Chlorosulfonic acid. Powerful lachrymator ⚠

[@markosullivan6444]

In the 80s, working on a sulphuric acid plant, my job involved testing this. Preparation involved sealing 1ml in a glass bulb, putting that in a glass bottle containing 100ml water and a length of glass rod with a cork stopper then shaking vigorously by hand to break the bulb. One day, the bottle shattered in my hands, the solution turning bright red from the indicator making me think I'd cut myself badly (I hadn't). The procedure was changed after that... Nasty stuff.

[@Youdontknowmeson1324]

It’s that but also has toxic hydrogen chloride gas and more reactive will burn through literally anything it’s like 10 times more toxic then sulfuric acid

[@philidor9657]

@@Youdontknowmeson1324 HCl vapor isn’t THAT bad. I was quenching SOCl2 a while back, and the flask got a little hot. As a result some yellow elemental sulfur precipitated out from the solution. I, very stupidly, went to take a sniff because I never smelled sulfur before and I heard it’s stinky. It was stinky, but not because of the sulfur, because of the HCl vapor that was generated while quenching SOCl2. It stung and my chest hurt for a little while afterward but my lungs didn’t melt or anything lol

[@Youdontknowmeson1324]

@@philidor9657 no combined with sulfuric acid and if it’s chlorosulfonic acid it’s super poisonous also it depends on the concentration of the hydrogen chloride to

[@philidor9657]

@@Youdontknowmeson1324 For sure depends on the concentration...but that goes for most substances lol. And sure when aqueous HCl is mixed with H2SO4 (and/or HSO3Cl for that matter) its pretty nasty as well. But from your comment it seemed that you implied HCl vapors was the particularly bad component...HCl vapors being generated is probably the least of your worries in that cursed mixture. Where did you get that number that HCl is 10x more toxic than H2SO4? Not saying that's not true, I just have never heard that...H2SO4 is far more acidic, but i know acidity isn't always directly proportional to toxicity (looking at you HF). You didn't just make it up...right?

[@Youdontknowmeson1324]

@@philidor9657 no not what I meant

[@StuffandThings_]

Seeing the effect on egg should be a more common feature with these experiments! Its really quite interesting to see how proteins react with all of these chemicals, since of course _we_ are made out of proteins and proteins tend to be quite sensitive to a lot of different things. I'd imagine most will just destroy the proteins and make a white patch like all of these acids, but on the off chance that something different happens it will be incredibly cool.

[@7784000]

Why does he call it protein folding though? Isn't the denaturation rather a unfolding process?

[@augl2702]

Always shocking just how fast chemical reactions actually occur. 170x Slower, and it's still looks incredibly quick and violent.

[@samgrattan5465]

Always keep in mind that a mole of any chemical represents 602 sextillion individual molecules… which is a lot! More than all the grains of sand on earth. Reactions are determined by kinetics and thermodynamics, some happen quick and some slowly, but all can be thought of as statistical processes when considering the sheer number of collisions that are occurring.

[@srideepprasad]

Never thought Chemistry could be so cinematic.. These videos are a perfect harmony of science and art. Great visuals, editing and background score - this channel deserves to explode in popularity

[@GoatDust]

His camera work and content quality are amazing. The exotic chemicals he features are so interesting.

[@herrhaber9076]

With some colorful chemicals I felt as if I was watching volcanoes erupt on islands on some other planet :)

[@srideepprasad]

@@GoatDust Exactly.. His camera work, editing and background score are amazing.. You should watch his video on cold phosphorus based fire.. Looks like a work of art kzbin.info/www/bejne/e3jIipKmerOGoJo

[@keithyinger3326]

Exactly my thoughts. Fascinating stuff that most normal people only get to read about. Now we can watch the stuff on a ChemicalForce video.

[@harryw.174]

Watch his photochemistry with acetylene and chlorine, crazy beautiful slow-mo of fireballs and such

[@user-mp4bc9qp2x]

finally, a reagent ive actually used before being featured on this channel! i use this quite often to install sulfonyl chlorides onto aromatic rings in order to form sulfonamides in the next step. beautiful reagent, really need to be careful when quenching reactions in neat HSO3Cl!

[@elnombre91]

I've run this reaction on ~500 g scale using a mix of HSO3Cl and SOCl2. Quenching a few litres of that reaction mixture is intense.

[@user-mp4bc9qp2x]

@@elnombre91 wow 500g of any reaction is about 1000 times too big for me. What was the reason for using socl2? i've seen it used when researching reaction conditions but i've found just using excess hso3cl generates the so2cl. I'm assuming youre using thionyl chloride to generate the sulfonyl chloride from the sulfonate.

[@elnombre91]

@@user-mp4bc9qp2x Just following conditions I'd used in the past (that were themself taken from a GSK patent). Not completely sure on the exact logic for including it, but we used the thionyl chloride as a solvent for the SM so that we could add it dropwise to the acid.

[@user-mp4bc9qp2x]

@@elnombre91 wow i definitely would not want to transfer a solution of anything in thionyl chloride. yea i only know since i was just doing this reaction but my guess would be you used between 1-2 eq of chloro sulfonic acid which is meant to make the sulfonate and then the excess thionyl chloride makes it the sulfonyl chloride. i was usually using a big excess, 5-10 eq of the sulfonic acid. just my guess though.

[@THYZOID]

That’s fuming more than I expected. Great quality as always! I’ll try to make this chemical one day.

[@samuelstoner5651]

This video could compete as an art film, it is so beautiful.

[@simonstergaard]

All the experiments that are only shown in the text books as a reaction scheme is here LIVE... Freaking love it! Makes the understanding so much better, and increases the safety of lab work. Seeing is believing. This channel shoud be curriculum at all unis.

[@garycard1456]

Reading about chemical reactions on paper or watching animated reactions and experimental procedures online can be rather boring, but seeing them in real life is definitely far more stimulating!

[@Aaron-zu3xn]

there is a reason we don't work with some of this stuff in the lab phosphoric acid and a fluoride you accidentally end up with sarin it's a mistake that can be very costly and stuff like that you can't make without people dying

[@herrbrahms]

My takeaway from this video is that in the case I have to cross a pool of HSO3Cl, my best bet is to put on a hazmat suit of potassium metal. What could possibly go wrong?

[@herrhaber9076]

Oh look, a cloud ;)

[@JustinHath99]

I've worked with this during the preparation of sulfanilamide. It was an undergrad experiment we eventually had to replace because, unfortunately, the caliber of students that have come up in subsequent years just aren't ready for this kind of reactant.

[@brianbrandt25]

Looks like guy is wearing nitrile gloves. Where's the fume hood? How many people were injured filming this?

[@rdizzy1]

@@brianbrandt25 Watch his other videos, he clearly knows what he is doing, and is clearly using a fume hood and proper safety procedures, or he would be dead or permanently disfigured by now. I think he works for sigma or another related company, considering he talked about an employee discount on buying these chemicals.

[@garywiens8625]

Seeing all the fumes that metal tetrachlorides make makes me think that half the challenge of working with them is just trying to see what you are doing lol

[@juan432]

6:00 - after the reaction you can see the reflective surface of the potassium which then oxidises from top to bottom, incredible footage.

[@pussthecax5732]

You've conducted 14 experiments in 11.25 minutes. Brevity is the soul of wit.... Jokes aside, I'd love to see you make it from scratch. That would be cool too, don't you think? Love from Bangladesh 🇧🇩💖

[@herrhaber9076]

Yes, we only see a given amount of time but I always think of all the preparation and cleanup. Heroic job !

[@pcorf]

I find that Chlorosulfonic acid reacts spectacularly when poured over fruits and meat. It is an amazing acid indeed.

[@OmegaPaladin144]

The term you are looking for regarding acids and proteins is denaturation. Basically, denaturation is when well-folded proteins unfold and then precipitate as a disorganized mess like a cooked egg. Acid can do it just like heat.

[@azureprophet]

It's how ceviche works too.

[@naturallyinsane9101]

Could you do a short video about where your fume hood vents off to? All I could think of is "one tiny leak and the whole block is going down". Love the videos. The slow motion is 10/10

[@brianbrandt25]

No mention of fume hoods. How many kids are going to get hurt playing with this?

[@Life_42]

One of the most beautiful videos ever made

[@richardsmith3199]

i love learning chemical properties

[@chandrajitkarmakar2333]

Thanks for these types of videos. I have very much interest in Chemistry and this channel is keeping it alive. Greetings from India 👍.

[@garycard1456]

Video suggestion: demonstrations, including slo-mo footage, of various metallic elements, including less-commonly demonstrated metals like lanthanides (rare earths), in addition to non-metallic elements, reacting with chlorine.

[@kangalow]

I’m gonna be honest, I only sort of follow the chemistry here, but it’s still so damn interesting and cool to see all of this unfold, and it gives me new questions to google (or pester my chemistry teacher with). Great video and amazing content in general!

[@spelldemention]

Amazing as always!

[@anthonycabrera6318]

Congratulations for the video, nice to see exotics reagents.

[@Kenionatus]

Ah yes, something we can all relate to: having to light a filter paper on fire without a lighter but some molten silver nitrate nearby.

[@comsigninc]

Entertaining and informative. Always pushing the boundaries of chemical experimentation. thumbs up.

[@argoneum]

Wow, spectacular. Good thing it doesn't contain fluorine 😸

[@randyhavard6084]

Great footage

[@zanebertoli4589]

Definitely one of your best videos! The slomo is great, overall quality was great. The part where you pour it into water and it's splattering all over your gloves.. that shit was sketchy

[@stevengill1736]

It's a useful reagent in synthesis of Sasha's 2-CT series - interesting stuff...

[@tracybowling1156]

Excellent video as usual!

[@walter9724]

These acids scare the heck out of me. Just knowing they're available and people can buy them makes it even scarier

[@albertorasa6220]

Very interesting and well done video! What about mixing HSO3Cl with a concentrated solution of NaOH? I would expect something even more violent than with water, since it's a strong acid. It's too dangerous?

[@ferrocene2427]

I loveyour videos!! Every day I brainstorm what the next video will be

[@ferrocene2427]

Waiting for your videos is like waiting for something exciting. There's always something new!

[@ricotaline]

Looks like chemporn to me. Enjoyed it

[@fft2020]

ChemicalForce, you are a force of nature

[@awli8861]

you should be boosted by the algorithm

[@garycard1456]

From about 3 minutes into the video: the reaction in eggwhite. A creative way of cooking up a poached egg! Chemists realy do make good chefs.

[@SodiumInteresting]

I thought this, perhaps there is an edible way to chemically cook an egg 🥚 🤔

[@davidhand9721]

"If you need to set filter paper on fire..." lololol

[@pavadmin2436]

2:08 so beauty!!

[@yahyae3416]

When chlorosulfonic acid added to potassium nitrate, oxygen appears to be released mostly due to the photochemical decomposition of nitric acid.

[@dandeeteeyem2170]

Okay, I have to ask - have you had any accidents or near misses? I stress just watching these videos! 😅

[@brennanherring9059]

10:04 Thanks for the life hack. I'll remember that next time I need to set filter paper on fire and all I have is molten silver nitrate.

[@dapossum9495]

Could you do a video on a nitronium salt? I've never seen anything with a nitronium ion, not even pictures

[@JetFuelSE]

You *need* to show some reactions with the xenon fluorides.

[@stenzenneznets]

I loved it, thank you

[@therandomchemist]

When are you going to do XeF2?

[@luke144]

Hell yeah!

[@oitthegroit1297]

At 7:07, when you mentioned the chlorosulfonic acid reacting with tin to form tin tetrachloride, I wondered if the same thing would happen with lead, where it would form lead tetrachloride. What properties would lead tetrachloride have (other than being horribly toxic)?

[@JoshStLouis314]

Lead (IV) chloride is a kinda yellow oily liquid, but isn't very stable, in water it decomposes to PbCl2 and Cl2. It decomposes above 50°C as well.

[@Negs42]

It isn't very stable cuz of the inert s shell pair

[@nuggert]

It can explosively decompose in a variety of atmospheres

[@karlbergen6826]

It's very unstable, Cs2PbCl6 is more stable and rather insoluble. While it might seem lead would have a valence of four heavier elements, especially main group, see to hold a pair of electrons called the "inert pair" or better the "lazy pair" This effect is strong with lead resulting in our systems confusing it for calcium but lead interferes with enzymes and messes you up. It's lost slowly so it tends to accumulate. Arsenic and most of the rest of the unpleasant elements are eliminated into hair and fingernails.

[@jonmarquez128]

Man the chemistry expirements this guys does is sure is an art! 🎨 ⚗️🧪💥

[@pavelpolyakov5763]

Sobbing in the background, is it the proof of lachrymatory power?😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@ChemicalForce]

🤣

[@LiborTinka]

Tip: You may also show amidosulfonic acid and the sulfanilic acid (e.g. colour test for nitrite ion by formation of an azo dye).

[@VendettaProspecting]

can you show off your fume hood?

[@JacobCanote]

Those were some wery wiolent weactions. Love your face. Best of luck!

[@MadScientist267]

Looks like fun stuff... What better way to make 2 of the gnarlier common acids at the same time 🤣

[@herrhaber9076]

While pouring on ice the effect can also be observed on your gloves. It is fast !

[@LiborTinka]

It would be nice to see bromination of tetralin (the classical preparation of anhydrous hydrogen bromide).

[@dtc4201]

What chemical or chemicals gives you the chills ever time u have to use

[@RandallGray-me6br]

This sounds related to the Acid that almost killed Daniel Jackson and Carter on SG-1

[@JacobCanote]

EPIC!

[@mozammelhaque9489]

Hi your fan from BANGLADESH 🇧🇩

[@ChemicalForce]

Namaste sir 😀

[@SodiumInteresting]

Don't let this guy make omelette

[@jansenart0]

Okay but why does it make the eggs bleed?

[@Ratzfourtyfour]

That intro lol 🙃

[@UchihaFabio]

Dr Doofensmitz: I present to you, The Lacrymator! It will create havoc in the four states bay!

[@woosix7735]

2:02 when you as water to acid instead of the other way around

[@Ratzfourtyfour]

I don't wanna be the guy who has to clean up your lab.

[@zonex001]

Why not added some lauryl alcohol？

[@f800gt76]

For protein reactions I'd rather say it's denaturated... protein in egg is already folded but by adding acid you destroy it's tertiary structure to something... like shit... with partial hydrolysis.

[@Angrychemist666-g4x]

I'm sorry! But did they pack that chemical in corn cob ??😅

[@heisenbergstayouttamyterri1508]

My eyes are watering just by looking at it because of how beautiful it and it's reactions are and also because I know I can never get access to any of these type of reagents!!! 😢😢😢

[@experimental_chemistry]

There's always something positive: your skin will never look like those egg white... 😉

[@MrDJAK777]

You can always figure out the precursors or the precursors of the precursors, and so on till you get back basic chemicals that are easy or at least relatively easy to acquire and purify. Then start moving up the ladder making the reagents required for the next step until you get what you need to make the one you actually want to work with. Not too many reagents you can't get this way with the right knowledge/glassware/lab skills/persistence. Look at explosions and fire/ire he's making Cubane and he's made the reagents for every step from hardware store/otc chem sources (if he needs to repeat a step to acquire more of a reagent due to a later step not working or not yielding enough he sometimes buys more of the reagent from a supplier to save time but only if he's already made them from otc sources successfully first). He also made C2N14 and nearly every single atom in the end product came from the hardware stores the couple that don't, came from one reagent he had to buy on eBay/alibaba for a few bucks. Also there's backyardscientist2000 (especially if you're in the US though still a good source for many things if you're not) amateur chemist who supplies other amateur chemists with difficult to source reagents. He puts some stuff on eBay but if you search him you should be able to find a Google doc with a full inventory and his phone number (stocks always changing but usually can restock what you need and get practically anything you'd want/need even not listed on the inventory if you discuss it with him.

[@heisenbergstayouttamyterri1508]

@@experimental_chemistry True lol! But as I dissolved people in HF before (in BB), this egg destruction is nothing to me as I've seen worse!!! 😎😎 BTW, if a human is subjected to ClHSO3, his skin might actually turn carbon black/ coffee black as chlorosulfonic acid will dehydrate the water outta the chems of skin cells and turn it into carbon!!!

[@heisenbergstayouttamyterri1508]

@@MrDJAK777 but the yield will be too poor to be of any practical use ( maybe it won't if you use high amounts of starting materials) but I get your point! :)

[@experimental_chemistry]

@@heisenbergstayouttamyterri1508 As I said: something noboby needs to suffer from...

[@ThatChemistOld]

"Molten silver nitrate" - ok bud

[@yasserotb1454]

Do a video on fluorine since you do crazy stuff

[@shaharmoskovich4794]

PLease do reactions of IF7

[@Metallica4Life92]

how does molten silver nitrate set filter paper on fire, is it because of the sheer heat of the molten salt?

[@xxz4655]

Can hydrofluoric acid be cristalized into an ice cube for example noob here thank you

[@dianacarrizales8892]

So what is this used for

[@ericwolf1782]

How would the acid react with potassium permanganate?

[@sundorenaesir2327]

I beg you to show sillicon tetrabromide and sillicon tetraflouride as well as sillicontetrachloride and iodide lol wish astatin

[@christianterrill3503]

Nasty stuff!

[@CandiceJoergan]

Wish I could understand one word this guy says.

[@kranio_recenzje]

very nice

[@Lrofmaulol]

Does this acid also react as "mildly" with Sodium?

[@dandeeteeyem2170]

Also, where do fume hoods vent to? Do they have filters? Do you need HAZMAT crews to clean them or decommission these systems?

[@LiborTinka]

It all depends on the type of work done in the lab. From simple adsorbents (e.g. activated carbon) to industrial scrubber and filter systems.

[@dandeeteeyem2170]

@@LiborTinka activated carbon is what I assumed, but this just traps the substance inside, no? They can incinerate biological agents, but I always wondered what they do with chemicals like the "very serious" ones in these videos 😅

[@LiborTinka]

@@dandeeteeyem2170 Sure. It depends on the type of hazard. The highly reactive chemicals are actually easier to destroy/neutralize precisely because they are so reactive and thus easily convert to less reactive and therefore less dangerous products. Some even decompose over time (e.g. ozone, hydrogen peroxide). Some chemicals are "too stable" and dificult to destroy (e.g. halogenated organics) - these can be neutralized by high temp incineration or catalytic oxidation (e.g. Fenton's Reagent) - the liberated halogens can be reduced to corresponding salts. Sometimes we need complete destruction as in the case of explosives, strong poisons, nerve agents, pharmaceuticals, dyes etc. - this can be done more safely in solution and the destruction depends on the functional groups present (nitro compounds can be reduced to amines, amines can be destroyed by diazotization etc.). Finally, there are heavy metals which are both indestructible and toxic (e.g. thallium, mercury, lead) - these can be dissolved in acid and made into less hazardous compounds (e.g. precipitated as insoluble sulfide or chelate). The processes can be combined, for example a pharmaceutical containing halogens and heavy metals can be incineratedand and the resulting ash further processed to extract the metals. Sometimes it is uneconomical to destroy the waste completely so it is concentrated to smaller volume and the residues vitrified (sealed in a molten glass or concrete) - this is the case for radioactive materials, which is outside the realm of chemistry as the only way to remove radioactivity is to "burn" the waste in a special kind of nuclear reactor - the active material is bombarded with neutrons and the long-lasting transuranes convert either into stable elements or radionuclides with short half-life (e.g. days or weeks) so the waste quickly "cools down" and ceases to be dangerous. There are several books on the topic detailing the procedures, for example: "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards" "Destruction of Hazardous Waste in the Laboratory"

[@dandeeteeyem2170]

@@LiborTinka thanks for the informative response! Fascinating stuff.. I'm very grateful for you taking the time, it's much appreciated. I've often wondered about this over the years, it's create to finally scratch that itch 😊 cheers!

[@j5jackson878]

Wery wiolent

[@among-us-99999]

good to know, I will boil my eggs using chlorosulfonic acid from now on

[@hugoturbill6067]

terrifying

[@jhyland87]

first!... :-D you guys are right... I am everywhere 😎

[@TheGeeMaster1337]

The xenon fluorides would be much appreciated

[@sebastiand152]

Was the item on which the potassium had been placed some metall? This might be linked to why it did not explode, as the formed charge could be distributed, if there was an electrically conductive contact.

[@garycard1456]

Are you thinking along the lines of Thunderfoot's alkali metal-water reaction hypothesis (Coulombic explosion)? I think that freshly-diluted chlorosulfonic acid would have produced lots of protons, enabling a much more spectacular reaction with potassium (if I am not mistaken, chlorosulfonic acid hydrolyses to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids upon dilution with water). Highly concentrated acids contain fewer free protons (hydronium ions), but, upon dilution with a little water, free protons (or hydronium cations) are rapidly generated.

[@garycard1456]

It could be that the heat produced immediately upon contact of the chlorosulphonic acid with the potassium caused immediate evaporation of hydrogen chloride vapours and, perhaps, some sulphuric acid aerosol (mist). Hence, the chlorosulphonic acid (or its hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid decomposition products) were not in prolonged contact with the surface of the potassium metal, so none of the spectacular reaction we were anticipating (spectacular as in how potassium reacts very, very vigorously- spectacularly- with water and dilute strong mineral acids).

[@sebastiand152]

@@garycard1456 Yes, a coulombic exploion, like Ball described it in Scientific American, 2015 ( not the origina publication). If the charge would be distributed over a metal stand, this would of course reduce the effect.

[@mumiemonstret]

That was the smokiest chemical I've seen...

[@pranshulraut1999]

👍👍👍👍❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

[@garycard1456]

What is inducing the folding of proteins in the eggwhite? Is the protein folding catalysed by acid (hydronium cations/protons)? Or is it due to localised heating from the dilution of the concentrated acid droplets? Would other concentrated acids such as conc. acetic acid, conc. hydrochloric acid and conc. phosphoric acid induce protein folding?

[@MCPicoli]

I believe the correct term used is denaturation and not "folding".

[@garycard1456]

@@MCPicoli Yes, of course. I already knew that; I am just going by what ChemicalForce (Felix) said in the video, at 3 mins 9 seconds: "let's take a look at how an eggwhite will fold under the influence of various strong acids"

[@MCPicoli]

Well, it forms some kind of fold or pouch...

[@schautamatic]

I know of a far more powerful lachrymator: filing taxes knowing that you will OWE more!! 😂🤣

[@ChemicalForce]

💯🥲

[@inf0phreak]

2:00.... But... but... you're supposed to add acid to water, not the other way around.

[@ChemicalForce]

What won't you do for a beautiful footage😃 especially for slowmo 😂

[@roccocuber]

It looks dangerous, expecially for the toxic gases. I would say to be careful with them, but I know you are.

[@AJ-qv9yo]

Is this the same stuff that ALIEN has as blood? :D

[@dianacarrizales8892]

Doesn’t look safe to me

[@lifewithkiyokoandnatsuki8109]

Never pour water into acid

[@ChemicalForce]

Thank you! :D

[@hansharz8321]

I have 500 ml from Acros :o)

[@satelliteexile2089]

the biggest trip of the video? the egg white reaction isn't the spectacular one, and that's not my opinion or the chapter titles talking.