Civilizations at the End of Time: Dying Stars

One of the biggest reasons for colonizing other worlds is to ensure we don't die with our own sun, but even those alien suns we might travel to will die one day. And yet, our image of stars living than erupting spectacular as a red giant or supernova, present a somewhat false impression, as those stellar remnants often last far longer than the stars which bore them. Could civilizations survive around these dead stars? Could they even outlast the End of the Universe, as the last stars fade away?
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Credits:
Civilizations at the End of Time: Dying Stars
Episode 178, Season 5 E12
Written by:
Isaac Arthur
Editors:
Andrew Norman
Darius Said
Evan Schultheis
Keith Blockus
Konstantin Sokerin
Matthew Acker
Stuart Graham beyondnerva.wo...
Cover Art:
Jakub Grygier www.artstation...
Graphics by:
Fishy Tree www.deviantart...
Jarred Eagley
Jeremy Jozwik www.artstation...
Ken York / ydvisual
Sergio Botero www.artstation...
Produced & Narrated by:
Isaac Arthur
Music:
Markus Junnikkala, "Always Tell Me the Odds" www.markusjunn...
Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" lombus.bandcam...
A.J. Prasad of Dark Future, "Staring Through, pt1" • Dark Future - Staring ...
Aerium, "Fifth Star of Aldebaran" / @officialaerium
A.J. Prasad of Dark Future, "Cold Shadow" • Dark Future - Staring ...
Phase Shift, "Forest Night" www.last.fm/mu...

[@madscientistshusta]

Isaac, I'm going to be 100% honest here. Your channel is one of the only truly enlightening,100% family friendly,drama free,well meaning channels I've ever subbed too. In an age where every other channel is flipping out about politics, youtube drama, culture clashes, pessimistic news,and vapid content centered around materialistic and childish mindsets your channel stands as a beacon of light on youtube, an example of what the internet's entertainment options *should be* ,it stands as proof that a single person with enough gumption, a little book learning, and a love for reading can add to humanity without taking anything precious from society or adding anything corrosive. Thank you Isaac Arthur! Your work is invaluable!

[@ruileite2634]

Using supernova chain explosions to move civilizations around is the most SFIA thing i've heard so far!

[@boobah5643]

I dunno. I don't think he's described a Quasar Shkadov yet. He has talked about black hole engines and harvesting energy from the accretion discs, though, so I might have blanked on that one. Plus, I've not seen every episode. I suspect it's a really lossy, and therefore lousy, way to use an absurd amount of matter though.

[@AvailableUsernameTed]

Future. Hoorah, our thousand year project to make the planetary engine is complete! Now where must we move the Earth? We must consult the ancient KZbin videos of Isaac Arthur!!

[@Elmithian]

We could of course maintain the Sun until close to the end of time by star lifting, removing heavy elements and providing hydrogen, as a tribute to our original home. No reason to move the earth when we can just maintain the sun as is.

[@kerbodynamicx472]

Did you watch the Wandering earth?

[@natianatia351]

Elmithian thought Chinese already have created the artificial sun

[@kerbodynamicx472]

natia natia the Chinese artificial sun called EAST, was just a normal fusion reactor.

[@natianatia351]

Kerbodynamic X don’t Chinese claim it is an artificial sun?

[@jonathanraynorris]

Isaac, I doubt you will see this, but it is worth saying nonetheless. I want to thank you for continuing to make such high-quality and informative videos. I am a student, and I find myself often working on homework and various assignments with your videos on in the background, and for some reason, they always seem to turn out better when I do. I'd say you have given me an extra point in my GPA, so thank you kindly for that, but also for being an inspiration to commit to putting out the best-quality work I can. Keep up the fantastic work! Ar-Thursdays are some of the best times of every week for me.

[@axelbostrom3606]

This is one of those episodes that leave me with a real strange feeling... Good work man, really makes you think about what the future really might hold

[@theCodyReeder]

3:22 ok I keep hearing this but can anyone explain why we wouldn't be able to see galaxies outside the local group? It doesn't make any sense to me. Like sure we wouldn't be able to see new events and everything would become increasingly red shifted but I cant imagine not being able to see that the other galaxies at all. Doing the math for right now the cosmological event horizon is 13-14 billion light years away but we can see things that are 93 billion light years out.

[@BlakeShorter]

It is to do with our universe expanding at an accelerating rate. If you extrapolate that out, eventually (very long time scales) that expansion rate gets so high that the most distant objects are expanded to be outside of the observable horizon. Imagine our observable horizon as a light cone. With space expanding faster and faster, this eventually means the furthest objects move away from us at faster than the speed of light, so they would literally move outside our light cone, and no longer be observable. Over longer periods of time as more objects move outside our horizon, less and less galaxies will be observable, until at some point it would just be the local gravitational bound group. I guess if you take that idea to its extreme there would be some point in the super far future where no other stars would be observable. I have seen it shown really well in graphics before, in PBS Spacetime I think but I can't find the clip. This chat is super relevant: kzbin.info/www/bejne/eonXiKV6n6l8fas Also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_horizon Really depends what happens with the expansion, can it really accelerate forever? Most things have limits so we'll see I suppose.

[@paulwalsh2344]

@ Cody'sLab I have to ask, where did you hear that we can see things 93 billion light years away ? Because we can't. The most distant and therefore earliest objects we can see optically are Quasars which are large primordial galaxies with super massive Black Holes at their centers gorging on the prodigious amounts of hydrogen available in the smaller volume of the early universe. These are from the 13.5-ish billion lightyear range. When we are looking at the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, we are looking at photons finally released at the re-ionization epoch of the universe where the universe finally became transparent to visual light after the dense opaque plasma of the primordial soup of elementary particles created in the Big Bang. These CMB photons are red-shifted from visual light frequencies down to the microwave end of radio frequencies in the ElectroMagnetic spectrum. When we say the universe has a diameter of 93 billion light years, we make that assumption based on not only the radius of the observable universe but added to that the extra distance due to the expansion rate of the universe over that 13.75 billion year history. But objects 14 billion light years away shining away in their corner of the universe have not had time for their photons to reach us and due to the speed limit of light, they NEVER will. BTW, we are not "seeing" the CMB from any hard edge of the univers from where they originated, but are seeing those photons kinda frozen in space due to the expansion of the universe. Kind of like smoke in a room. There may be denser areas of smoke and lighter ones and observing those difference patches and theorizing about what causes them give us some indication of the conditions at the time.

[@theCodyReeder]

@@paulwalsh2344 Like every publication on the subject ever.

[@sanssoleilfilm]

@@theCodyReeder Paul explained to you why you were wrong, did you notice?

[@ClunFunDun]

@@BlakeShorter fvvvvvvgvvgvvvvvfvvvvvvvvvvvfvgvvggvvgggvvvvvvrv vvvvvvvv fgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvgvfvgvvvvvvgvvvvvggvvvvvvgvvvgvvgvv gvvvvvvgegevvvvvvg FB g GG v go gvg vvv v vv be vvv be vv f GG vv ggvvvvv vvv gv ggvvvvv vvv feel ggvvvvvv vvv ggvvvvv gvvvv vvv be vvv be vv ggvvvvv vvv v ggvvvvv vvv v ggvvvvv v vv ev free vvv v ggvvvvv v ggvvvvv vvv be vvvvvvvv feel like we're èvggvvvv vvgvvevfvvvvvvvvvvg vvgvvvvrfv vgvvvevv rvvvfvvvgvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv vgvgv vvvvv vvvvv vvvvvvvv vgvvvevv vvvg vvvvv. Vvv. Vv vvvgvg vvgvgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv. Vvgvgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv vgv fvvvvvvgvvgvvvvvfvvvvvvvvvvvfvgvvggvvgggvvvvvvrv fgfvv vvvgvvf gv vvvvvgvvf fffvvvvvvvvvvvgfvvfvvvvvgvvvvvvgggvvvgvvvv rvg vvvgfvvvvvvvvv vv gvgvvvvvvvvvgvvvvvvvgvfevvvvvv. Gvvvvvvvvgvvvvvfvvgvvvvvvvfvgvvvvvvvvgfvvvvgfgvvvvvgvgvvv vvgvvvgvvvvvfvvvvvvvvgvggvv vvvv vvgvvvvvvvv g vgvgvvvfgvgvvvfvvfvvvffvvvv. V vv vgvvv vvvvvvvv vvggvvvvvfvvvv vv vvvgvvvfvvvvvvvvgv vvvgvvvvvfvvvvfvvvgvv ggvv gvvfvvvvvgvvfvrfvvgvvvvvvfgvvvg v v vvvvvvvvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvvvvgvgvvv vgvvvgvvv v vvvgvvvfvvvvvvvvgv vvvgvvvfvvvvvvvvgv vvvgvvvvvfvvvvfvvvgvv g fvvvvvvvvgvvggvfvvvvfvvvvvvvvfvvgvvvvgfrvgvvvvvvvvvggvvvvgvgvvgfvvvvvvvvvvrvggfvvvvvvvvv. GG. Gvvvvvvvvgvv vfvgvgv gvvfvvvvvv vvvv vggvvfggvgvvvfvvf gvvvf vvvv vvvvv. Vvvfvvvfvvvrv vvvvvvvv vgvgv gvv vvvgvg gvrg gvvvvvvvvgvv vv gvvgvgvvgvg gvggv vvvvvvvvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvvvvgvgvvv. Vvgg gvv. Vvv vvgvgvgvvvgfvvvvfgvvvvvvvvvg vvgvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vv. Vvv v vvvgvvvfvvvvvvvvgv vvgvgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvgvvvvvvvv g vgvgv vvvvvvvvvvvvfvffvfvvfgvvvvfvgvvfgvgvvvgvfgfgfgvvvvggvvvfvvgvfvvvrvffvvfvvvvvvvvvvvvvvgvfvvvggfvfvgvvvggvvvvggvfvgvgggvgvgvvfvvvvfvtfggfvfvggvvvfvfv gfvgvvfgfvvfvvfgvvffggffvfvvvfvvvfvvvggvvvvvgwgvfgvfggvggfgvgfggggvvvffvvvfvvfffgvvfgvvvgvvfvvvgvvffvvggvvgvfvgvvvvggggv vvfvvfvvvvvvvvvvvvggvvgvfvvvvvvvvvgvvvvvvfvvvfvvvvvgggvggvvfvvvvgggffgfgvvvvvffvvvvvvvfvvvvfvfvvgvgvvfvfvvgvvffvggffggvgffggfvtfvvfvvffggvgvvvfvvvfvvvggvvfvgvfvvvfvgrfvfvvvvvvvgvv ggvgvvvvvvvvgvvvvvfv,,,,,,,, zzz

[@BruceMaddison]

Pronouncing them r's like a boss these days. Love the vids man

[@annoyed707]

That's because he's been replaced by R. Isaac Arthur and has a positronic brain.

[@Indyawillis85]

This is the earliest I've ever been and this is my favorite series on this channel. It's gonna be a great day!!

[@Frosty14748]

There should be an episode titled Civilizations at the End of Time: Isaac Arthur, because that's all a civilization would need to watch for hundreds of years. Thanks for the awesome videos, as always.

[@planetsharks4746]

Never ever stop uploading! We need you to stay sane

[@majorsilly8966]

Man what is the most plausible faster than light drive that can be created now or the near future cause I can’t wait

[@fredricknietzsche7316]

I t isn't.

[@acadiano10]

I'm intrigued by the idea of new planets forming from red giant remnants. We sometimes talk abt if Earth might be consumed by the sun at that point but not if new planets might arise when the sun goes white dwarf. If I understand correctly.

[@joey_after_midnight]

Do "Ants" dream of Mega Structures and dissassemling the Stars? ...do they too consider Fermi's Paradox?

[@alanhinton1350]

Do ants dream at all?

[@DavidEvans_dle]

Ouch...

[@tectomes]

Yes. Yes, we do.

[@yoloswag6242]

Queen fire ants fall into relatively long, deep sleeps and kip for an average of nine hours every day. By contrast, workers sleep just half as much and get to rest by taking hundreds of short power naps. ... It also ensures that enough worker ants are awake at any one time to protect and serve the colony.

[@gordontubbs]

What if our Big Bang was actually an artificial supernova created by a precursor omega-civilization that attempted to reboot the universe?

[@changeminds2736]

Hey sir I noticed a comment that you were working with a speech therapist/instructor. You should look into Paul Stamits story about how he got rid of his studer/speech impediment. I heard it on JRE podcast. Quite interesting to say the least. Thanks for these videos btw and I have no problem understanding your narration.

[@jakelabete7412]

At 4:35 you mention 'big rip' when eventually even the atoms get ripped apart. I presume that the big rip, in all its splendor, is a consequence of dark energy doing its thing. What I don't get is how it will be possible for it to rip atoms apart in view of the prevalent agreement that dark energy is constant per unit volume.

[@paulwalsh2344]

@ Jake LaBete Yes, I like like what yer thinkin' As I wrote above somewhere, the Big Rip is the bane of my astronomical enthusiasm. Proponents of the Big Rip scenario really have to answer a few questions that indicate that the Big Rip is likely ? 1. Is the nature of Gravity fully and completely understood by physics ? Is the force of gravity, like the other fundamental forces of the universe, mediated by a quantum particle, the Graviton ? What is the mass of a Graviton and the speed of a Graviton ? What is the effect of this speed on the 10 Mega-parsec scale of the large-scale universe where the cosmic expansion is dominant ? What I'm getting at here is, is Dark Energy to gravity, what redshift is to light ? 2. Have physicists demonstrated that Space-time a fabric that is Rip-able ? The notion of "the fabric of Space-time" is a popular misconception of the lay-person explanations of Einstein's General Relativity view of gravity, that mass distorts or puckers a 2D representation of the space around it, like a bowling ball on a stretchy spandex sheet, but the reality is that mass affects the space around it in all the infinite axes of 3D space. So is space a fabric that is rip-able, or just space... the absence of matter ? 3. Have physicists the evidence that the Dark Energy that's causing the cosmic expansion that's obvious on the large scale (10 Mega-parsec scale) is also seen in the space, let's say, between our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy or the other members of the local group ? Own Milky Way ? Our Solar system ? Is there evidence that Dark Energy affects space at the atomic or sub-atomic scale, between the Protons, Neutrons and Electrons or the Quarks so that Dark Energy will eventually rip apart matter at it's fundamental scale ? These are the questions that seriously and honestly have to be asked to put in perspective the sensational and apocalyptic notion of the Big Rip scenario. The fact that we observe effects that have no valid explanation shows the limitation of our understanding of Physics yet.

[@blazinchalice]

The best channel for science-based future concept analysis on YT. Good work, Mr. Arthur!

[@Zarcondeegrissom]

what better to lift the mood, than an Isaac Arther vid. It can get depressing when so many want to abandon future tech due to a disaster and return to archaic ages of society rather than learning from that disaster to make things better for the tech and management of that tech. Ok, venting aside, I want to think about a brighter future, and no one is better at that than Isaac. B)

[@ProSimex84]

Isaac Arthur for planetary governor

[@Munners369]

Videos from this series are always my favourite!

[@scottbruner9987]

For about the last week, I'd say about 85-90% of the videos I've watched have been yours, Issac. I'm not sure if I've ever learned as much in such a short time before.

[@jonathanhensley6141]

This is an incredible series and awesome channel. This should be a discovery channel tv series. Each episode just gets better and better.

[@leveldk]

I’m literally sat on a beach, on an island off the coast of Phuket, drinking a gin and tonic, listening to new Isaac Arthur. Life really does not get any better.

[@BenJoe6]

I mean, with titles like 'Black Hole Farming' or 'Iron Stars', I wouldn't be surprised they are your most watched, Isaac. My friends favorite episode is Stupid Aliens

[@chrisgaming9567]

Hey Isaac, did you get my friend's message on reddit (Atarshimono)?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Not seeing it in my messages there, but I always suspect I'm miss 90% of stuff sent to me on reddit.

[@tagair211]

Another wonderful video ! Thank you, Isaac !!

[@JohnSagin-SimViDeLucis579]

Ive started relistening to these while playing FTL and i would recommend!

[@mahyar305]

Great channel that never disappoint and greatly worthy of the time spent watching/listening. the depth of the imagination coupled with edge of our understanding of physics and the universe, truly inspiring!

[@megumin_6548]

Talk about saving endangered aliens, now let's save All the Stars in the UNIVERSE!!!! Ow don't forget, now we have K3 nova engines! I 😍 this channel!

[@hynjus001]

I wish you'd write sci-fi. The concepts ventured here are so much more advanced than those found in most sci fi with some exceptions like Ringworld. But even a ringworld is boring by this channel's standards

[@assemblyrequired7342]

Regarding why we haven’t encountered any colonizing alien civilizations yet (besides that we really haven’t gone anywhere yet, and not taking reported encounters with extraterrestrial life forms ranging from the first to the fourth kinds), it could simply be that they feel no need to colonize Earth, at least not to an overt degree. But there are stories of civilizations that live beneath the Earth, and a fair amount of stories of USOs, and it is hypothesized that there are deep underwater bases. Perhaps most of the current extraterrestrial races simply see no need to insert themselves into our lives, and consider us too primitive to be worth the trouble. If you’re a post-scarcity society, then I’d imagine conquest becomes an outdated notion. If we can manage to get to other solar systems, I think that encountering other advanced civilizations is only a matter of time.

[@silent_stalker3687]

21:05 *”Of course we’re not entirely uninterested in making things blow up”* Of course humanity isn’t.

[@yamamasfishytaco9450]

I'd argue that blowing things up is collectively our biggest interest

[@LendriMujina]

4:10 Huh, and here I always thought it was called that because it was the _death of the concept of heat,_ with nothing ever moving again. Guess I was mistaken.

[@richardgreen7225]

Hopefully our civilization will find the back door of the simulation and we can ascend to the next level long before the Universe/Simulation reaches the "HALT" instruction. ;~)

[@lompocus]

Something something boltzman brains as an argument against the heat death of the universe something something. I read somewhere we are like a soap bubble in some fancy higher physics, a bubble emerging from something more vast, something something physical constants differing as one approaches different regions across the bubble.

[@DanielGenis5000]

Isaac , you have to read Stephen Baxter’s Flux, about tiny avatars who have forgotten that they have been sent to explore a Neutron Star. Oh, just gave away the spoiler, but it’s such a strange and fascinating book! There are quakes in it too.... but also penis sheaths

[@ckingpro]

Great video as always! Maybe in the future we will be relying on quark fusion stars. Other than quark fusion, is there another form of energy between fusion and dark matter that is better than quark fusion?

[@BlackWolf42-]

Restaurant - period, the end.

[@jgr7487]

happy arthursday

[@mortimerhasbeengud2834]

Annoying thoughts after viewing this- 1. Using virtual particles, why not make new stars and planets? 2. Virtual again, why not reignite dead stars? 3. Repair any big rip

[@ahmedwael3824]

The reason I wake up today

[@MrChupacabra555]

Dude!! Thumbs Up for the "Dungeons and Dragons" reference, if nothing else! ^_^

[@hyrumhanson3390]

If humans are truly the first in our Galaxy, puts a smile on my face when I see ,First, comments.

[@noobtube7344]

first

[@hauntologicalwittgensteini2542]

Last

[@TheRainHarvester]

Life/humans evolve on a much shorter amount of time than the sun's billion-year change of 10% in temperature. Maybe we won't need to move the earth as much because, biologically, life could adapt in that billion years?

[@vahangood5999]

Thursdays are the optimistic days! ✌️

[@kastochan]

as long as there is matter, are you not able to keep using it to create energy? some form of fission fusion blackhole etc ????

[@Snailmailtrucker]

At the 20:10 minute mark you mention a Regular type Nova.... Perhaps you should look into a Recurring Micro Nova... You don't have to go very far in Space or Time to find one either. *They happen right here on our local Star... The Sun... every 12,000 years... and OUR 12,000 years is up Right now !* Earth's weakening MagnetoSphere is a leadup to this Spectacular Event that we are about to experience !

[@jlselc]

You weren't being totally forthcoming in saying big stars are the only ones to nova. You failed to mention the list of reoccurring micro nova's from smaller stars. The list was available at the time this video was made.

[@DavidEvans_dle]

Just wondering if the "Fermi Paradox Question" evidence is along the line of late nineteen century question on how to create faster horses.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

I don't think so in this case. I'd guess a lot of the technology we discussed today might be in part, but we tend to keep the tech extrapolations very simple, baring new physics this isn't really a grass-fueled engine vs gas-fueled, since we are going down to basic matter and energy for what dominates behavior, but that could be the case. I can't see it for the FP itself, though of course a 19th century horse-breeder is unlikely to ever think of road building in terms of freight trucks and oil wells.

[@DavidEvans_dle]

I can image future "humans" adjusting planetary orbits to accommodate the changing states of our sun. Mostly out of nostalgia for the real estate.

[@iLLt0m]

"We're probably in the last 1% of it right now." What did you mean by that?

[@iotcchan]

*Hmm......... LAST TOAST from our LAST TOASTER*

[@TheDoorspook11c]

Superman Red Son, after watching this I thought you'd enjoy the fiction given the topic.

[@praxym9293]

Insightful.new subscriber

[@ComputerGarageLLC]

viewer 84! I like getting to the theater early. LOL

[@2020Twenty]

Could reversible computing make Maxwell's Demons work?

[@TAJ1977]

Einen wundervollen Arthursday 😎 Day !? saved !!! 😊

[@carlucioleite]

But how would a 10, 15 billion years old earth looks like? Would it still have geological actvity?

[@iLLt0m]

Killface has the solution. Behold the Annihilatrix!

[@kakerake6018]

I think we should get rid of stars all together

[@ethorii]

Big Bang Burger Bar. Not that it matters one iota.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

D'oh! I wonder why I have 'burger shack' in my head?

[@paulwalsh2344]

... Big Bang Burger Shack is about 2% better a name. Anything with the word "shack" implies the level of quality that I think Douglas Adams was intending, a counterpoint to the elegant Restaurant at the End of the Universe.

[@ethorii]

Anything is at least 2% better when Isaac Arthur is involved.

[@GregEwing]

So as a already subbed person for curiosity stream. 7 ages of starlight sounds interesting. However the only results i get on the stream search page is Big cats, Henry the 8th and other nonsense. I can't find this show at all.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

strange, maybe it was just '7' instead of 'seven'? Anyway, here ya go, enjoy! curiositystream.com/series/250/seven-ages-of-starlight

[@gertwillems4456]

ok if this is all true then it makes our universe an even lonelier place that we already thought. Suppose we could remake our own milky way in a few million years our so that means that any other intelligent civilisation could have done this as well. But if we look around us we only see natural 'dull' galaxies. So or our far future cousins are far less industrious then we imagine them or we are alone in a sphere of say 1 to 2 billion lightyears or perhaps we are all evolving together right now and have a nice party in a few million years or so... I think of those three scenario's the last one is the least likely and the second one is the most likely. Of course we still have the big filter of Nick Bostrom that might be waiting for us in the near future...

[@teoparis20]

Sad. Your curiositystream "coupon" doesn't work with Paypal, they won't accept it.

[@uprightape100]

Let's not move the Earth......let's take apart the Sun.

[@waylandaniel7709]

Dude is such a smart guy he figured out speech impaired AI

[@poughkeepsieblue]

"Eat me..." -Suicidal Cow

[@learnpianofastonline]

I want to stay alive to see this stuff. I hope to live long enough to benefit from life extension technology.

[@Drew_McTygue]

Civilizations at the end of time is a legendary series! It's hardly a surprise that this is the most watched series when it introduces topics like "supernova engines"

[@calamusgladiofortior2814]

Yeah, "supernova engineer" has got to be the coolest future job title. Or maybe second, after "solar system pilot."

[@rhorynotmylastname7781]

my favorite kind of engine

[@hynjus001]

It's how I found Isaac in the first place. It's definitely my favourite series. The ethereal music helps too :)

[@dongurudebro4579]

Just want to say thank you for those awesome videos and especially that you brought back "Civilizations at the End of Time", so thank you, keep up the good work!

[@EddyA1337]

Indeed, Iron Stars is one of my favorites.

[@richierescue]

I'm so happy to have found this channel. The content quality and range is stellar.

[@custodialfatherintexas9362]

I've been watching Isaac for years and he's only getting better and better. I hope you are still enjoying his work.

[@richierescue]

@@custodialfatherintexas9362 any given Thursday...

[@marcopohl4875]

literally

[@rapter3567]

I feel a pun

[@scottbruner9987]

Stellar....... I see wat u did there, sneaky man.

[@XIIchiron78]

I think the popularity of this series speaks to one of the best things about your channel: your optimism. We hear a lot about the universe's eventual demise, and that's a painful and scary thing to think about - it can make life feel hopeless and futile. Your videos help make sense of things and let us understand our options.

[@HashFace253]

Does the heat death of the universe stress you out?!? Try better help talk to real licensed therapists in your galactic cluster.

[@JeremyKolassa]

"We'll talk more about how to actually move planets next week in Planet Ships." This show is absolutely bonkers and I am HERE FOR IT

[@boobah5643]

The best bit is that while the concepts are out there, the physics are not. Except for when they are, and those are _always_ clearly marked as things that exist in fiction but might never make the jump to reality.

[@Flexistentialist]

The Civilizations at the End of Time series is, in my estimation, some of the finest work on your channel...which in itself is entirely brilliant. Thank you, Isaac Arthur.

[@AdrianoCasemiro]

How hard is it to chose between them? I love this channel. I couldn't pick a favorite. And yes, Isaac Arthur is a dynamo when it come to quality and quantity.

[@floridacapo]

It should be nominated for an award. Informative, exciting, and inspiring work. Thank you Issac!

[@vipondiu]

A drink, a snack and having my mind blown by concepts like a "Supernova Engine". That has been my thursdays for the last 4 years. Thanks for it Isaac, a stellar mass of thanks!

[@WadcaWymiaru]

Stellar mass of stupidity :\

[@aurorathekitty7854]

I'm a truck driver and i listen to your videos almost every day I'm working you are awesome and keep it up.

[@Mortebianca]

>Isaac: FTL travel? Nah fam it's not science (even tho perfectly possible mathematically) >Also Isaac: We'll create future universes. Otherwise we would just...die. And transhumanists really have a problem with facing and accepting death. If something is unwishable...then it must be impossible. I have to say it. It's an anthropocentric view, makes the transhumanist bias evident.

[@mantasliutkus2605]

doesnt ftl require infinite energy

[@Mortebianca]

Not always. Doesn't creating an entire universe require a bigger feat? The bias grows stronger. Face it: we will die.

[@d.thieud.1056]

@@Mortebianca indeed Even if we could forever endure against entropy, we would need to "not die" an infinite amount of times to never end, but we only need to die out once to not do so. so no matter how tiny we can make the probability that we go extinct, if we manage to stretch time out to infinity we ensure the chance that we will one day go extinct infinity, if we don't stretch our existentence out forever, well... On the part of FTL being more realistic than creating new universes though... do you know just how hard reality seems willing to bend and contort itself just to ensure nothing ever moves faster than speed of light from ANY frame of reference? Even if 2 onjects travel at 99% of the speed of light in opposite directions time dilation still makes it so that they don't actually travel faster than the speed of light relative to each other He does t mean actually creating new universes though, just simulated realities, which can be Intelligently optimized. You don't need to simulate the individual atoms in a digital minds brain, you simply run their mind natively on a real processor operating at the landaur limit, which is way more efficient than a real brain You also don't need to simulate their sensory organs, you simply hijack their inputs and feed them the simulated reality As for the simulated reality itself, do you really think the people living in it would want the buildings they live to be accurately simulated? Would they want the simulation to waste computation modeling wear and damage to the structure? Or dirt and dust? Even in the simulated minds themselves you could probably Dutch certain neural circuits, the parts of your brain responsible for motion sickness for example, why the fuck would you want those in a simulated universe? Or the neural cirquitry that decides to bring up random emberassing events from your past when you're just trying to fucking sleep already?

[@ylfennaie5541]

Isaac, I have school in a couple minites.. Can the end of time... like.. wait?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

:)

[@ylfennaie5541]

My school day is going great so far! We went over the history of the world (in 2 hours) since we have a 3 hour block for other students testing. I'll keep you posted!

[@ylfennaie5541]

Okay! I'm back from school! I forgot to keep you posted, though it was a pretty smooth day. I started in Geography, which is where we watched that film. Then, since the documentary ended 30 minutes early (I guess because it was online and didn't have advertisements it was shorter, and the documentary was expected to be found on TV instead.) so we went ahead to do some more assignments until the bell rang. Lunch time. I ignored food and went straight to visiting with my friends and chatting about D&D. Some hours later school got out. A friend picked me up, we went to my place to set up my mum's FAX (yes, a FAX) Machine. Then I remembered that I was supposed to keep you posted on things, and came here to type this thing out. The end of time can now proceed!

[@ylfennaie5541]

----Waiiiit I should go get a drink and snack!

[@ylfennaie5541]

I am back with a burrito and a soda! PROCEED WITH THE END OF TIME!

[@OpreanMircea]

26:50 turning stars into feedstock, I like that sentence

[@bottlekruiser]

4:10 Other way to interpret "Heat death" is death of the Universe as a heat engine, as there will be no temperature differences (energy gradients) to do work with

[@TheSpearkan]

Hey Isaac. I have a planet that I want to move from one solar system to another but I don't have access to wormholes, how could I perform this?

[@apollodiomedes203]

Actually, wouldn't the death of the last star be the most depressing event in the history of futurekind? It's basically one giant MEMENTO MORI sign thrown straight into the face of a civilization that hasn't known the fear of death for trillions of years - "Hey, you may be immortal now but everything slowly dies and one day so will you".

[@ugljesaradosavac4489]

Hurry up yo, and save Betelgeuse!

[@cevinzeke5110]

The topics you discuss are on titanic scales yet you explain them in an approachable and descriptive way. It’s really phenomenal what you are doing. Just putting these videos out and having these ideas spread will maybe inspire and empower individuals to get us the a place where we can colonize our galaxy. There is tremendous weight to what you are doing here and I believe it won’t go unnoticed.

[@grantfomin6829]

Question: In said hypothetical multi-lightyear wide tungsten plate powering K3 stellar engine, how does it not collapse into a black hole under its own gravity?

[@jensbrandt7207]

Build orbital rings inside them to have their centrifugal force counteract the gravity.

[@Pyriphlegeton]

Damn, you know how to start a video.

[@lordkibagami]

Yoga to stretch my body, Isaac Arthur to stretch my mind.

[@AB-ee5tb]

lordkibagami yoga should also stretch your mind

[@bullroarer-took]

Amazing video as always Arthur. As I am someone with a speech impediment too, watching your videos and seeing your general badassery at work over the years has really helped me with my self confidence. Again thank you and keep up the excellent work!

[@griffinbeaumont7049]

You always make my day Isaac, sometimes I forget it's athursday, but then I open my reccomendations and go like: "Hell yea! Time to grab a drink and a snack!"

[@Acherus29A]

Sometimes you FORGET it's Arthursday?

[@ToxicityAssured]

Another amazing work of art and intelligence! This channels worst video far surpasses TV's best content. How can one channel with so little help make such wonderful content...? Thank you so much, I'll love you until the last black dwarf reaches the CMB temperature.

[@goldenhok]

In the big rip theory, the force of dark energy isn't constant and increases over time. This causes first galaxies to fly apart, then solar systems, then planets, then stars, then atoms, then the atom nuclei. If it keeps increasing, it would start pulling the quarks inside protons and neutrons from each other. Since quarks have to be in pairs, if enough energy is put into pulling the quarks apart, they will just create new pairs. If this is true, wouldn't this cause a runaway effect of quarks "duplicating" until it supersedes the expansion of the universe?

[@GreaterThanGodLike]

And thus a new universe was born.

[@888Grim]

Great video! No rush, but I think the subject that I'm looking forward to the most is "Void Ecology".

[@christopher_graffam]

Same here.

[@Apodeipnon]

Didn't expect you to talk about how humanity will use the local group to fuel the next type of transcendent civilization in this video! Very nice

[@charlesblithfield6182]

I am not kidding when I say this but I honestly get so much out of your videos that it kind of comforts me when I think about the possibility I won't be around some day.

[@TurnipStewdios]

"Of course, we're not necessarily uninterested in making things blow up."

[@josephhugotjiong6741]

If we manage to build a mega digital civilization and we can make simulated world, would we make a isekai anime?

[@marrqi7wini54]

Depends on "we". You in the context of SFIA, yes you could make a digital reality that looks like anime. But would we mean all humanity left, all like minded people or just you and your preference. Or you could have it to where everyone in the simulation looks like anime characters in your eyes.

[@josephhugotjiong6741]

@@marrqi7wini54 okay, maybe

[@marrqi7wini54]

@@josephhugotjiong6741 Just looked for the definition of isekai and actually it would be an isekai easily. Though to be an isekai anime, that's all the simulated person's/people's choice.

[@josephhugotjiong6741]

@@marrqi7wini54 okay

[@Lukegear]

Watching Isaac Arthur at the end of time... I mean... Close to the end of the week!

[@jetflaque8187]

this is such an amazing series, thanks for this

[@dracoargentum9783]

Aw, it's unfortunate that you coined "Grey Dwarf" as the cooled star instead of "Grey Gnome", it would be fun to refer to them as Svirfneblin Stars...

[@oskarhoryd2215]

I would love to see Civilizations at the End of Time: The Big Rip.