What Is The World's Oldest Country?

[@prajrumbhsumukh1492]

It's unfair to not point out to india if u are mentioning Greece...Greece too was more of a civilization and collection of states than a unified country....india meanwhile Was also United in a large part by mauryas etc but the scripts,language,religion,cultural self awareness has been there since centuries...even our ancient scripts mentions the extent of bharata or india

[@wankawanka3053]

Greece had been united by macedonia which was a greek state

[@poetaetoe8833]

the country named india was created after countries got split. Unless you’re talking about the dynasties

[@Sandeepan]

Nope, "India" is still an identity in the making. And unlike others, diversity, appreciation and acceptance is truly what makes us different from others.

[@alexanderkarvos6728]

ah, Indians. always claiming everything in their stale history

[@ckbeep1313]

I wouldn't go to far with the acceptance and diversity, you have Hindu nationalism running rampant and problems with pakistan/muslims, just like how the Muslims claim they are all peaceful. I do not live there, and the media distorts things to there own agenda so you can enlighten me if you wish.

[@aarav1648]

You didn't mentioned the holy penguin empire of antarctic. With almost 20 million citizens/militia they can put up a good fight with Australians + who knows how long they have been living there or how much advanced their tech is....

[@CogitoEdu]

Glory to Penguinia

[@justxpenguin12345]

I love penguins

[@hydrolito]

Empire of the ants has a lot more.

[@RealPersonGuyDude]

@@hydrolito there are loads of ant empires, they go to war more often than ancient china

[@nightbro2784]

Penguins live!!!

[@aliazarmehralparslan6067]

Iran's history is way older than Achaemenids, it dates back to the Medes, and the Median king Deioces who founded Iran and Achaemenids just took over and made it larger. The best thing about Iran is that ever since it's existence, it has been multicultural, no matter if we're Turk, Arab, Persian, Kurd, we are Iranians because our culture is Iranian.

[@debodatta7398]

WHY iranians hate on Sunnis and Greatest Caliph Abu Bakr

[@kdreamscosmos4279]

Agree persia/faras is one of the oldest countries.

[@aliazarmehralparslan6067]

@@kdreamscosmos4279 Persia is just the name of a province in southern Iran, Iran has always been called by it's local name, Persia was given to us by foreigners.

[@The_Phoenix_61]

Well, Iran has lost most of it's culture to religion. And it was not multicultural because multiculturalism means existence and growth of multiple cultures together. But Iran was conquered and colonised. The original culture was lost forever with attacks and expulsion of inhabitants who refused to leave their culture amd adapt a different one.

[@bomb7102]

@@aliazarmehralparslan6067 Persia is old name of Iran, not province

[@ronnychristenjoyer6778]

This is really historical throughout but you mentioned something called "Belgium" and I don't think that exists.

[@CogitoEdu]

Yeah I'm pretty sure it's some sort of fantasy world like Middle-Earth

[@bigfish3846]

It was a weird waffle worshiping cult from the 6th century, no country as ridiculous as Belgium could exist now

[@maud3444]

@@CogitoEdu We ride unicorns here and our maps show 'here be dragons' when referring to Holland

[@vrenak]

Sounds like a place that would be close to Bielefeld...

[@noobarmyrougeclassd]

It’s pronounced bell,gy,umm

[@the-human-being]

Came for the history, stayed for the unicorn the light-saber wielding platypus and the jet-ski lama !!!

[@jjump01]

I didn't know "0 - 5 historically accurate chihuahuas" was a rating system that existed until now.

[@CogitoEdu]

Metric's days are numbered, the Chihuahua measurement system is superior.

[@mihaimoldo]

@@CogitoEdu as a slave of the metric dictatorship I welcome my new chihuahua savior.

[@Vivek-ib9st]

India was never a country. India was always a cultural nation. Not completely united under any single king but stayed together in cultural sense for most part of history. Not under a single culture though but mix of autonomous cultures and mutual respect of each other. That's why India still have more languages, cultures, tribes, cuisines and people than most of the world. My polity teacher called India salad bowl of cultures instead of melting pot because we were/are still together but we still have our cultures intact. India will never become a single country in terms of language, culture, cuisine, race or even religion.

[@Dev_Singh44]

It was United in 300 B.C and greece was also not United in atiquety their where sparta, Athens, ......

[@Vivek-ib9st]

@@Dev_Singh44 Not exactly. India was not united under single ruler even in 300BC. Even areas under single ruler were not under his control completely. They had autonomous areas. That's why they were called Ganarajya. And looking at culture, geography, size and population of India, it was impossible to control it completely under a single ruler. India was always one of the world's most densely populated areas with most heterogeneous cultures. Greece, China, Arabs, etc were mostly homogeneous on cultural, linguistic or religious lines. And homogeneity was considered by the presenter of this video as most important factor for being a country. So, India obviously fails.

[@tejoramyemineni]

Yes agree with your argument but all indians are under same civilization.

[@Vivek-ib9st]

@@tejoramyemineni A very diverse civilization to be precise. People think that if Greeks are mentioned then Indians should be. But Greek civilization is quite a new phenomenon. Only in 18th century, Europeans started to think of Greek as their civilizational ancestors. This was after enlightenment phase of Europe.

[@tejoramyemineni]

@@Vivek-ib9st yeah

[@In_Our_Timeline]

i have so much apperction for how much the animation and editing have improved over time video look so great who every animate this need a raise and love

[@CogitoEdu]

Thank you so much 😀

[@tymon5349]

deserves 5 animated chihuahuas

[@In_Our_Timeline]

@@tymon5349 strongly agreed

[@adweetiyamohapatra7326]

For all the indians out there as an Indian let me clarify that this video is not about oldest/advance civilization but oldest country. Most will agree that India did not remain united for most of time in history and thus our country is included in honorable mention.

[@adweetiyamohapatra7326]

Also there was no unifying language throughout history (& even today )

[@asat103]

@@giiiiiiiiiiii2341 not in the south

[@adweetiyamohapatra7326]

@@giiiiiiiiiiii2341 but hardly common people used. They used various types prakrit in ancient times. In case of Greece and Iran there was one language used by most of the people.

[@siddhant9615]

@@giiiiiiiiiiii2341 bhai Tumhari baaton se lagta hai tum Abhijit chavda ke subscriber ho. If yes, then Great bhai, if you're not, then also great, i agree with all your information..

[@siddhant9615]

@@scyber_avatar true bhai 😂😂😂

[@kalsamson9826]

As an Ethiopian, this is a well researched and narrated video. I enjoyed every moment of it.

[@ngethekinyanjui2124]

As a Kenyan with some roots in Ethiopia, I agree.

[@NA-AN]

@@ngethekinyanjui2124 As a random person responding to this, I approve of this message

[@sidehustlefinance]

As a white guy from Maine, I will yield to the other two gentlemen. @@NA-AN

[@NA-AN]

@@sidehustlefinance Forgot to mention this like half a year ago but I’m not just a random guy but a Somali random guy. I just had to tell someone.

[@ThePanEthiopian]

​@@NA-ANlol

[@spongeboblover7052]

ngl it's refreshing to see historical content on youtube being subjective and embracing it :p

[@cjslippin9274]

I would love a video on the Persian empire that part of the vid was awesome!! Great work man

[@thenovicenovelist]

I just started watching your channel recently. A person who loves to explore cultures, sings poorly to prevent getting sued by the LOTR film studio, and ranks things on a Chihuahua-based system is awesome in my book. Life can be hard sometimes, but videos like yours are pretty awesome. Thank you.

[@CogitoEdu]

haha no thank you for watching! This was a great comment to receive.

[@The-Plaguefellow]

Ah, homoerotic artistry and pottery, usually featuring big buff dudes and twunks alike. A proud and ancient tradition, indeed.

[@NovemberOrWhatever]

Who cares about buff dudes? Sappho is where it's at with the Greeks

[@hpsauce1078]

Surprised Japan didn't get at least a shout out, they have the oldest conception of continuous statehood represented in the emperor (the oldest royal dynasty, not the oldest practical governing system), it is nearly completely culturally and linguistically homogenous, hasn't undergone any invasions that brought the islands under long term foreign rule, speaks the same language that they were speaking thousands of years ago (albiet with a newer Japanese script), still have a generally Shinto based society that is thousands of years old, the only issue is cultural conception of themselves where due to their isolation Japanese didn't really start concieving of themselves as consciously Japanese until perhaps the early modern era.

[@Ttegegg]

Probably is a myth don’t mean much. And all those weirdos saying Japanese culture is great was adopted from Chinese ones, albeit with there own takes

[@containternet9290]

Actually even Korea and Vietnam are more ancient than Japan, that is because these peoples were influenced by China, then most powerful state in Asia, much earlier than Japan. Once Japan got influenced by China, It took over 800 years to create an identity, but still influenced by Chinese and Indian cultures. I would go even further, it wasnt until 1980s that Japan consolidated its identity.

[@musAKulture]

japan is too young to even get mentioned. you said "thousands of years ago", when in reality it's more like 1600, at best. no jinnmu does not count.

[@lucask4398]

How old these things in Japan are, is up for debate. The state itself is certainly not thousands of years old. About 1800 years maybe according to some theories.

[@containternet9290]

@@Deepak_Dhakad Indian subcontinent wasnt unified until the Muslim and British invasions, and South Asia has always been a poor region, although that scenario is now changing due to globalization. China in its turn has always been a rich state both economically and culturally and most of the time unified, even when China was invaded by the Mongols, the Mongols ruled as Chinese. China was also the heart of the Silk road, all kinds of peoples would come to China to trade, to buy Chinese goods etc. India was never as rich and unified as China because of its religious backwardness.

[@RedIsntHome]

I was just watching some videos of yours and wanted more and this got recommended,perfect timing!Love your videos!

[@CogitoEdu]

Glad you like them!

[@RawthoughtTV]

Sometimes I lie awake in bed at night wondering why this channel has less than a million subs. Such rich, lovingly-made videos, thank you. :)

[@johnneymc]

because this channel sticks to research and factual checks while constantly reminding us that it's only "his" opinions. While other channels like Wendover and Polymatter preach about their authenticity but are actually just following certain narratives and are mostly made of speculations and buzz..

[@javadasaadi8430]

cuz this channel didnt belive on " 300" movie :D

[@lerneanlion]

When Iran popped up, I was expecting the Safavid to be brought in. But to my surprise, it did not. And I felt sad by this. By I read the other comment about it and I understand. So I will be looking forward for the video about Safavid Iran in the future!

[@mjaned0528]

because Achaemenid came firs

[@parsarustami774]

He also forgot about parthians but he did great

[@jraj9696]

This is what India would look like if it made it to the list imo. Language - 4/5 (India as a country doesn't have a singular state language but still uses languages officially that are very very old) Religion - 5/5 (Quiet self explanatory) Territory - 2.5 /5 (Although ruled by different kingdoms, the geographical idea of India/Bharat is very old) Cultural self awareness - 2.5/5 (This is tricky cuz it was high during vedic period but under the rule of outsiders, it dropped) Total - 14

[@rasmusn.e.m1064]

I wouldn't put religion so high. Different Indian empires have at various points been Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim, and even then Hinduism considered as a single religion is a bit of a stretch in my opinion. In addition to that, there are also minority religions like Sikhism and Jainism.

[@M3Melord]

But the cultural awareness and the territory has no problem, if so you could drop awareness for most countries. I feel like if cogito could have broadened the reasearch base then it could have shiwn refined results territory is with Maurya, nanda, Maratha, and gupta which the territory and cultural seft awareness respectively should have been 4.5/5 and 5/5

[@Vivek-ib9st]

India was never a country. India was always a cultural nation. Not completely united under any single king but stayed together in cultural sense for most part of history. Not under a single culture though but mix of autonomous cultures and mutual respect of each other. There why India still have more languages, cultures, tribes, cuisines and people than most of the world. My polity teacher can salad bowl of cultures instead of melting pot because we were/are still together but we still have our cultures intact. India will never become a single country in terms of language, culture, cuisine, race or even religion.

[@zuesmaya8167]

@@rasmusn.e.m1064 not about how different kingdoms changed their religion, it’s about how much religion was preserved. Indian religion is the best preserved in the world, modern Hindus still follow a religion who’s entire base dates back to the Bronze Age, while ancient philosophy is at least preserved though not accepted or practiced by most

[@franciscoflamenco]

@@descendedofrigvedicclans2216 If you're going to have such strong opinions I'd suggest you at least learn how to put them into coherent words first.

[@rsfaeges5298]

Thanks!

[@JonPRuff]

The main thing I took away from this video: People it is ok to slap: 1. Finger-wagging historians trying to ruin people's fun 2. Hitler

[@CogitoEdu]

That is the major lesson of this video

[@የደራሲዎችቃላት]

ur pronunciation of ge'ez was perfect my friend

[@sarahellie4113]

Your videos are great! Your one of the most underrated KZbinrs out there! Wonderful video

[@CogitoEdu]

Glad you think so!

[@eliotanderson6554]

@@CogitoEdu where is india indus valley chlovilization started around 3500 bc

[@Saagar_Sahu]

@@eliotanderson6554 he dont care lol atop asking make video utself, reality is bharat |/ india is oldest continous nation same relegion followd since sindhu sarasvati sabhyata (indus vally civ) murti proves it and most indian langauge either came from Sanskrit ir are heavy Sanskrit vocab

[@itacom2199]

BRO I MISSED YOU 😢😢😢

[@bivekdebnath]

This is some super awesome content , amazing editing and the animations so smooth and simple. Noiiice

[@CogitoEdu]

Thanks that means a lot!

[@bivekdebnath]

@@CogitoEdu 🤗

[@bhargavchaudhary1444]

Great video, however India indeed have been a united country for centuries, Guptas, Cholas, Chalukyas and many more empires ruled India, and similar to Greeks where there were various independent state/city states, India also had many kingdoms which were all collectively Indian and had an Indian identity in their population

[@a_maxed_out_handle_of_30_chars]

true, was hoping to see india in top 3

[@Cj-Blazewasaname21]

Agreed was saddened to see India or even Tamils not in the top 3 only in honourable mentions. The Indian civilization in general has a history of nearly 7, 000 years. They were the ones who taught/added onto China and Arabs Number system and the addition of Zero, Astrology and also Astronomy. They have the oldest written languages both Sanskrit and Tamil both of which are still in use today and also written in todays time. They have the longest continuity of cataloging both the known world and their own localized worls. classifying all things including every species of aquatics, birds and animals, all plants and herbs were classed. The longest continuity of both Deity and Ancestor Worship, Medicine-Ayurved, eating, cooking, cleaning, clothing, celebrations. No other culture has such a long continuity of the tradition of self-discipline via. Yoga and Meditation. India's unification is in their love for diversity and the acceptance of anyone who has truth and kindness at their core. This however was an AMAZING VIDEO well animated, just over 20+ mins, and so informative and you never loose your sense of humour Man please keep up the work and knowledge you help spread and make fun for the un-engaged learners out there like I once was 🔥💯

[@M3Melord]

Yess

[@dantepal7948]

After Maurya Empire India was never united, that's why when invaders came, Indian state never fought as a single army . Chola empire was great but they were dominant in south only . yes Tamil is the oldest language of India which still in use as fas as Sanskrit is concern there is not a single written document present that can prove that Sanskrit is older than 400-600 CE . All the old scripture were found in Pali and other languages but not in Sanskrit. Aryan came from Iran and they infused indian culture a lot

[@Vivek-ib9st]

India was never a country. India was always a cultural nation. Not completely united under any single king but stayed together in cultural sense for most part of history. Not under a single culture though but mix of autonomous cultures and mutual respect of each other. That's why India still have more languages, cultures, tribes, cuisines and people than most of the world. My polity teacher called India salad bowl of cultures instead of melting pot because we were/are still together but we still have our cultures intact. India will never become a single country in terms of language, culture, cuisine, race or even religion.

[@binah7744]

I always know it’ll be a great day when I start my morning with cogito

[@samstepanyan7934]

I found it’s fascinating to summarize this all information in 25 minutes touching all important points. Looking forward to new videos!

[@abthedragon4921]

It's always a good day when Cogito uploads! Love your videos man!

[@totallynotthefeds]

"Ancient Egyptians built these pointy tombs" Graham Hancock is somewhere screaming 🤣

[@qalidurut7249]

out of all these nations ethiopia is the only nation ruled by outsiders least amount of time - 4 years greece was ruled by ottomans macedonians and romans persia by various turkish dynasties, greeks, scythians and mongols china was ruled by outsidersfor centuries Qing, yuan, liao and Jurchen jin dynasty although they adopted the local culture

[@Shahanshah.Shahin]

Sythians were Iranic themselves

[@zerosenpai]

Petition to add the historical Chihuahuas to the metric system standards

[@meshajity]

What an awesome video. I always love your videos because they’re very visually pleasing and the topics are interesting. What a great idea for a video, awesome stuff.

[@psaikrisgaming5866]

Bro, your videos are all of such high quality! Keep up the great work!

[@grappling.enthusiast]

Tonga deserves a mention - a 3,000 year old country/civilisation which hasn't been colonised nor conquered, meaning it is continuing to age onwards.

[@sreekanthnagabhushana6132]

Your videos are great at covering extremely challenging topics. Id think you would like the Ajanta and Ellora Caves in India. Im sure you know them by now, keen to hear your thoughts on them. Thanks again for all the wonderful work you showcase.

[@ssimba2785]

Sreekanth They would not mention any thing about India which is the oldest civilization in the world. India has more writen languages( alphabetical)than the whole world put together.

[@barryobrien1890]

Hard to say what is the Indian civilisation as it is a combination of ancient Indus valley bronze age people's, from at least 5000 years ago, and then the Vedic people's from the steppe around 3000 (which brought in Sanskrit and the Vedas with very old stories). Then 500 years ago the muguls ran the show and finally the British united the country under the name India, which the Greeks had used. I think he struggled to show a united name, culture, language for India as it's pretty diverse and more of a common psychology. Perhaps in the future there will be new discoveries

[@BarlasofIndus]

​@@ssimba2785sorry Indian civilization (vedic) isn't even in top 8. Top ones are Mesopotamia (birthplace of human civilization) ,then Egyptian and Indus Valley,then Yellow Civilization (ancient Chinese) and same time as Mycenaean and Cyptosium civilization. Vedic civilization about centuries began when Aryans migrated towards Iran, Afghanistan and Subcontinent after fall of the local Indus valley civilization

[@carpy1252]

I love topics like this which have no definite answer but would be something that spins around in my head. I'm surprised to see Ethiopia here, it really came out of nowhere for me. I am excited to learn more about its ancient heritage.

[@ev_m3830]

It is inaccurate to name Philip as an outsider to the Greeks, in the same category as the Romans or the Ottomans.

[@hiphopandpop]

Hahah actually the maccedonians is the real Hellenic Greeks because they are Indo European both culture and linguistics

[@254react]

Ethiopia is the Oldest continuously inhabited land on earth. Every human being originated from Ethiopia.

[@NEO-v7r]

Nice to know but human itself it subjective term

[@rafiKarim69]

Bro the quality of these videos are just awesome ❤️❤️

[@CogitoEdu]

Thank you so much 😀

[@rafiKarim69]

@@CogitoEdu love from Bangladesh❤

[@meepthegreat]

generally a good video, but I do have a few issues 1 - in the Greece section you claim that there is an unbroken line of written records stretching back 3400 years. This is just not true. You mention the Linear B script earlier in the video, but fail to mention that the reason it is not currently used is because writing died out in Greece after the bronze age collapse, and had to be reintroduced via the Phonecian script. 2 - this isn't an issue so much as an explanation about the confusion regarding the naming of the Achemaenids. The Achemaenids were a dynasty, who were ethnically Persian (note that the Greeks called them medes after a related people, not Persians but whatever), and ruled over a land they called Iran. 3 - in the Ethiopia section, you failed to mention the solomonic dynasty. This was a dynasty of Ethiopian emperors who claimed descent from King Solomon (the biblical one to be clear). The dynasty ruled for a very long time, and I think would be relevant to the culture section Other than that though, good video.

[@Blacknightgr1]

I think that what he means about greece is that the language has a writing system since then, not that it has the exact same writing system

[@ariohandoyo5973]

How are you? Long time no see speared knowlage perseve new cultures around the world way the go!

[@furgie5338]

No one's wondering why Axum was making symbols of literal skyscrapers!

[@foxhound963]

Yeah wtf is that about?

[@davidmorris8319]

Right? Like, did they plan on building some? Did they build actual skyscapers that miraculously left no trace? History is so cool :D

[@ዮስ]

My ancestors built so much as aksumites now we're called ethiopians

[@Happy_days01]

@@davidmorris8319 They did they have archeological digs they have churches literally underground.

[@kingmisssile9730]

@@ዮስ and eritreans

[@sirfer6969]

Very well done. Thanks for this.

[@bobmcbob9856]

The real crazy things about China are 1) it was the Rome of Asia but never fell 2) it was a nation state in the modern sense when Rome was just beginning to build its empire 3) there were very few points in time when China was not the most technologically advanced society on earth and no period when it was united and was not an extremely relevant state (even if not necessarily always a great power, looking at you late Qing)

[@Saagar_Sahu]

China is not asia u mean east Asia there too china was under jaoanese colinialisam so china lost its home rule anyway and is a new country after ccp did hanification n mandrinitiation it killed hundreds of chinese language, there is no one langauge calles chinese languages

[@OMGanger]

@@Deepak_Dhakad Is that latin script you seem to be typing in 🤔

[@OMGanger]

@@Deepak_Dhakad I wonder why it is most of the world understands Latin script and not Han Chinese or Mauryan

[@OMGanger]

@@Deepak_Dhakad the British aka the old province of Rome “Britannia” that adopted the official Roman state religion of Christianity even well into the Anglo Saxon age?

[@OMGanger]

@@Deepak_Dhakad i think what you are forgetting is that Britain as well as France, Spain, Portugal and most of Europe is the continuation of Rome’s legacy (Spanish monarch legally bought the title emperor of Roman’s, napoleon claimed emperor of Roman’s, and British monarchs were sworn in Rome until king Henry viii)

[@hzm_753]

Timestamps: 0:00 Introduction 1:48 Greece 6:27 Iran 11:27 Ethiopia 15:54 Egypt 16:35 India 16:53 Armenia 17:12 San Marino 17:55 China 21:49 Conclusion 22:28 Advertisement 24:38 Closing

[@indiafirst3676]

Name : India Derived from : Indus River First Unified : Maurya Empire 322 BCE Civilization : Indus Valley Civilization 3300 BCE Language : Sanskrit, Tamil ( /5 ) Religion : Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism ( /5 ) Territory : IVC, Vedic Mahajanapadas, Maurya, Kushan, Satavahana, Pallava, Gupta, Harsha, Chalukya, Pala, Rashtrakuta, Pratihara, Chola, Vijayanagara, Mughal, Maratha, Sikh, Republic of India ( /5 ) Cultural Self Awareness : Diwali, Ashoka Chakra ( /5 ) Decide on your own 🇮🇳

[@HassanalBolkiahSoyjak]

Toilets & Plumbing System : 0 but in all seriousness, the Indus River Valley (what we call ancient india) is just modern day Pakistan. The steep lands were not considered apart of India until the British colonized that subcontinent. The Indian subcontinent was never united like that, as much as European subcontinent wasn't united under Napoleon.

[@indiafirst3676]

@@HassanalBolkiahSoyjak As per your logic Hagia Sophia was built by Turks since it is in Modern Turkey, Monks Mound was built by White Americans since it is in Modern USA, Alexandria was built by Egyptians since it is in Modern day Egypt. Plus even after all that majority of sites of Indus Valley Civilization are still in Modern India only a few are in Pakistan.

[@theVoid-V]

​@@indiafirst3676 Muaryan Never Introduced A Concept of Unified India Infact they had Alot of Internal Conflicts And Didnt Capture South thats All And After them India Was Divided into Several States And Kingdoms

[@indiafirst3676]

@@theVoid-V Tamil Kingdoms were Vassals of Maurya Empire

[@doubleitandgiveittonextperson]

Just subscribed! I really love you videos, please make more videos frequently

[@testprofile1840]

Namaste Cogito, you are one of the handful westerners who have been able to explain indian culture rightly(especially the video what is hinduism ?),which shows how much research you put in behind your work but in this video I think you have made a mistake 21:56 you state "Indian civilization has many nation,states,people but chinese civilizations has always been synonymous with one single state that has ruled china for most of the last 3000 years" 22:20 you state "China is here in the same territory,speaking the same language,practicing the same religion, and using the same writing system" 1)"Same territory" we too have split and reunited again and again under one state with different extent of area cover just like the chinese which split into many states and reunited under one state with different extent of area cover and by the term "different extent of area cover" I mean the area controlled by them has changed from time to time but has broadly stayed in a geographically & culturally significant land mass or broadly in the same vicinity 2)"Same Language" just like the chinese have different variations of chinese in different areas here in india we similarly have different variations of Sanskrit & Tamil in different areas 3)"Practicing the same religion" I know that you know Bharat is the Home to all dharmic Religions and still the majority follows the dharmic religions and have always spread outwards from here and you know that hinduism is so old that we don't even know exactly how old is it ? 4)"Same writing System" We also have the same writing system originating from brahmic script which branches off into many present day scripts with time it's a gradual change with time just like the language sanskrit branches off into many diverse languages Someextra add ons from my side :- 1)The origins of Sanskrit and Hinduism are not known there is currently an academic war going on about where does the indian culture originates so for now we don't know how old is the indian culture and civilisation but what we surely know is that there is a civilisational continuity in india since indus valley civilisation 2)I think what is happening here is that you assign the indentity of chinese state with the united empires that have formed in china throughout history but for some reason you don't assign indian state identity with the united empires that have been formed in india and to understand this concept I would suggest one to read "India that is Bharat by J sai Deepak" it is focused on the civilisational state identity of India Note :- The Follow up to the book "India that is bharat" was released few weeks back named "India, Bharat and Pakistan : The Constitutional Journey of Sandwiched Civilisation" 3)9:10 you mension that "iranian scholars supplied the islamic golden age with one of the best scholars and scientists" and maybe not the most but a significant chunk of it was gained via translation from india for example :- watch this podcast "Dr. Alok Kumar: Ancient Hindu Science | Abhijit Chavda Podcast 10" it's for free on youtube

[@ZinbaForLife]

out of the 3337+ years of Chinese history, only 1252 years that unification was not either the dominace or the status quo compared to 2085 years where china is under a single banner, the percentage is around 37.5% divided to 62.5% united. I means no offence bu can you list out the same statistics for India, just for comparison's sake?

[@SunilMeena-do7xn]

​​@@ZinbaForLife Time periods where 1 big kingdom had influence over whole India are as following.(keep in mind that these empire's border were not intact during whole time and also Tamil kingdoms of South was never directly controlled, only influenced except when British ruled. The Nanda Empire (c. 345-322 BCE), The Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE), The Gupta Empire (4th-6th century), Harsha Empire(606-647 CE), Delhi sultanate (13th-16th century), Mughal Dynasty (16th&17th century) Maratha Confederacy (1757-1817), British Raj(1818-1947), Republic of India (1947-Present)

[@ZinbaForLife]

@@SunilMeena-do7xn So I went to find some of the actual dates of these empires which you listed with relative centuries, and the calculation was 1405 years against 3918 years, which is 26.3% agiants 73.7 with leeway due to a lack of recorded historical dates by these empires themselves (especially the early ones), definetly not as scattered as what many would think in terms of history, but still very scattered compared to China.

[@SunilMeena-do7xn]

@@ZinbaForLife Yeah, I agree.

[@krishvyas9953]

​@@ZinbaForLife so what? It shouldn't be considered?

[@joebombero1]

You forgot Memnon! The Ethiopians are not only in the Bible and Koran, but also the Iliad! Memnon and his army came from Ethiopia to try to rescue Troy, but were defeated by the Greek hero Ajax. Here is a fun fact, if you like political history. Have you ever seen the two-headed eagle emblem? It comes from Christian Rome, when Rome had two capitals, Rome and Constantinople. Each capital had their own Emperor. Rome fell but Constantinople lasted until 1453. When Rome fell one head of the eagle was gone, officially, but Charlemagne brought it back, forming what became known as the Holy Roman Empire, and claimed title to the two-headed eagle which they used proudly along with Constantinople until 1453. When Constantinople fell, Moscow assumed the political East head of the eagle, as the nobility of Constantinople had intermarried into Russia's nobility and many refugees fled from Constantinople into Russia. The "Tsar" (Russian for Caesar) assumed Moscow to be the third Rome. The Russian ruling family assumed the name "Romanov", meaning from the Romans. In 1918 Austro-Hungary lost the war. Russia also disappeared and was taken over by Communism, the Romanov family all executed (they even executed their doctor and servants). Without really realizing it, the world had killed off both ancient heads of the double-headed eagle in the same year. 1918 is the actual, final death date of ancient Rome.

[@parthiaball]

Great video as always! I just have to say that at 9:39 you combine the Buyids and the Fatimids, which would have been split basically between the U and Y in Buyids. Fatimids on the left with nearly all North Africa, the Levant, and Hejaz; while the Buyids had Iraq and western Iran. (can't wait for your video on the Telugu people of India!)

[@tej6025]

What does video on the Telugu people have to do with this

[@vigiboi3854]

I a. Telugu🎉🎉🎉

[@erfan3857]

Yes you are right 👍

[@dilloncronk8909]

Hey man are we ever gonna get more commentary on nebula? Id like to see more on Hinduism and Buddhism.

[@LukmanHakim-gn3uk]

Babe wake up, Irish version of oversimplified is uploading.

[@CogitoEdu]

😂

[@LukmanHakim-gn3uk]

@@CogitoEdu gasp* I'm noticed. Forgive my exaggerated reaction, im such a fanboy of animated history in ytube

[@jonlee871]

Why am I not surprised to see people arguing over the legitmacy of China topping this list because of their sinophobia:? LISTEN, the CCP is NOT China. It‘s China’s current goverment. To disagree with a goverment is fine, but to hate it so much as to disregard and argue against the actual historical relevance of a country is just plain stupidity. The fact is, China IS the longest sustaining civilization on this earth. The culture has contributed so much to human civilization. By saying this does not negate other country and culture‘s significant influences on our modern lives. We can celebrate all cultures without trying to make on seem less than then it actually is.

[@brainwashington1332]

Without the CCP, China wouldn't even have gotten a mention. Mao reunified China, Deng modernized China, Xi is making China great again just when the west is in decline

[@ash3972]

@@brainwashington1332 China was already unified since the Ming dynasty

[@ash3972]

@@brainwashington1332 the west isn't a thing and making a country "great" is just more crimes against humanity

[@frednewman209]

You could have mentioned that zoroastrian communities do still exist in Iran.

[@johnneymc]

it's called revival, but not continuous existence

[@thenojanz]

@@johnneymcno it has always continuously existed in iran in cities like yazd and Esfahan, there is even a continuously buring fire from back during the Sassanian era

[@raptorus7773]

I'm looking for the "Yakko's Nations of the World" parody someone's gonna make out of this X3.

[@jimmydebb3402]

Love all your videos! ❤ 😂 Animations are so cute

[@Sandalwoodrk]

literally just finished watching this vid and see it got posted here seconds ago lol

[@tasawarali5287]

Your content is some good stuff

[@TOBAPNW_]

3:37 why is Russia and other cyrillic -writing countries not highlighted? Cyrillic is just as descended from the Greek alphabet as Latin; in fact, Cyrillic was created specifically by Greek speakers to represent the sounds of old Slavonic. This is probably the reason why many symbols are shared between the two, with identical or approximate pronunciation.

[@dreamseemstudio7545]

The first Cyrillic alphabet is a writing system that was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the late 9th century. Just sayin' and cudos for the comment.

[@TOBAPNW_]

@@dreamseemstudio7545 ah thank you very much for the correction! I'm sure I'd heard that once before but it had slipped my mind. Kudos to you as well.

[@hdhd8602]

@@dreamseemstudio7545Exuctly!

[@chinmayalpe5266]

At 4:29 I appreciate the use of the monk conversion sound from Age of Empires 2. What a sneaky little addition.

[@Davidbrown-ih1vo]

absolutely I think Iran is oldest country in the world 🇮🇷🥇🌍 , because of that : ● Iranian created first Empire of world (persian Empire) 🏛👑🏹 ●The first charter of human rights and laws📜⚖ ●Iranian people celebrate nowroz for more than 4,000 year it is fantastic ●first handicrafts and carpet belong to Iran 🇮🇷 ●jiroft civilization (culture) 5,000 year ●shahr_e sukhte (Bern City) more than 5,000 year (3200_2350 BCE )Registered in UNESCO🌐 ●first flag of world, Derafsh shahdad (2400 BCE )founded in IRAN, kerman🇮🇷 ( more than 4,000 year ago) ●And many other important things that have been forgotten😔🥀 I hope the people of Iran will find a better situation, they deserve the best, these kind and forgiving lovely people🤗🇮🇷❤

[@eyeofthepyramid2596]

It's Iraq, always has been. If you say what is the oldest country it's Iraq.

[@seynalamdar5261]

@@eyeofthepyramid2596 sorry but iraq was heart of iran if refer to iraq for oldest its iran cuz iraq identity didn't exist when first time iran identity exist:) have a good night dear user🌃

[@eyeofthepyramid2596]

@@seynalamdar5261 No it was the heart of the civilization, Iran came after.

[@erfan3857]

@@eyeofthepyramid2596 With all respect to Arabs and Iraqi people. Iraq is not so old What you want to refer as Iraq is Babylon but modern Day Iraq have nothing to do with that

[@mielcielo]

@@erfan3857 داش عرفان درست می گن عراق با تمدن های سومر و ایلام و بابل از آریایی ها قدیمی تر بودن.

[@gabdrd6260]

14:57 Does anyone knows where that is exactly ? The murals are so beautifully colorful

[@ramys600]

If Ethiopia was criticised for covering more area than axom would've then why was China not given less points for ruling xinjiang and Tibet. Both of which were never part of mainland China

[@samyebeid4534]

I think it's because the largest ethnic group in modern Ethiopia (oromo) is unrelated to the Habesha who consider themselves the heirs to axum. China on the other hand, even with its current ethnic diversity is still overwhelmingly han-dominated.

[@MultiSciGeek]

Cogito finally uploaded! I'll be back with s cuppa tea bruhh

[@adonisarmanazi5346]

oldest settlements in the world are in the Levant. oldest civilization is in Iraq oldest country is a weird concept cuz modern countries are well... fairly contemporary. that's why in this video they focused on the cultural aspects merely.

[@etchalaco9971]

Iraq and Peru

[@pooper2831]

oldest settlement is in Gobekli Tepe

[@brainwashington1332]

archaeological sites of Harappa and gobleki tepi are older

[@somniumisdreaming]

@@pooper2831 Not a settlement.

[@yotamkaspi8508]

Modern Iraq has almost nothing to do with the ancient Sumerian/Assyrian/Babylonian cultures. Not the same language, writing system, religion, or cultural identity

[@RubBH]

Very interesting and well made . Thank you

[@Devadas44]

So in other words, Cogito agrees with... (googling)... Mani, as long as the Greeks are included. Edit: But it's a pretty good conclusion, after all the Chinese survived the bronze-age collapse, and everything afterwards.

[@CogitoEdu]

China has cheat codes

[@The-Plaguefellow]

It _did_ help that, at the time, the Chinese state(s) were barely (or even not at all) integrated into the trade networks of the Bronze Age Levant and Mediterranean.

[@lambert801]

3:36 The map includes South Asia and Southeast Asia, but these countries don't use a Greek-derived script. It also doesn't include countries that use the Greek-based Cyrillic alphabet.

[@medanchess7892]

South Asia use English to communicate Continuation of Britsh -English

[@ash3972]

it's debated

[@JohnnyJacobGO]

@@ash3972bhrami is related to Aramaic not Greek

[@slickstyles9433]

You should take a second look at Armenia, it is older then you think. Also hummus is considered an ancient food. Armenians do eat it but are not really known for it.

[@sumeetdevrukhkar1808]

Wow. I like rating system as chihuahua.itd also fascinating that iran is derived from aryan . It has so much prominence from india to iran to even europe .wonder what was so interesting about it

[@ThePanEthiopian]

And a 2800 year Jewish culture plus a native religion older than Islam which is still exists. Ethiopia was mentioned in the Torah too(Queen of Sheeba). There used to be an ancient kingdom called Punt around the horn of Africa which was the predecessor of Da'amat.

[@AMR_k400]

The kingdom of Saba was in yemen it expanded into Ethiopia around 1000bc but its still not Ethiopian , even inscriptions from diamat which was heavily influenced or even created by southarabians (as the name is clearly southarabian) confjrm this fact by referring to their kingdom as d'mt and referring to their neighbors as saba' , there were some mukraibs (title of the priest rulers,was commonly used in ancient Southernarabia and of course early and middle period of diamat Ethiopia) who claimed to be the high priests of both diamat and saba but they are unfounded claims as Ethiopia never had the upper hand over southern arabia before the axumite empire had emerged.

[@eyassuhabtamu]

@@AMR_k400 you idiot we are literally decent of south Arabians

[@ThePanEthiopian]

​@@AMR_k400 true

[@stylez2201]

Another awesome vid, "carving out caves" ellora temples vid? 🤔

[@cinema6444]

Don't aggree with the exclusion of india, like india still uses same script, religion. and iran made it to the list. which uses arabic derived script and islam.

[@pookybigglesworth4191]

Took me long enough but I finally signed up for Nebula! Thank you Cogito!

[@MLaserHistory]

I am a historian and I am complaining about this rule bending!

[@CogitoEdu]

slap

[@khosrowanushirwan7591]

@@CogitoEdu Hi Cogito I have a question in India people have the concept of Akhand Bharat aka United India which mentioned in several texts, it include Pakistan , India , Bangladesh , Nepal , Bhutan , Afghanistan and parts of Myanmar so we're the British really sucessful in unifying India because they never took Afghanistan?Please do reply.(Huge fan)

[@gyropyro]

@@CogitoEdu 🤣🤣

[@CogitoEdu]

My opinion is the British weren't successful at anything

[@khosrowanushirwan7591]

@@CogitoEdu Hi Cogito thanks for replying 😊🙏

[@YULI-t1s]

Great video! 😍!

[@keithkoganeislife3144]

I think you said it once in your past videos but I remember you saying, “for as long as humans have been recording history, there has always been a China to look back upon.” Definitely agree with that as a history buff.

[@Saagar_Sahu]

Chinese propoganda, there is no langiage call Chinese modern china made by Quinn/han chin else they had different langauge destroyed by ccp hanification or mandrinification

[@etchalaco9971]

it was only unified 2 thousand years ago.

[@debodatta7398]

@@Deepak_Dhakad yellow river civilization existed back then too dummy

[@frosticle6409]

@Prince Dara Shikoh You can’t compare to a time where China was just starting Patriarchal society and had no contact with the Indus Valley. Just because someone has not heard of something does not mean it does not exist

[@mathieuleader8601]

the prospect of St. Marinus having cured a demonically empowered Dalmatian would make for a great prequel to 101 Dalmatians

[@Arikawanda]

18:46, Mulan cameo?

[@evertonmiranda2004]

It took me a while to watch this one, the title sound silly. But I was missing a lot, what surprising approach!

[@QuizzicalLichen]

You state the Mycenaeans developed the Linear B script and were the first "civilization" of Greece, but don't mention the Minoans, who developed Linear A (the source of Linear B), and predate the Mycenaean by centuries. Still love the videos though, Cogito, keep them up

[@Ibogaman]

Some new evidences suggest that Minoans were Mycenaeans

[@Threezi04]

Minoans haven't existed since the bronze age, Mycenaeans (Greeks) still exist

[@Threezi04]

@@Ibogaman No, they had a different language and culture, they were assimilated by Mycenaeans settlers later on.

[@Your.Uncle.AngMoh]

Why did you not include Japan, which dates back to 660 BCE?

[@M3Melord]

When cogito forgets to include india *Army of 1.4 billion llama riding keyboard warriors come to the coghitoris empire*

[@Arya01201]

Hue hue indians assembled 🚩💪🏽🕉️☸️🇮🇳

[@manofcultura]

Iran should get 6/5 chihuahuas for language just based on their awesome poetry alone.

[@debodatta7398]

20/5 chihuahuas for the chinese then whose poetry make the persians sound like americans

[@manofcultura]

@@debodatta7398 bruh I drop a coin and it’s Chinese poetry

[@manofcultura]

@@Deepak_Dhakad it’s the other way around chief. The Aryans civilized India

[@dv9239]

I already got my popcorn

[@okechukwuamarachi7102]

Can I ask what softwares you use for your animations please

[@R3ap3rN0Scythe]

Im wondering why you didn't mention Thrace when it has the oldest gold and influenced most of the trading back in 1000-300 BCE and they were one of the strongest warriors they were hired by almost every country to fight for them. Most of the countries have bought gold of them and stole their techniques and that is why most of the countries have gold masks of their head of the country. On top of that they had many tribes which came from Asia and got so many tribes through out of Europe and Asia. Maybe you could've mentioned that if they were united they were going to be the strongest civilization in the world as Herodotus (Greek Historian) said also they were mentioned in Iliyada and they fought in the Trojan war.

[@CogitoEdu]

Those are all cool stuff but the video is about continuous countries surviving into the modern day. Not places that were really interesting in the past. We explain what the criteria for the video are at the beginning. Modern Thrace is currently split between 3 countries.

[@anonymous-cg4ot]

Wait what? India as a country did not exist until recently? India was unified way back in 300 BC itself by Mauryans. And the oldest book in the history of mankind- the Rig Veda, calls the land between Himayalas and the Indian Ocean as “Bhaarata” or the land of King Bharat. Indians even today call their country as BHAARAT- that is the Sanskrit name and one of the two official names for the country as per the Constitution itself. Indians since time immemorial were aware they belonged to the same culturally identical region, even though the land remained fragmented for thousands of years under thousands of kingdoms. Even now, the Indian subcontinent is fragmented into many countries- but everybody in those countries know they belong ultimately to the same region that share similar culture. Country boundaries keep changing, but the sense of shared identity never dies.

[@containternet9290]

There are many peoples that share the same or similar cultures, take India's neighbors as an example, they share a similar culture but they don't identify themselves as Hindus, it's also like the Japanese, Koreans and Vietnamese towards the Chinese. In India things get even more complex because there are so many different ethnicities, different cultures, different languages, different beliefs and only occasionally all these peoples were reunited and governed by a Hindu Emperor or King. Take China as an example, when China wasn't unified and governed by a Han Chinese, it was unified and governed by a Mongol or a Manchu emperor, but they governed as Chinese not as Mongol or Manchu. You can see that China's reunification after a downfall was always the next Emperor's top priority, this mindset hasn't changed to this day as China still seeks Taiwan's reunification, so statehood was always crucial to the Han Chinese while to the Hindus was not.

[@santhoshkrishna463]

@@containternet9290 The neighbours of india where influenced but not under any main indian power directly and checking neighbours fore identity is an hilarious and flawed concept chinese neighbours view themselves as viet, korean and Japon etc India was a Unified entity under Multiple Major empires like the Mauryans, guptas, Satvahannas even when under foreign ruler the Foreigners like kushans and Mughals used their Indian identity to denote themselves which shows how assimilated they had become the kushans used sanskrit names, gods and hindu religious practices while the mughal denoted and called themselves as Hindustani padshah or the emperor of India

[@joemiller947]

Most of this paragraph is wrong, but one specific point, the Rigveda is much much younger than many books from the Egyptians, Akkadians, and Sumerians, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh or the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin

[@AMR_k400]

14:40 but ge'ez cant be considered the oldest , all ethiosemitic languages languages including ge'ez , modern amharic and tigrinya developed/descended from an unknown early semitic language spoken in d'mt or even before , its called protoethiosemitic by linguists and is believed to have developed in either the levant or southern arabian then crossed the redsea into Ethiopia.

[@AMR_k400]

Additionally Ethiopians since then and till now (even the non semitic speakers) refer to them selfs as habesha its a collective identity which was never challenged by another even when religions and languages were changed.

[@timesmedicaresystemskrisha1218]

I have recently started watching your channel and I love your content. But, I am not happy that you gave Bharat(India) only some seconds and also Bharat was United by many Empires like the Mauryan Empire, Maratha Empire and Mughals (who were not bharatiya/indian but did unifie bharat). And Bharat has always been unified by culture, religion and architecture.

[@enqrbit]

How many points would Eritrea get? The territory has been consistent with the Kingdom of D'mt, Axumite Empire, Medri Bahri and the Ethiopian Empire. While the capitals of D'mt,Axum and Ethiopia haven't been in Eritrea, major economic centres like Adulis, Aseb and Massawa have been in Eritrea. > 90% write in Ge'ez and > 90% speak a Semitic language Christianity is a large majority and Islam a large plurality. Eritrean and Ethiopian churches have a lot of influences from early Judaism and South Semitic religion.

[@CogitoEdu]

Honestly if I had infinite time and resources to make longer videos I would have explained Eritrea more

[@AMR_k400]

Eritrea is a colonial creation, asseb and massawa didnt become significant before the "solomonic restoration" (actually wayyy later incase of assab) and there are other factors.

[@Zeyede_Seyum]

Eritrea🤝🏼Ethiopia

[@CryingBudda]

Kingdom of dmt... I cant believe how cool that is.. if you didnt know it's the strongest pyschedelic to be naturally produced in nature. An creates religious experiences

[@copyright16]

All the glitters of modern world are the dust of India's past

[@prasanth2601]

LoL

[@adityasuthar]

The animation quality has significantly improved 🔥🔥👏🏼👏🏼.

[@josephstalin4478]

Small note: Constantine did not rename Byzantium to Constantinople. That happened about 100 years later

[@Threezi04]

Yep he called it Nova Roma

[@JaagUthaHaivaan]

Why is Japan not mentioned? Doesn't Japanese royal dynasty claim to be the oldest surviving dynasty? And I respectfully disagree about India being just in honorable mentions. Granted geographically India was divided into smaller kingdoms for most of its history, but then arguably India was as divided as the Greeks/Hellenists were. But then you have to also take into account the vastness of the Indian subcontinent. But to be fair India never had one or two empire remaining constant like Iranians had Achaemenid/Sassanians (also Parthians in between) or Ethiopians had Axum. But then Iranians also had many other Turkic and Islamic Persian dynasties later. China also had different phases of dynasties. When it comes to language, then yes India would gain less Chihuahuas. My fellow Indians would claim that Sanskrit is very old and most modern north Indian languages have come from Prakrit (maybe considered a sister/cousin/daughter of Sanskrit? Ok let's settle with near relative), and that most of south Indian languages have been born out of Dravidian language family, which itself is very old. But all this proves we never had one unified language over the whole landmass. Religiously/culturally most Greeks were similar. I believe most of Chinese and early Iranians were too. To an outsider Indians may seem divided in this regard (our modern politicians and news media doesn't make it appear any better). But if you look closely you can't miss similarities between Hinduism, Buddism, Jainism and Sikhism. The culture in India is indeed very rich and varied. But I would argue its not that varied to call them distinct cultures. The situation is quite similar to Iran. Islam may be the biggest religion there now, but they still hold on to their Persian roots with pride and have amalgamated the two. And hey! even Iran had Zoroastrianism and Manicheanism together at some time. In terms of cultural self awareness, in most north Indian languages the Indian landmass is actually called Bharat. This name is very old, taken after a legendary king. Yes arguably we don't know what Indians called themselves. But frankly the Hindus also didn't have an exact name for themsleves. The word Hindu itself is of foreign origin just like the word India. I would also suggest that just like there is a criterion for cultural self awareness, there should be a criterion for cultural identity known to outside world. Everyone outside knew who Greeks were. They didn't differentiate them as Thracians, Spartans et al in their writings (I guess most of the times?). They were simply Greeks. We Indians called them Yavanas. If this criterion is added then again India would gain some Chihuahuas lost from unified language. Beside this, I have always enjoyed your comprehensive videos, and I don't believe I am as well read as you. So, if you still disagree with me, I am sure you'd have very good counter-arguments. Or maybe we don't have to agree/disagree, but can just enjoy learning history :)

[@containternet9290]

Japan is kind of new compared to those mentioned. Japan's identity comes only recently like after the 80s, take Japan before Meiji period, it was a mini China. Even today, it is impossible to walk in Japan and not remind of China, but nowadays Japan has its identity consolidated with its animes, video games, cars etc.

[@Warmaster_24]

Just joined the channel after watching videos and I have to say, am a bit disappointed with that Subscriber count, it needs to be higher. P.s. Keep up the great work.

[@CogitoEdu]

Much appreciated!

[@Figue-]

3:36 you could’ve included Cyrillic ! So Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, etc

[@zajarski]

3:35 Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan use cyrillic alphabet (also decended from phoenician). Why are they white?

[@PartTimePharaoh]

Although Egypt has changed religion and language (though Egyptian Arabic is heavily influenced by Egyptian and Coptic, and Coptic is still the liturgical language of Coptic orthodox christians and still used as a day to day language by some villages in the south) several of the traditions and even beliefs "tho borderlining the superstitious" still carry down to this day, though no one has cared to actually cared to "catalogue" them and they are mostly mentioned as fun facts or conversation starters by contemporary Egyptian archaeologists... and just like most of islamic history they are poorly translated/ poorly carried over to western sources which leads many to believe that ancient Egypt ceased