Civilizations at the End of Time: Dying Stars

[@Drew_McTygue]

Civilizations at the end of time is a legendary series! It's hardly a surprise that this is the most watched series when it introduces topics like "supernova engines"

[@calamusgladiofortior2814]

Yeah, "supernova engineer" has got to be the coolest future job title. Or maybe second, after "solar system pilot."

[@rhorynotmylastname7781]

my favorite kind of engine

[@hynjus001]

It's how I found Isaac in the first place. It's definitely my favourite series. The ethereal music helps too :)

[@XIIchiron78]

I think the popularity of this series speaks to one of the best things about your channel: your optimism. We hear a lot about the universe's eventual demise, and that's a painful and scary thing to think about - it can make life feel hopeless and futile. Your videos help make sense of things and let us understand our options.

[@HashFace253]

Does the heat death of the universe stress you out?!? Try better help talk to real licensed therapists in your galactic cluster.

[@madscientistshusta]

Isaac, I'm going to be 100% honest here. Your channel is one of the only truly enlightening,100% family friendly,drama free,well meaning channels I've ever subbed too. In an age where every other channel is flipping out about politics, youtube drama, culture clashes, pessimistic news,and vapid content centered around materialistic and childish mindsets your channel stands as a beacon of light on youtube, an example of what the internet's entertainment options *should be* ,it stands as proof that a single person with enough gumption, a little book learning, and a love for reading can add to humanity without taking anything precious from society or adding anything corrosive. Thank you Isaac Arthur! Your work is invaluable!

[@richierescue]

I'm so happy to have found this channel. The content quality and range is stellar.

[@custodialfatherintexas9362]

I've been watching Isaac for years and he's only getting better and better. I hope you are still enjoying his work.

[@richierescue]

@@custodialfatherintexas9362 any given Thursday...

[@marcopohl4875]

literally

[@rapter3567]

I feel a pun

[@scottbruner9987]

Stellar....... I see wat u did there, sneaky man.

[@aurorathekitty7854]

I'm a truck driver and i listen to your videos almost every day I'm working you are awesome and keep it up.

[@Flexistentialist]

The Civilizations at the End of Time series is, in my estimation, some of the finest work on your channel...which in itself is entirely brilliant. Thank you, Isaac Arthur.

[@AdrianoCasemiro]

How hard is it to chose between them? I love this channel. I couldn't pick a favorite. And yes, Isaac Arthur is a dynamo when it come to quality and quantity.

[@floridacapo]

It should be nominated for an award. Informative, exciting, and inspiring work. Thank you Issac!

[@dongurudebro4579]

Just want to say thank you for those awesome videos and especially that you brought back "Civilizations at the End of Time", so thank you, keep up the good work!

[@EddyA1337]

Indeed, Iron Stars is one of my favorites.

[@JeremyKolassa]

"We'll talk more about how to actually move planets next week in Planet Ships." This show is absolutely bonkers and I am HERE FOR IT

[@boobah5643]

The best bit is that while the concepts are out there, the physics are not. Except for when they are, and those are _always_ clearly marked as things that exist in fiction but might never make the jump to reality.

[@vipondiu]

A drink, a snack and having my mind blown by concepts like a "Supernova Engine". That has been my thursdays for the last 4 years. Thanks for it Isaac, a stellar mass of thanks!

[@WadcaWymiaru]

Stellar mass of stupidity :\

[@ruileite2634]

Using supernova chain explosions to move civilizations around is the most SFIA thing i've heard so far!

[@boobah5643]

I dunno. I don't think he's described a Quasar Shkadov yet. He has talked about black hole engines and harvesting energy from the accretion discs, though, so I might have blanked on that one. Plus, I've not seen every episode. I suspect it's a really lossy, and therefore lousy, way to use an absurd amount of matter though.

[@AvailableUsernameTed]

Future. Hoorah, our thousand year project to make the planetary engine is complete! Now where must we move the Earth? We must consult the ancient KZbin videos of Isaac Arthur!!

[@Elmithian]

We could of course maintain the Sun until close to the end of time by star lifting, removing heavy elements and providing hydrogen, as a tribute to our original home. No reason to move the earth when we can just maintain the sun as is.

[@kerbodynamicx472]

Did you watch the Wandering earth?

[@natianatia351]

Elmithian thought Chinese already have created the artificial sun

[@kerbodynamicx472]

natia natia the Chinese artificial sun called EAST, was just a normal fusion reactor.

[@natianatia351]

Kerbodynamic X don’t Chinese claim it is an artificial sun?

[@charlesblithfield6182]

I am not kidding when I say this but I honestly get so much out of your videos that it kind of comforts me when I think about the possibility I won't be around some day.

[@cevinzeke5110]

The topics you discuss are on titanic scales yet you explain them in an approachable and descriptive way. It’s really phenomenal what you are doing. Just putting these videos out and having these ideas spread will maybe inspire and empower individuals to get us the a place where we can colonize our galaxy. There is tremendous weight to what you are doing here and I believe it won’t go unnoticed.

[@OpreanMircea]

26:50 turning stars into feedstock, I like that sentence

[@jonathanraynorris]

Isaac, I doubt you will see this, but it is worth saying nonetheless. I want to thank you for continuing to make such high-quality and informative videos. I am a student, and I find myself often working on homework and various assignments with your videos on in the background, and for some reason, they always seem to turn out better when I do. I'd say you have given me an extra point in my GPA, so thank you kindly for that, but also for being an inspiration to commit to putting out the best-quality work I can. Keep up the fantastic work! Ar-Thursdays are some of the best times of every week for me.

[@axelbostrom3606]

This is one of those episodes that leave me with a real strange feeling... Good work man, really makes you think about what the future really might hold

[@bullroarer-took]

Amazing video as always Arthur. As I am someone with a speech impediment too, watching your videos and seeing your general badassery at work over the years has really helped me with my self confidence. Again thank you and keep up the excellent work!

[@bottlekruiser]

4:10 Other way to interpret "Heat death" is death of the Universe as a heat engine, as there will be no temperature differences (energy gradients) to do work with

[@theCodyReeder]

3:22 ok I keep hearing this but can anyone explain why we wouldn't be able to see galaxies outside the local group? It doesn't make any sense to me. Like sure we wouldn't be able to see new events and everything would become increasingly red shifted but I cant imagine not being able to see that the other galaxies at all. Doing the math for right now the cosmological event horizon is 13-14 billion light years away but we can see things that are 93 billion light years out.

[@BlakeShorter]

It is to do with our universe expanding at an accelerating rate. If you extrapolate that out, eventually (very long time scales) that expansion rate gets so high that the most distant objects are expanded to be outside of the observable horizon. Imagine our observable horizon as a light cone. With space expanding faster and faster, this eventually means the furthest objects move away from us at faster than the speed of light, so they would literally move outside our light cone, and no longer be observable. Over longer periods of time as more objects move outside our horizon, less and less galaxies will be observable, until at some point it would just be the local gravitational bound group. I guess if you take that idea to its extreme there would be some point in the super far future where no other stars would be observable. I have seen it shown really well in graphics before, in PBS Spacetime I think but I can't find the clip. This chat is super relevant: kzbin.info/www/bejne/eonXiKV6n6l8fas Also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_horizon Really depends what happens with the expansion, can it really accelerate forever? Most things have limits so we'll see I suppose.

[@paulwalsh2344]

@ Cody'sLab I have to ask, where did you hear that we can see things 93 billion light years away ? Because we can't. The most distant and therefore earliest objects we can see optically are Quasars which are large primordial galaxies with super massive Black Holes at their centers gorging on the prodigious amounts of hydrogen available in the smaller volume of the early universe. These are from the 13.5-ish billion lightyear range. When we are looking at the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, we are looking at photons finally released at the re-ionization epoch of the universe where the universe finally became transparent to visual light after the dense opaque plasma of the primordial soup of elementary particles created in the Big Bang. These CMB photons are red-shifted from visual light frequencies down to the microwave end of radio frequencies in the ElectroMagnetic spectrum. When we say the universe has a diameter of 93 billion light years, we make that assumption based on not only the radius of the observable universe but added to that the extra distance due to the expansion rate of the universe over that 13.75 billion year history. But objects 14 billion light years away shining away in their corner of the universe have not had time for their photons to reach us and due to the speed limit of light, they NEVER will. BTW, we are not "seeing" the CMB from any hard edge of the univers from where they originated, but are seeing those photons kinda frozen in space due to the expansion of the universe. Kind of like smoke in a room. There may be denser areas of smoke and lighter ones and observing those difference patches and theorizing about what causes them give us some indication of the conditions at the time.

[@theCodyReeder]

@@paulwalsh2344 Like every publication on the subject ever.

[@sanssoleilfilm]

@@theCodyReeder Paul explained to you why you were wrong, did you notice?

[@chingoputoh7969]

@@sanssoleilfilm Paul is also wrong

[@TovenDo.O.Video-]

I love this series, Iron Stars is an episode that still blows my mind even to this day when I think about it, thank you for the amazing content.

[@jetflaque8187]

this is such an amazing series, thanks for this

[@Indyawillis85]

This is the earliest I've ever been and this is my favorite series on this channel. It's gonna be a great day!!

[@Apodeipnon]

Didn't expect you to talk about how humanity will use the local group to fuel the next type of transcendent civilization in this video! Very nice

[@jeffmathers355]

OMG it's been so long since an episode in this series, it actually warranted an update! Best series EVER!

[@mohdrazif777]

I took a day off from work and Isaac upload another "Civilizations at the End of Time" video. What a lucky day.

[@planetsharks4746]

Never ever stop uploading! We need you to stay sane

[@zell9058]

What an epically poetic closing to this episode. Goosebumps!

[@apollodiomedes203]

Actually, wouldn't the death of the last star be the most depressing event in the history of futurekind? It's basically one giant MEMENTO MORI sign thrown straight into the face of a civilization that hasn't known the fear of death for trillions of years - "Hey, you may be immortal now but everything slowly dies and one day so will you".

[@griffinbeaumont7049]

You always make my day Isaac, sometimes I forget it's athursday, but then I open my reccomendations and go like: "Hell yea! Time to grab a drink and a snack!"

[@Acherus29A]

Sometimes you FORGET it's Arthursday?

[@888Grim]

Great video! No rush, but I think the subject that I'm looking forward to the most is "Void Ecology".

[@christopher_graffam]

Same here.

[@angry_strawberry2733]

Hey isaac, love your videos i have been singing praises to anyone willing to listen

[@johnnyutah4584]

That was really creative Isaac

[@tylerhill40]

This video reminds me why i subbed to you in the first place Isaac. Great work.

[@willglockner3537]

Love the content! I'm routinely blown away by the quality of content you put out.

[@BruceMaddison]

Pronouncing them r's like a boss these days. Love the vids man

[@annoyed707]

That's because he's been replaced by R. Isaac Arthur and has a positronic brain.

[@thepaladin8554]

Thanks Isaac, great show as always. Can't wait for the next show.

[@nobilismaximus]

Quality as always!

[@ylfennaie5541]

Isaac, I have school in a couple minites.. Can the end of time... like.. wait?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

:)

[@ylfennaie5541]

My school day is going great so far! We went over the history of the world (in 2 hours) since we have a 3 hour block for other students testing. I'll keep you posted!

[@ylfennaie5541]

Okay! I'm back from school! I forgot to keep you posted, though it was a pretty smooth day. I started in Geography, which is where we watched that film. Then, since the documentary ended 30 minutes early (I guess because it was online and didn't have advertisements it was shorter, and the documentary was expected to be found on TV instead.) so we went ahead to do some more assignments until the bell rang. Lunch time. I ignored food and went straight to visiting with my friends and chatting about D&D. Some hours later school got out. A friend picked me up, we went to my place to set up my mum's FAX (yes, a FAX) Machine. Then I remembered that I was supposed to keep you posted on things, and came here to type this thing out. The end of time can now proceed!

[@ylfennaie5541]

----Waiiiit I should go get a drink and snack!

[@ylfennaie5541]

I am back with a burrito and a soda! PROCEED WITH THE END OF TIME!

[@cannonfodder4376]

18:19 oh man as soon as you mentioned turning a neutron star into a computer I immediately thought of Hades in Revelation Space. I just finished the book, a bit slow and confusing at first but fascinating and compelling by the end. I am currently rereading it again, it may be one of those books that requires multiple readings as I am enjoying it much more now even from the beginning. Thanks for recommending the book Isaac and a great video as always. I cannot look at the future of civilization the same way ever since I encountered your channel.😀

[@Lukegear]

Watching Isaac Arthur at the end of time... I mean... Close to the end of the week!

[@oldkid8811]

Always a high point of the week. Isaac I love your channel so much, that when I get the YT notification drop what I'm doing and run to watch the stream! Thanks for all you do!

[@floridacapo]

BRAVO, great episode! SFIA folks!

[@Munners369]

Videos from this series are always my favourite!

[@Frosty14748]

There should be an episode titled Civilizations at the End of Time: Isaac Arthur, because that's all a civilization would need to watch for hundreds of years. Thanks for the awesome videos, as always.

[@paulwalsh2344]

Another 10 out of 10 Isaac ! But then "Civilizations at the End of Time" episodes always are.

[@TheSpearkan]

Hey Isaac. I have a planet that I want to move from one solar system to another but I don't have access to wormholes, how could I perform this?

[@danieldudas9026]

I can easily fall asleep to this even in the afternoon.

[@tagair211]

Another wonderful video ! Thank you, Isaac !!

[@oskarhoryd2215]

I would love to see Civilizations at the End of Time: The Big Rip.

[@AdrianoCasemiro]

Love your videos but I don't need to share them as everyone I know would love your channel is already subscribed. Nevertheless, yet another masterclass of a video. Great one!

[@jonathanhensley6141]

This is an incredible series and awesome channel. This should be a discovery channel tv series. Each episode just gets better and better.

[@tomrusson6126]

Iron Stars is my favourite episode of yours, and on all of KZbin. I'm so happy that you're coming back to the series.

[@christophe5756]

Man, I love these! I sure hope we make it there!

[@gordontubbs]

What if our Big Bang was actually an artificial supernova created by a precursor omega-civilization that attempted to reboot the universe?

[@lordkibagami]

Yoga to stretch my body, Isaac Arthur to stretch my mind.

[@AB-ee5tb]

lordkibagami yoga should also stretch your mind

[@jjbinx]

Nice episode

[@cburger4life144]

Love your name dude. Oh and your channel is pretty awesome too

[@ToxicityAssured]

Another amazing work of art and intelligence! This channels worst video far surpasses TV's best content. How can one channel with so little help make such wonderful content...? Thank you so much, I'll love you until the last black dwarf reaches the CMB temperature.

[@mahyar305]

Great channel that never disappoint and greatly worthy of the time spent watching/listening. the depth of the imagination coupled with edge of our understanding of physics and the universe, truly inspiring!

[@RT710.]

Your voice sounds so clear man, loved the vid as always!

[@leveldk]

I’m literally sat on a beach, on an island off the coast of Phuket, drinking a gin and tonic, listening to new Isaac Arthur. Life really does not get any better.

[@TurnipStewdios]

"Of course, we're not necessarily uninterested in making things blow up."

[@Pyriphlegeton]

Damn, you know how to start a video.

[@tamasmihaly7080]

Another gem. Thanks isaac!

[@CodeLeeCarter]

I'll be listening to this again later, always listen to my Podcasts of Isaac Arthur while falling asleep.

[@Roonasaur]

Holy S___ . . . is it thursday already? Dam. I'm glad I have your vid today, Arthur. I would totally survive if you missed/skipped/vacationed one week (or two, or three, or whatever). . . but it is nice to be able to expect having one of these every week. My drink and snack*S* are already ready to go :)

[@Zarcondeegrissom]

what better to lift the mood, than an Isaac Arther vid. It can get depressing when so many want to abandon future tech due to a disaster and return to archaic ages of society rather than learning from that disaster to make things better for the tech and management of that tech. Ok, venting aside, I want to think about a brighter future, and no one is better at that than Isaac. B)

[@rogerjrusa]

I’ve waited for what felt like forever for one of these! Love CATEOT!

[@scottbruner9987]

For about the last week, I'd say about 85-90% of the videos I've watched have been yours, Issac. I'm not sure if I've ever learned as much in such a short time before.

[@DaLoopDiggerz]

Thank you so much for all your work. Very thorough!

[@cluckeryduckery261]

nice! I love this series of videos!

[@RJL738]

Thank you for making this.

[@rawwset]

Looks like we need to build that Orbital Ring and get off this rock so we can get this ball rolling.

[@paulgillissen8738]

Isaac I just want to say thanks for mind blowing content , the physics is realistic and makes sense , your a true optimist. thumbs up for your hard work flooded with deep content

[@nickybeingnicky]

Just found your channel a few hours ago. You're my new favorite nerd.

[@acadiano10]

I'm intrigued by the idea of new planets forming from red giant remnants. We sometimes talk abt if Earth might be consumed by the sun at that point but not if new planets might arise when the sun goes white dwarf. If I understand correctly.

[@BenJoe6]

I mean, with titles like 'Black Hole Farming' or 'Iron Stars', I wouldn't be surprised they are your most watched, Isaac. My friends favorite episode is Stupid Aliens

[@JanneWolterbeek]

This is such an informative channel, and very comfortable to listen to.

[@randomnerd4211]

In all seriousness, you should write a book about the rise of an interstellar human empire akin to the short story "The Last Question" by Issac Asimov.

[@joey_after_midnight]

Do "Ants" dream of Mega Structures and dissassemling the Stars? ...do they too consider Fermi's Paradox?

[@alanhinton1350]

Do ants dream at all?

[@DavidEvans_dle]

Ouch...

[@tectomes]

Yes. Yes, we do.

[@yoloswag6242]

Queen fire ants fall into relatively long, deep sleeps and kip for an average of nine hours every day. By contrast, workers sleep just half as much and get to rest by taking hundreds of short power naps. ... It also ensures that enough worker ants are awake at any one time to protect and serve the colony.

[@goldenhok]

In the big rip theory, the force of dark energy isn't constant and increases over time. This causes first galaxies to fly apart, then solar systems, then planets, then stars, then atoms, then the atom nuclei. If it keeps increasing, it would start pulling the quarks inside protons and neutrons from each other. Since quarks have to be in pairs, if enough energy is put into pulling the quarks apart, they will just create new pairs. If this is true, wouldn't this cause a runaway effect of quarks "duplicating" until it supersedes the expansion of the universe?

[@GreaterThanGodLike]

And thus a new universe was born.

[@arbitool]

Another episode from Civilizations at the End of Time series. LET'S JUST JUMP INTO IT!

[@MrRobinhalligan]

Yet another interesting video, well done, just a question, have you covered the cage world concept?.

[@MarkTuchinsky]

Always willing to consider the possibility that I might live long enough to become a member of such a civilization... in order to hopeful meet you one day.

[@kapsi]

I doubt it. We can't even make people live longer than 70-80 years.

[@chrislaezur730]

Says whom? The old guard? Humans will seemingly be as immortal as cockroaches soon, relatively speaking, trust me.

[@Mortebianca]

>Isaac: FTL travel? Nah fam it's not science (even tho perfectly possible mathematically) >Also Isaac: We'll create future universes. Otherwise we would just...die. And transhumanists really have a problem with facing and accepting death. If something is unwishable...then it must be impossible. I have to say it. It's an anthropocentric view, makes the transhumanist bias evident.

[@mantasliutkus2605]

doesnt ftl require infinite energy

[@Mortebianca]

Not always. Doesn't creating an entire universe require a bigger feat? The bias grows stronger. Face it: we will die.

[@d.thieud.1056]

@@Mortebianca indeed Even if we could forever endure against entropy, we would need to "not die" an infinite amount of times to never end, but we only need to die out once to not do so. so no matter how tiny we can make the probability that we go extinct, if we manage to stretch time out to infinity we ensure the chance that we will one day go extinct infinity, if we don't stretch our existentence out forever, well... On the part of FTL being more realistic than creating new universes though... do you know just how hard reality seems willing to bend and contort itself just to ensure nothing ever moves faster than speed of light from ANY frame of reference? Even if 2 onjects travel at 99% of the speed of light in opposite directions time dilation still makes it so that they don't actually travel faster than the speed of light relative to each other He does t mean actually creating new universes though, just simulated realities, which can be Intelligently optimized. You don't need to simulate the individual atoms in a digital minds brain, you simply run their mind natively on a real processor operating at the landaur limit, which is way more efficient than a real brain You also don't need to simulate their sensory organs, you simply hijack their inputs and feed them the simulated reality As for the simulated reality itself, do you really think the people living in it would want the buildings they live to be accurately simulated? Would they want the simulation to waste computation modeling wear and damage to the structure? Or dirt and dust? Even in the simulated minds themselves you could probably Dutch certain neural circuits, the parts of your brain responsible for motion sickness for example, why the fuck would you want those in a simulated universe? Or the neural cirquitry that decides to bring up random emberassing events from your past when you're just trying to fucking sleep already?

[@timothywhite2666]

I love this series soooooo much

[@nullifier_]

Every time I finish a episode I end up in complete awe upon contemplating the idea of ​​future civilizations in a future ancient universe. Thanks for the episode!

[@changeminds2736]

Hey sir I noticed a comment that you were working with a speech therapist/instructor. You should look into Paul Stamits story about how he got rid of his studer/speech impediment. I heard it on JRE podcast. Quite interesting to say the least. Thanks for these videos btw and I have no problem understanding your narration.

[@dexasmoru8333]

I don't understand why Isac thinks so many civs will go digital. Going digital is basically the end of your species.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Huh, I usually get accused of the reverse, in thinking that most will either not or take their sweet time doing so, but your options get rather limited eventually. Why would you say it's the end of your species though? I assume you're not simply speaking in terms of the biological definition since that's pretty meaningless on time scale of many millions of years.

[@NPrinceling]

When you're talking about our civilization a billion years in the future, "our species" becomes a pretty fuzzy concept

[@brutalvous]

It is sad that so many people don't see how great future of our civilization can be!

[@terrymullins7338]

Very interesting. Thanks for this video.

[@chrisr2368]

I've been dying in the figurative sense for this particular update at the end of time.

[@blazinchalice]

The best channel for science-based future concept analysis on YT. Good work, Mr. Arthur!

[@lonjohnson5161]

Last week I had a somewhat unpopular post regarding what appeared to be a loss of information density in these videos, in part due to referencing videos from the past. I backed off from my position, since it seemed less important than the trouble it seemed to be causing. I bring it up not to rehash my old points, but to highlight how nicely this video handled my concerns. I very much liked how the relevant episodes were quickly and efficiently addressed at the beginning and again touched on in the transition to the ad. I don't know if it is real or just a bit of psychology, but this episode appeared to be very information dense. I also don't know if this was a change in response to my comment or just the way this episode was going to be regardless. Either way, nicely done.

[@nmccw3245]

The subjects enlightening, the snacks enheavying.

[@prakadox]

Hey you fellow SFIAns with your drinks and snacks, I grabbed an entire dinner to eat and see this. :) Lovely episode, Isaac. I appreciate the sheer audacity of purposely making stars go supernovae. I really wish there were some way of capturing that energy better. But if we want to bring extra galactic stars to us, we may not have other options. I do agree that if humanity ever got serious about star travel, the stars of atleast our galaxy will soon be snuffed out by our descendants like we might do to wildfires/coal fires. O/T - You can check out cool world's halo engine concept. It's pretty interesting.

[@jakelabete7412]

At 4:35 you mention 'big rip' when eventually even the atoms get ripped apart. I presume that the big rip, in all its splendor, is a consequence of dark energy doing its thing. What I don't get is how it will be possible for it to rip atoms apart in view of the prevalent agreement that dark energy is constant per unit volume.

[@paulwalsh2344]

@ Jake LaBete Yes, I like like what yer thinkin' As I wrote above somewhere, the Big Rip is the bane of my astronomical enthusiasm. Proponents of the Big Rip scenario really have to answer a few questions that indicate that the Big Rip is likely ? 1. Is the nature of Gravity fully and completely understood by physics ? Is the force of gravity, like the other fundamental forces of the universe, mediated by a quantum particle, the Graviton ? What is the mass of a Graviton and the speed of a Graviton ? What is the effect of this speed on the 10 Mega-parsec scale of the large-scale universe where the cosmic expansion is dominant ? What I'm getting at here is, is Dark Energy to gravity, what redshift is to light ? 2. Have physicists demonstrated that Space-time a fabric that is Rip-able ? The notion of "the fabric of Space-time" is a popular misconception of the lay-person explanations of Einstein's General Relativity view of gravity, that mass distorts or puckers a 2D representation of the space around it, like a bowling ball on a stretchy spandex sheet, but the reality is that mass affects the space around it in all the infinite axes of 3D space. So is space a fabric that is rip-able, or just space... the absence of matter ? 3. Have physicists the evidence that the Dark Energy that's causing the cosmic expansion that's obvious on the large scale (10 Mega-parsec scale) is also seen in the space, let's say, between our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy or the other members of the local group ? Own Milky Way ? Our Solar system ? Is there evidence that Dark Energy affects space at the atomic or sub-atomic scale, between the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons or the Quarks so that Dark Energy will eventually rip apart matter at it's fundamental scale ? These are the questions that seriously and honestly have to be asked to put in perspective the sensational and apocalyptic notion of the Big Rip scenario. The fact that we observe effects that have no valid explanation shows the limitation of our understanding of Physics yet.

[@Gott1337able]

The one thing I look forward to every Thursday♥️❤️♥️

[@klausgartenstiel4586]

instead of food and drinks, i usually hit a warm bath for these episodes. with might be more information than you'd bargained for.^^

[@TheRealHelvetica]

By dying stars do you mean stars about to go supernova or is it a true death where even the iron stars of the super distant universe start to go cold too?