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@saidbenali52955 ай бұрын
This is what I like in arabic it's not just elegant language but also a smart and logical language ❤. Thank you prof
@a1a12b2b5 ай бұрын
Terminology in Arabic is fascinating
@ammarhajjar13605 ай бұрын
عالَم = world It's called by this because the world is a sign that guide us to know the creator, Allah سبحانه وتعالى
@AbdullaHernandez3 ай бұрын
This is the true explanation, but when Arabic is taught secularly it is sadly removed from it's primary beauty, which is it's connection to Islām and the Qur'an and sunnah
@azzo_bukkeri5 ай бұрын
Arabic is an amazing , mathematical language.
@ahmetcan9775 ай бұрын
بارك الله فيك وشكرا لك من تركيا، أنا تركي وأحاول أن أتقن اللغة العربية الفصحى 🤲 🇹🇷 ❤ 🇹🇷 🤲
@NoMan-pp1jq5 ай бұрын
ان شاء الله توصل إلى المرحلة التي تريدها في تعلم اللغة. زوجة اخي تعلمت اللغة التركية فقط من المشاهدة للمسلسلات التركية لكن للأسف المحتوى باللغة العربية الفصحى قليلة. بارك الله فيك وموفق بإذن الله 🤲🏼
@ahmetcan9775 ай бұрын
@@NoMan-pp1jq شكرا لك من تركيا. أهلا وسهلا
@ahmetcan9775 ай бұрын
@@NoMan-pp1jq من أين أنت؟
@NoMan-pp1jq5 ай бұрын
@@ahmetcan977 حياك الله اخي أنا من اليمن ولكن مقيم في امريكا ولدينا الكثير من الأتراك في مديتنا من إزمير وأنقرة . أطيب ناس وألذ طعام 😌
@ahmetcan9775 ай бұрын
@@NoMan-pp1jq ماشاءالله، كان يوجد أستاذ يمني في جامعتنا
@ahdid61055 ай бұрын
This is very entertaining and educational. Amazing knowledge from a non indigenous Arab. I've met very few people with this level of knowledge in Islam. Thanks Jordan Institute.
@MussyPlayz5 ай бұрын
What this man is teaching is called Sarfi which talks about the Arabic words roots, and Nahwa talks about the ending of Arabic letters or letters.
@3bbad5 ай бұрын
Professor Jordan, your arabic dialect sound the same as the king of Jordan. amazing work 😃 thank you.
@FawadBilgrami6 ай бұрын
This shows how small bits the changes of the meaning. People who read Quran without proper pronunciations/ tajweed should be aware of it. JazakAllah for this lesson.
@nurulhasan39535 ай бұрын
MasyaAllah I've just stumbled upon this amazing channel. I'm Indonesian, and am keen to master Arabic. Thank you for your effort.
@nurullahteacher526 ай бұрын
This time I will be successful in Learning perfect language of Arabic inshaallah. Congratulations dear ustadh...❤💐🌹
@WAFI.13.5 ай бұрын
Sl Salamu Alikum. I can help in reading and conversation in Arabic if you want.
@Tfded5 ай бұрын
Perfect for arabs. All languages are perfect for their own nationals.
@hajrospio80915 ай бұрын
What a stuipid comment@@Tfded
@NoMan-pp1jq5 ай бұрын
This channel is so underrated. Amazing content. I’m already fluent in Arabic but I am learning from you how to teach it so thank you for this high quality information 🌹
@poidsdesmots6 ай бұрын
Very good job..im from France,my parents from algeria.they came in the sixties..borned in france,speaking arab with them,so i speak algerian darija,french and english,so i find this way to explain very cool because in my head,its from french to algerian,or from algerian to french,but in this case i must make english to french to arabic..but after listening few minutes the bridge english direct to arabic made itself..it's a new way in my brain👍👍
@LamaKasabli5 ай бұрын
المفتاح لفهم اللغة العربية وتعلمها هو سماعها مراراً وتكراراً والبدء بنطقها وحفظ الكلمات . إيجاد شريك لغته الأم العربية ويتحدث بالفصحى معك لبدء حوار من الأساسيات صعوداً . لغة غنية جداً وعربقة مغرقة في القدم يجب أن تحبها لتتعلمها. المرحلة الأخيرة تعلم القواعد لترى أن من واصل السعي لإتقانها يهون عليه فهم قواعدها .
@DidarHussain.6 ай бұрын
Beautiful logical language, which is also complex at the same time!
@Keraman95 ай бұрын
nothing is complex brother, it's just a smart language that make you see a thing from a lot of differents perspectives
@abdulazizamba83173 ай бұрын
Masha Allah may the Almighty bless you and your family
@AbdullaHernandez3 ай бұрын
Excellent teacher. I'm learning a lot.
@cctoycc81145 ай бұрын
في هذا المعلم العالمي يعلم المعلمون كل المعلومات عن هذا العالم
@abdulazizamba83173 ай бұрын
Your explanation is so clear
@z9u0075 ай бұрын
we need more video of this series " The Key to Unlocking Arabic "
@bremember5 ай бұрын
Incredible lesson
@redouanejnati6 ай бұрын
You forgot other words from the same root . Words such as : عليم Alim, عوالم Awalim, عولم Awlam and عولمة Awlama, and many more
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
Yes, you are right. There are at least another six more! We'll try to include all words in the next videos.
@alocin1106 ай бұрын
Amazing Dr. Jordan! I just hit your channel through YT recommendations. I believe you are an English speaking but your Arabic pronunciation, and accent is that of NATIVE' speakers. I am amazed with your knowledge. Thank you for sharing. I liked your video.
@BlackSeedOil206 ай бұрын
Jordan stands for the country Jordan (or Urdun) here. It is not his name.
@thebeesnuts7776 ай бұрын
3lm , illuminate, knowledge which helps you see😊
@mazenabufasha1345 ай бұрын
Very creative way to explain the mechanics of Arabic language.
@CGEJordan5 ай бұрын
Thank you
@malayunited77475 ай бұрын
BarakAllah
@mahmudrahman98556 ай бұрын
Amazing 🤩 May Allah bless you more
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
Thank you! May Allah bless you too.
@stephenconnolly18305 ай бұрын
مُمْتاز- @@CGEJordan
@herykustanto60845 ай бұрын
i really like the method used..thank so much
@7N_GA5 ай бұрын
I would like to add another (مَعالِم) which means Milestones..it's crazy how much you can get from a root😅
@bagzhansadvakassov10936 ай бұрын
May Allah bless you
@sirnightcube47016 ай бұрын
That intro song was actually fire !! Thank you ya Ustadh
@عبدالله-غ9ع2س5 ай бұрын
لكن الموسيقى محرمة عندنا نحن المسلمون
@sirnightcube47014 ай бұрын
@@عبدالله-غ9ع2س لا. هذا غلط. ما في كلام سيئة. لذلك قنوني
@عبدالله-غ9ع2س4 ай бұрын
لكن توجد معازف
@ahdid61055 ай бұрын
Alam meaning mark is actually in the sense that it is known or obvious.
@Trendkanal6 ай бұрын
The key is to learn a huge amount of vocabs
@faiga35446 ай бұрын
I disagree
@victoremman46396 ай бұрын
Very nice way to explain I'lm as sarf. The word عَلَم and علامة and عالم are related, so the interpretation : world is not the concept in arabic, but the things, the Signs, that our mind can grap (surah 2.31). Going further : the ع is the archetyp of the Perception, what a mind can grap by his senses, then comes etyma LM which is about what's occuring in this realm, the L beeing the archetyp of the Dedication, and the Mim, the matter. This is etymology of arabic language (and much more), and morphosemantic. Alif Lam Mim first, then and only then, A'in Lam Mim. :)
@النصرقادم-ث4ظ5 ай бұрын
انت عالمي يا استاذ
@Jy3pr63 ай бұрын
Hello and thank you for this video. When will the prerecorded course be released? Will it be a Fusha course? Up to what level will it take the student? Thanks again
@TariqKishlaf5 ай бұрын
That was very good leason 😁. just acouple of things here. You've forgoten the present tens and the order form of the verp علم which is يعلم and إعلم also you switched from the three letter root علم to the four letters form تعلم which called مزيد and is the masculin past verb meaning to learn or to know . Thank you very much.
@supergirl18924 ай бұрын
Arabic is Computer and Algorithmic language... because of triliteral Root system and being Conceptual.
@lalanguefrancaise29445 ай бұрын
You forgot : المعلمة : means the historical monuments or the giant buildings تعالم : Pretend to know And more
@drmemonmk5 ай бұрын
Nice explanation. Sir, I guess you missed form 10 verb and noun from the same root words… استعلم form 10 verb meaning “to inquire” and استعلام verbal noun meaning “enquiry” and the plural is استعلامات meaning “enquiries” or “information”.
@CGEJordan5 ай бұрын
Bravo for catching this. After we shot the video, we realized that we forgot to include Form 10. There are a lot of words from this particular root, for sure.
@laiths33636 ай бұрын
Awesome 👏
@Abosamir716 ай бұрын
معلوم تستخدم أيضا في العامية بمعنى I know وبمعنى sure
@Saud-k7r5 ай бұрын
I can add to these إستعلام و واستعلم وعليم
@MahirDar-lp7zv5 ай бұрын
What about the root letters put together without the Tashkeel? What is the meaning of it? Thank you,
@CGEJordan5 ай бұрын
Every root has at least one root essence meaning, but it is not used without the tashkeel. A root without tashkeel is like a building without doors, windows, or furniture--it's not livable. The tashkeel make the roots come alive. The root essence meaning of his particular root is "scientific knowledge" or "knowing facts."
@RyhanMuhammad-bb2xh5 ай бұрын
A wonderful lecture highlights the ease of the language 😯! لكن لماذا لا تضع القواعد لنقيس عليها باق الأفعال بأنفسنا
@RyhanMuhammad-bb2xh5 ай бұрын
هنا عدة قواعد أتمنى أن تفيد بها ❤لقد توصلت إليها تكوين الجمع في العربية عندما تكون الكلمة.. *. على وزن فاعل يكون الجمع على "فاعلون" ، مثل: طالب (طالبون) - خالد (خالدون). *. على وزن فاعلة يكون الجمع على "فاعلات" ، مثل: سامية (ساميات) - شاكرة (شاكرات). *. على وزن مفعول وعلى وزن مِفعال يكون الجمع على وزن "مفاعيل" ، مثل: منشور ( مناشير ) *.على وزن فَعْل يكون الجمع على وزن "فواعل" مثل ، نهي: نواهي - ختم خواتم أحيانا على وزن "فعول" مثل ، قصر (قصور) ضر (ضرور) شر (شرور ) *. على وزن فعيل يكون الجمع على أفعال مثل ، شرير أشرار، ضرير أضرار أحيانا على وزن "فعلاء" بالنهاية مثل ، فقيه فقهاء *. على وزن فَعْل يكون الجمع على وزن فواعل مثل ، نهي: نواهي - ختم خواتم *. على وزن مفعل يكون الجمع على " مفاعل " مثل مذهب مذاهب - مشفى مشافي *. على وزن فعول مثل ، قصر (قصور) ضر (ضرور) شر (شرور )
@RyhanMuhammad-bb2xh5 ай бұрын
ملحوظة : البابليون وهم الأكاديين سماهم بليني Pliny بالعرب واشترك معه قول يوسابيوس بعروبة الاشوريين ما يؤكد عروبة الآكدي 🎉
@yazeedal-tawil49395 ай бұрын
@@RyhanMuhammad-bb2xhاحسنت, كل الاراميين, السريان, الفينيق, المصريين القدماء, الاشوريين, البابليين, العيلاميين, العموريين, الانباط, الاكاديين, السومريين هم كلهم عرب بلهجات مختلفة ومتشابهة.
@alielhadi89155 ай бұрын
Thanks a lot 👍🤲✋❤️
@QQ-yv8yl2 ай бұрын
You have mentioned about different forms but not explained how to define or identify a form. When the forms are defined put the coming word in its form by explaining the matching.
@adralia236 ай бұрын
I'm now learning Quran. Please elaborate more about عالم ("aalam) "world". I know here you explain the noun, the ism, but what is the madhi (past tense) of it, and what would that madhi mean? These different madhis that came from 1 root, are classified in a system called wazan. Please elaborate how from the root letter علم (he knew), when put into the wazan فاعل --> therefore عالم (madhi form), then it is now somehow mean "world"? I know you did explain this, but you were referring to the noun, not the madhi. I want to hear the explanation from the madhi form. And so, what does the wazan فاعل usually do to a root word? Can you give me other examples from this wazan? And lastly, perhaps you're not a mufasir, but can you explain what possible meaning these phrase can have : ربّ العالمين (rabbul-'aalamiin) Does the use of this specific word عالمين here could also hint that the Rabb is also all knowledgeable from all things in all universes? I mean, if it were just to show "the Rabb of all worlds" would there be other phrases in Arabic that can express that instead of ربّ العالمين ? Thanks a lot in advance 🙏🏻
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
The word عالَم is actually a rare noun form emanating from the Form 1 verb while the verb عالَم is a Form 3 verb. In MSA, the verb appears as عالَمَ with a fatHa over the meem, but in Spoken Arabic, we do not pronounce the last fatHa, so that is why we didn't write it on the board. The "tendency of meaning" for the 3rd wazan فاعل (Form 3 verbs) is "one-sided action." Some examples are ساعَد / حارَب / شارَك / عاوَن . ربّ العالَمِين indicates the idea that God is the creator of the entire universe and controls all things therein. The proper plural form of the noun عالَم is عَوالِم . The plural form In the Qur'an عالَمِين is particularly strange as this type of plural is only used as a human plural. It is likely that is was used for poetic reasons, but it's difficult to know.
@globalnews-g5 ай бұрын
you forget to include معلوميات which means information science
@lalanguefrancaise29445 ай бұрын
He forgot معلمة and تعالم and more
@globalnews-g5 ай бұрын
@@lalanguefrancaise2944 great video ..anyway.. he's awesome
@A_Ali_S05 ай бұрын
I believe علامة also means symptoms.
@BavonWW5 ай бұрын
Please improve the audio. There is too much low room resonance. Try different mics such as clip-ons. Otherwise an excellent job.
@sarahay9626 ай бұрын
Great Lesson!
@thebeesnuts7776 ай бұрын
Bayanah , instrument of extracting evidence , bayonet what surgeons use to clearly and professionally extract, rifles had them to a clear point of piercing
@nomansikder19415 ай бұрын
Thanks 👍
@OmarAbdulMalikDHEdMPASPACPAPro6 ай бұрын
Assalamualaikum. I just subscribed. I really like your teaching style. Do you still give private lessions on-line?
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
We do offer online instruction. Please see our website (cgejordan.com) for more details.
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
And thank you for subscribing!
@OmarAbdulMalikDHEdMPASPACPAPro6 ай бұрын
@@CGEJordan Okay. Thanks.👍🏽🙂👋🏽👨🏽⚕️
@AlfredKamara-dh9lo6 ай бұрын
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته جزاك الله الله ❤❤❤❤❤❤
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
وعليكم السلام، شكرًا الك واياكم!
@James-g3w7w6 ай бұрын
You have raised an issue that I've wanted discussion about for years that I can't find any scholarship on. THESE SEMITIC LANGUAGES ARE ENGINEERED. Carl Sagan pointed to it when asked what language it would be best to teach extraterrestrials to communicate with us and he said Hebrew. He didn't go into detail except, I forget the exact words he used, to point out the engineered structure. I think he also meant paleo hebrew because of pictures associated with letters and probably he would have included the numbers. All that being said, my question is HOW DOES SUCH A LANGUAGE ORIGINATE? It obviously couldn't and didn't "evolve" (perhaps Sagan thought it "given" to the Akkadians by ET). At best I can only imagine the creation of a secret code engineered for military or religious purposes, but how does that become standard? It seems it would require some king to decree "everyone will now learn and speak only this new language we have created under pain of death". But why? To create a "holy language" based on interrelated numeric, geometric, and symbolic patterns? If you are aware of any books or papers about this I would like to know. I think Sanskrit is also very old, does appear engineered?
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
This is a very deep and difficult question to answer. You have some good insights. We don't delve too much into the origins, but our director believes that Sumerian and Akkadian (the source languages for all Semitic languages) might very well be the original language spoken by the earliest humans, even to Adam and Eve. The biblical story of the Tower of Babel (the word itself is Semitic and means "the gate of God") gives a possible explanation to the birth of other diverse and unique languages, proto Sanskrit possibility being one of these. On a side note, it is very interesting that ancient civilizations all over the world seem to have a universal collective memory that drove them to build the thousands of pyramids and ziggurats found on virtually every continent with a priestly sacrificial system also in place.
@janetgillespie65906 ай бұрын
In the Bible it says that the earth all spoke one language because it originated with one human pair. Later it says that God confused the language when the people built the Tower of Babel, because God said if they built this, would anything be too much for them. Would be interested to know how this works with the Moslem teaching.
@fadyalqaisy6 ай бұрын
Arabic is the only semitic language with an established root system. Arabs were the first to introduce Root-Dictionaries
@Sanddollar16 ай бұрын
@@fadyalqaisy Not true. All Semitic languages have an established triliteral root system; this is what makes them Semitic. The original Semitic language was Sumerian and then Akkadian.
@fadyalqaisy6 ай бұрын
@@Sanddollar1 nope, the first Arabic Root dictionary was written 1300 years ago, hebrew had its first root dictionary in 1890 and all roots are from Arabic, Aramaic a bit later and all roots were taken from Arabic
@ArmageddonAfterparty6 ай бұрын
The key to unlocking good audio on KZbin videos:
@hannalhin6 ай бұрын
Just tried doing this with a different root but I have a tough time thinking of a logical way to formulate different root patterns. Any advice on how to go about this?
@alielbaitam6 ай бұрын
This is a very confusing and totally wrong way to teach Arabic. Ignore it. All these words are totally unrelated. It mixes nouns with verbs. The right use for the root is to get all the other verbs from that root.
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
If you have Fridrik's book, The 101 Most Used Verbs in Spoken Arabic: Jordan & Palestine, you can read the introduction and find the tendency of meanings for each of the Ten Forms with example sentences that help. In the future, Fridrik may make his Ten Forms seminar available through our website. This is a four to five hour seminar going into detail about the Ten Verb Forms and the how the system works. Everything is connected and related. Don't listen to anyone's opinion who says otherwise. We will add more videos like these so that you can see how the system works. It is indeed systematic and predictable.
@lingo9806 ай бұрын
Of course the root concerns Both verbs and nouns. Not just verbs, from the 10 form verbs come different nouns and adjectives.
@abdulazizamba83173 ай бұрын
I will love to join you
@mohammedassalafi6 ай бұрын
please do more of these root videos
@ya4wl5 ай бұрын
علم means science???
@CGEJordan5 ай бұрын
عِلْم means science
@sirtree90805 ай бұрын
science (n.) mid-14c., "state or fact of knowing; what is known, knowledge (of something) acquired by study; information;" also "assurance of knowledge, certitude, certainty," from Old French science "knowledge, learning, application; corpus of human knowledge" (12c.), from Latin scientia "knowledge, a knowing; expertness," from sciens (genitive scientis) "intelligent, skilled," present participle of scire "to know." The original notion in the Latin verb probably is "to separate one thing from another, to distinguish," or else "to incise." This is related to scindere "to cut, divide" (from PIE root *skei- "to cut, split;" source also of Greek skhizein "to split, rend, cleave," Gothic skaidan, Old English sceadan "to divide, separate"). OED writes that the oldest English sense of the word now is restricted to theology and philosophy. From late 14c. in English as "book-learning," also "a particular branch of knowledge or of learning, systematized knowledge regarding a particular group of objects;" also "skillfulness, cleverness; craftiness." From c. 1400 as "experiential knowledge;" also "a skill resulting from training, handicraft; a trade." From late 14c. in the more specific sense of "collective human knowledge," especially that gained by systematic observation, experiment, and reasoning. The modern (restricted) sense of "body of regular or methodical observations or propositions concerning a particular subject or speculation" is attested by 1725; in 17c.-18c. this commonly was philosophy. The sense of "non-arts studies" is attested from 1670s. The distinction is commonly understood as between theoretical truth (Greek epistemē) and methods for effecting practical results (tekhnē), but science sometimes is used for practical applications and art for applications of skill. The predominant modern use, "natural and physical science," generally restricted to study of the phenomena of the material universe and its laws, is by mid-19c.
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
Who watching this video has the eyes of an eagle? 😂
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
We'll make them bigger in the next video :)
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
@@CGEJordan Thank you for considering a bigger size for the written words. ❤
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
@@CGEJordan Thank you for considering a bigger size for the written words. ❤
@Musulman6185 ай бұрын
Wandering if you could read the quran then in its Arabic ?
@CGEJordan5 ай бұрын
Yes, anyone who can read Arabic well can also read the Qur'an.
@GabrielJoseph-l3n5 ай бұрын
انت معلم ماهر
@FatimahRose6 ай бұрын
❤❤❤❤
@Habibjabber5 ай бұрын
I am from Iraq
@Persain_With_Mysam5 ай бұрын
آفرین
@faizfitri13695 ай бұрын
Its( 'alima). I think. it was 'alam
@VidStudioAI5 ай бұрын
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
@sharifnishathussain50005 ай бұрын
Thanks but sound comes feeble.
@9W9W9W6 ай бұрын
Also get this مُتعَالِم means someone who pretend knowledge 😂😂
@sirtree90805 ай бұрын
😂
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
Don't have all languages these roots?
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
Not that we know of and certainly not to the same degree. The triliteral root system is only found in the Semitic language family [Arabic, Amharic (spoken in Ethiopia), Tigrinya (spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea), Hebrew, Tigre (spoken in Sudan), Aramaic (spoken in parts of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Iran) and Maltese]
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
@@CGEJordan I've just studied a few languages, but see the roots in every one of them. The roots not always consist of just three consonants, though.
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
@@MendeMaria-ej8bf Yes, there are roots in other languages. English speakers benefit from the study of Latin root words, but the triliteral root system found in Semitic languages is unique in its engineered structure based on three-letter roots.
@MendeMaria-ej8bf6 ай бұрын
@@CGEJordan Agreed. ❤
@Mortazavi-vr5tm5 ай бұрын
Ok
@tlazghab57423 ай бұрын
Arabic to other languages is like C++ to other programming languages.
@jungleebushcraft6 ай бұрын
So lost in translation....
@IELTSGATES5 ай бұрын
Arabic is a very rehtoric lamguage.
@muhammadasadullahsaeed97786 ай бұрын
عِلْم ilm or عِلْمٌ ilmun
@CGEJordan6 ай бұрын
It depends on whether or not the word is definite or indefinite. We simplify it for learning purposes by removing the إعراب
@mamudukmamuduk45846 ай бұрын
Sorry, but you look like Lawrence of Arabia 😂
@MS_Work106 ай бұрын
O my eyes you are tired
@DdG-m4e5 ай бұрын
the arabic is so so sooooooooo easy is the easiest language in the world
@mtom22375 ай бұрын
This man makes a lot of mistakes in his explanation of the words.
@robmax71455 ай бұрын
Sound is so bad that one can hardly understand half of what he says
@farehanoor66715 ай бұрын
I believe علوم means knowledge. Not science.
@sirtree90805 ай бұрын
science (n.) mid-14c., "state or fact of knowing; what is known, knowledge (of something) acquired by study; information;" also "assurance of knowledge, certitude, certainty," from Old French science "knowledge, learning, application; corpus of human knowledge" (12c.), from Latin scientia "knowledge, a knowing; expertness," from sciens (genitive scientis) "intelligent, skilled," present participle of scire "to know." The original notion in the Latin verb probably is "to separate one thing from another, to distinguish," or else "to incise." This is related to scindere "to cut, divide" (from PIE root *skei- "to cut, split;" source also of Greek skhizein "to split, rend, cleave," Gothic skaidan, Old English sceadan "to divide, separate"). OED writes that the oldest English sense of the word now is restricted to theology and philosophy. From late 14c. in English as "book-learning," also "a particular branch of knowledge or of learning, systematized knowledge regarding a particular group of objects;" also "skillfulness, cleverness; craftiness." From c. 1400 as "experiential knowledge;" also "a skill resulting from training, handicraft; a trade." From late 14c. in the more specific sense of "collective human knowledge," especially that gained by systematic observation, experiment, and reasoning. The modern (restricted) sense of "body of regular or methodical observations or propositions concerning a particular subject or speculation" is attested by 1725; in 17c.-18c. this commonly was philosophy. The sense of "non-arts studies" is attested from 1670s. The distinction is commonly understood as between theoretical truth (Greek epistemē) and methods for effecting practical results (tekhnē), but science sometimes is used for practical applications and art for applications of skill. The predominant modern use, "natural and physical science," generally restricted to study of the phenomena of the material universe and its laws, is by mid-19c.