. The only one where gravity does the work alone is in the simulation

[@mcmarkmarkson7115]

@@kebien6020 air pressure is also gravity related though. Like what makes water move and air move? Maybe I'm being too pedantic, don't take it too serious.

[@Femaiden]

i myself was thinking of terraria, like with the air pockets, how you can dig sideways and then dig upward to creste an air pocket to avoid drowning

[@kebien6020]

@@mcmarkmarkson7115 only atmospheric air pressure comes from gravity. The one involved into not letting water in on some sections of the maze despite gravity pushing the water in that direction is not atmospheric air pressure.

[@hurkyl1560]

That reminds me of the trope you see in fiction all the time, where people navigate out of a mazelike cave system by following a breeze.

[@alm2187]

The air doesn't smell so foul? When in doubt, Pippin, always follow your nose? 🙂

[@EEEEEEEE]

‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎E

[@dagr84]

This is exactly what's happening here. You could follow the breeze.

[@filipechesco]

Also worth noting that both layouts have the entrance on top and the exit on the bottom It's nice to think about other layouts (eg. entrance on left and exit on right). It'll probably not solve some layouts due to air bubbles on some sections

[@nicoalbert1450]

Awesome Experiment and great explanations, nice!

[@PodoHelmer]

Science usually makes me want my head to implode but you make is sound so fun! Your tone of voice and accent and way of explaining is just perfect, love this video, you got a new subscriber!

[@usnluna1395]

dude this was pretty dang good. you dont know how hard it is trying to explain how water works to people. and this video is gonna help them understand with a visual.

[@123JDA123]

Steve, have you considered repeating the water maze experiments using vacuum pressure? This is commonly done when filling products with oil or dielectric fluid that will be used underwater, where the fluid will be kept at external pressure and separated from the water using a flexible membrane or bladder. It is important to remove enough air so that bladder will not break when external pressure is high. A vacuum is applied during the filling process to remove air, but the amount it can remove is a function of multiple things, such as geometry, density, head, vacuum level, external air pressure, viscosity, and surface tension. It is more complicated to do than it looks.

[@adambamf9365]

its a good tool for showing aquifer water behavior it also replicates a concealed aquifer with the tank being a river stream or lake pretty cool

[@sandrajones1609]

Your casts are uniquely appealing... information presented in a manner we can participate in... solve/understand what we are experiencing 😁 Much gratitude for your energy ❣️

[@ramous5182]

correction, at 6:10 it isn't surface tension stopping the water, it is the air trapped in the system separating the water and thus the column of water is shorter on the way down than up, so the pressure isnt enough to go all the way up again

[@FirstLast-gw5mg]

It's not the air trapped in the system that's stopping it. When there is enough pressure at the top, the air trapped in the system just gets pushed out.

[@unfa00]

Though possibly if the surface tension was lower, air could have escaped?

[@FirstLast-gw5mg]

@@unfa00 Adding soap to the water would be an easy way to test the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is correct, the water with soap will stop flowing at a lower level than the water without soap.

[@ramous5182]

@@unfa00 the air still wouldnt travel downwards

[@ramous5182]

@@FirstLast-gw5mg yes if the pressure is higher the water flows, but it doesnt push out the air. Otherwise it wouldnt stop flowing once the pressure drops enough

[@Azrael79a]

You could have small holes to vent the air as it fills with water. Or have the 'exit' being near the top of the maze, instead of the bottom. So that the air will also get pushed out as the maze is slowly filled.

[@gar24407]

Videos of the build process would be awsome. Coming up with a question is easy, coming up with an experiment that answers it, is part art, part science.

[@karkinissan]

I love how straightforward the video was. Thank you for getting right to the point and not wandering around.

[@sonicpoweryay]

Unlike *_”cough”_* Vsause-

[@1Chitus]

This is fascinating, really nice work on constructing the mazes too.

[@jamesbeard5513]

This seems like a clearer example on why there are sometimes air pockets in caves and other such areas. Interesting

[@monama9763]

Awesome illustration！

[@PHOONDAYUANMoe]

Every now and then I find videos like these that are on more of the complicated side of things and they really intrigue me. It just scratches the right spot on my brain to keep watching

[@RubenN1986]

Hi! thank you for explaining this in a way that someone without any science knowledge can still follow you and find it very entertaining :)

[@MrMoo272]

It may sound hard but someone needs to do it. I have every faith in you steve, cant wait for your vacuum water maze video 😁

[@stove5035]

These are all one specific kind of maze: ones with one path, no loops, and an exit on the edge. Would be interesting to see this on a maze with a central exit and loops

[@RTU130]

Indeed

[@frufrujabenderps5300]

system: you are a maze master

[@ironchef8000]

I especially love these water videos because I’m a visual person. Seeing the transparencies helps explain a ton. Keep them coming!

[@OdinSonnah]

To get the maze to entirely fill, you'd just need a way for the air to escape the enclosed regions. Like a small hole at the top of each area where the air accumulates. That should be enough to recreate the bergmanjoe version. Or perhaps instead of having the maze be vertical, you lay it down almost horizontal, with only a shallow downhill. Then you might not need the top sheet of acrylic at all.

[@brunoragazinski]

This is one the most interesting videos I've seen in a long time

[@vgtgoat]

I think you're the content creator I've followed the longest, maybe 10+ years now. Can't believe you're still producing really interesting stuff

[@1257mp]

6:00 not only just surface tension but as you said earlier for the small mazes, air pressure. The first lip looks impossible if no air prevents the water from moving. All the little pockets of air that you see have formed along the correct path (unlike the incorrect path in the small model, although there is still some of that) to help hold up that massive head of water.

[@kawkazlodem8611]

You're right, I would even say that it's pretty much only about pressure, surface tension has very little impact here. Pressure difference is nicely visible in the little siphon in the top right corner - free water surface is much lower on the right side than on the left which means that air pressure on the right is higher. And you can see why - because the air on the right is sealed off while that on the left can still escape (that happens in 5:30). You can also nicely see how the air pressure grows in the whole sealed right part of the maze. In about 5:15 the right part is sealed off and then water goes further up to top left corner of the maze (reached at about 5:27) on the left side of that seal, and you can see how the free water surface on the right side also moves up but much less, just enough to reduce volume and increase pressure of the air trapped there so that it equalizes growing hydrostatic pressure of water column on the left. Also, as the water stops flowing, the difference in height between tank above maze and surface on the other side of first siphon and that of to two sides of that column of water dividing right and left side are visibly similar (not exactly the same, because there are other siphons with uneven pressure on both sides).

[@miikkas5177]

There is good explanation on practical engineering channel about this phenomenon. kzbin.info/www/bejne/sJXOoWyEaNaZoas

[@Gamesmarts194]

I think it'd be an interesting experiment to see how it'd solve a maze with a different exit location. Instead of an exit at the bottom it could be on the sides, or even going back through the top, or heck maybe instead of one of the sides it could be somewhere IN the maze. Maybe also different maze and wall shapes could be cool too. (Dunno if that'd hav any different results, I just think it'd look really cool.)

[@rectorsquid]

If you start the maze with your hand on the wall when you enter, you will find your way out since you can't put your hand on the middle part at the entrance. It's only a problem if you start touching the wall after moving past the entrance door. Maybe try red oil so it doesn't mix with the blue water - that might look neat.

[@tommyb6611]

Your tests are great to be used by cave divers, people going deep underground exploring cave systems. So that in case of storms outside and flooding in the caves, they ca use as a model to predict safe places for setting up camps. I've seen a story about such a situation of a deep dive and a storm that lasted several days outside leading to huge flooding in the cave.

[@DraconaiAuracto]

I love how you straight-up admitted "the reason the small, complex maze doesn't behave properly is just because I fricked something up". No complicated terminology to dance around the problem; you laid it right out that you couldn't get it watertight, and THAT'S why it misbehaves.

[@scoon2117]

This itched a scratch in my brain i didnt know i had. I would buy these.

[@Razer_-fe9mo]

This would be a good physics game type of thing. I could watch this for hours, literal hours.

[@mandolinic]

Can I suggest that you hold the maze horizontally, and make the maze with the base and the walls (not the top). Fill the maze completely with clear water, and allow continuous flow of clear water into the entrance and out the exit. Once it's settled down, use some coloured dye to reveal the path of the flowing water.

[@markdesolate]

"maybe i can try with a liquid that doesnt boil in vacuum, but that is hard". I think you found a new problem to solve😂. Lovely video, thanks😊

[@a_angry_bunny]

I found this video very helpful in the situation I ever find myself in a giant side down maze and water starts pouring in from the top.

[@Treblaine]

I think the realization that every maze is essentially two parts and the shortest-route-to-exit is always the point where the two halves meet is - itself - a solution were you ever actually inside a maze. All you'd need is some way to tell which wall was attached to one side of the maze and which wall is attached to the other side. Perhaps if the walls were conductive and were insulated by the ground/ceiling you could run a wire between each to know when you closed the circuit so know you've gone the wrong way.