Complexity and Gravity - Leonard Susskind

Prospects in Theoretical Physics 2018: From Qubits to Spacetime
Topic: Complexity and Gravity
Speaker: Leonard Susskind
Date: July 25, 2018
For more video please visit video.ias.edu

[@Chunchiii]

Leonard susskind is the only reason why, I want to go into a quantum physics/anything with physics major when I get to college. The way he explains it and go’s into detail about everything, is magical. I’m currently in the 8th grade, I’ll come back in abt 4-5 years to see if this still stands.

[@narancauk]

Excellent lecture .I did not understand anything.

[@CandidDate]

I'm scared because I do understand this. ONE PLANET, ONE MIND

[@nolan412]

Up to 20m: Minecraftize the universe.

[@utopian2222]

My sentiments exactly...

[@narancauk]

@@louisanthes why?And how?

[@niemandniemand2178]

dumbass

[@turdferguson3400]

The periodic comic relief moments are a great part of what makes this lecture so great!

[@vector8934]

I was a fan at "I will probably need an eraser" "no, no, no, you don't understand me"

[@ianprado1488]

Leonard Susskind's Standford continuing education lectures on General Relativity inspired me to get a undergraduate degree in Physics. As of now, I am taking a break from physics but I still love the subject so much :)

[@tripp8833]

What happened? did you get your BS degree in physics yet?

[@ianprado1488]

@@tripp8833 I got my degree, but I am working in software now

[@eliodecolli]

@@ianprado1488 I've started programming because I always loved the idea of messing around with technology. I love physics and maths, and while studying the classical mechanics lectures by Lenny I kind of felt this type of connection between the way I think while programming and the way a physicist might think. Kind of hard to put in words but I always see all these physicists turning into software devs I can't help but deduct some kind of pattern

[@sahiltrivedi69]

I studied CS in undergrad and work as a software engineer.. I try to study physics in my free time

[@matttirado7661]

your degree is worthless homie!!!...everything you've been taught is wrong

[@Yuzoboy]

Im sitting here, pretending to be in a lecture back at University, and I understand little of whats being said. Some things never change.

[@silberlinie]

Leonard Susskind is on a really hot new thing. Brilliant. That's what keeps the world moving. It is important to follow that.

[@taylanbrannstrom1533]

Great lecture! Thanks for this.

[@mohammadmrsh4078]

Thank you for sharing this lecture

[@muttleycrew]

Lenny is a wizard, love this guy

[@walterbishop3668]

78 years old and much sharper than my 30 years old friends.

[@joaodanni]

What does the age have anything to do with that?

[@computerfis]

@@joaodanni I don't know xD Never judge a book by its cover. Then again if he is so clever, he might need some more clever friends instead of the 'stupid' friends he just talked about (:

[@vladr8683]

@@joaodanni are you serious ? do you also believe there are many sexes?

[@joaodanni]

@@vladr8683 no, what's your point?

[@gst9325]

when you're born with iq 180+ you still should have left at least 150 when 78 :))

[@WildAnimalChannel]

How would a smooth version exist of the graph? Perhaps just a sphere or projective plane where the complexity is some function of the geodesic distance e.g. 2^d

[@19ghost73]

That moment when You try to follow Prof. Susskind's lecture and your wife is blabbering about tomorrow's shopping list for the supermarket... LOL.

[@FilosSofo]

19ghost73 seems that you have been spying on me. One is always trying to know more science, math, and philosophy. And there comes some peasant preoccupied with some mundane shit.

[@19ghost73]

@@FilosSofo "Story of my life..." ;)

[@maxguichard4337]

When you won't even listen to your wife for one minute to organise essential things because you're too busy being an intellectual...

[@freelooc1]

thanks for upload.

[@rewtnode]

I was reminded at some point of that bizarre Banach-Tarski paradox, where a Cayley graph is used just like the one Lenny drew, and where you get a “paradoxical decomposition” of a domain by actions of a group. Namely for the rotation group in 3 dimensions, used to decompose a ball into its own double. Quite well explained in Wikipedia. Also there is this intuition that while there is an enormous amount of space in hyperbolic space, there isn’t so much in the actual universe. So you can have all the multiverses you want, after a few turns you can’t distinguish between them, and many paths arrive essentially at the same outcome. I must say I barely got the math of this talk, but I still felt it was understandable intuitively. Always get something out of watching Susskind’s lectures. He knows when to use pictures. He might even be sloppy about the math to get to the core of things. If this talk had been given by the typical mathematician we would be drowning in all the technical exactitude, and in the end merely baffled and confused. Now I know what to read up on.

[@hadlevick]

rewtnode Fluid theory (Reproduction/Feed/Reasoning) decanted selfmultidimentionalover... The polydynamics of the movement generates pseudo-autonomy as material property, of the autogenous phenomenon; existing.(...) Simultaneous as my unidimensional variability... unidimensional variability = live-beings

[@stargenemolly]

Regarding his final graphs, especially the one on the lower left toward the end of his lecture, I kept seeing at least a superficial resemblance with a typical Poincare disk representation of AdS space. Then he confirmed it by saying it was hyperbolic space. Cool.

[@bernardotang1554]

So freaking amazing. I kinda think like you sir and I was just thinking how much time n effort you put into coming out with all these formulas. Truly a masterpiece :-)

[@naimulhaq9626]

Extremely interesting study of complexity. Leonardo is the first to attempt to provide a systematic mathematical representation of the topic, that leads to a deeper insight into gravity, holography, entropy etc., stemming from Feynman's QF. Leonardo begins the lecture with Feynman' QC, namely qubits (superposition of quantum states between 0 and 1), like Atish Dhabolkar's brilliant and original lecture on 'exact entropy'. Both Leonardo and Atish employ Feynman's QC as a representation of multi-dimensionality. Both employ Ramanujan's mathematical exploits. The graph concept employed by Leonardo employed Ramanujan's graph theory, while Atish employed his q-series with magical results, which is mind boggling, 100 years after Ramanujan's death.

[@dustysoodak]

Really glad I found another good QM/relativity communicator because I've just about run out of Sean Carroll material.

[@SaveriusTianhui]

Susskind has a great off-color sense of humor.

[@climatixseuche]

Good Job Achmed

[@ireallyamrumi]

Fantastic lecture

[@WildAnimalChannel]

Some particular interesting graphs of that kind are called "cage graphs". For example the smallest graph of girth 8 is called the Tutte-Coxeter graph or (3,8) cage graph.

[@UnitedCarpenteState]

Absolutely enjoyed this lecture. He can explain with such a finesse and charisma. I understood nothing from this lecture…I am not even sure if he is lecturing an ancient language decoding or cyber currency prediction. But I standby whatever Dr. Suskind said. If he says the earth is flat, then I will believe that the earth is flat.

[@onderozenc4470]

Visualize the phenomena since physics is a phenomenal science in real terms... I also remember watching Mr. Suskind's another lecture representing the interior of a black hole as the wave states having the ground state to be the nominal diameter of the event horizon. As a result, it might be possible to get infinite number of Lisajoux figures in 3-Dimensional space with singularity at the origin...

[@ccdavis94303]

Very interesting approach to complexity.

[@gf2334]

I was totally lost after the adverts!

[@nickmagrick7702]

44:47 can this really small possibility that two different quantum circuits be made a lot more likely by patterns of resonance? When you put it all together into a complex system like a computer, chaos can tend to self organize into repeating patterns and oscillations. Like the whole metronomes on a non-fixed surface thing. Could this potentially cause unexpected "bugs" in these self organizing quantum states? Or are quantum states for some reason ineligible from the impacts of resonance and chaos in our perceptual dimensional understanding of reality?

[@sajateacher]

That was the funniest introduction to a physics lecture yet. I'm wondering where his cookies and coffee are.

[@michaelnewman2343]

why do I watch these? I have no idea what the fuck is going on but I keep watching

[@nickmagrick7702]

1:23:34 is this time reversal part of what explains Hawkins Radiation and why the inward forces eventually push matter out of the hole causing its structure to decay?

[@leesandberg1583]

Wonderful talk

[@enterprisesoftwarearchitect]

IAS got both Susskind and Aaronson to New Jersey at the same time? So kind of IAS to allow us to watch! We have been watching with curiosity to see if the ER=EPR idea has any nexus with Arkani-Hamed's ideas (amplituhedron) … Susskind/Maldacena's idea doesn't seem to be an explanation of experimental phenomena as Arkani-Hamed's ideas are. Susskind is fascinating to listen to! It's nice how he explains things simply - to us non-academic folk who follow your progress in theoretical physics.

[@06pramodbhat]

holy shit you said all that and say you're 'non-academic'? what am i then, a potato? o_O

[@dankurth4232]

ER=EPR like the Grassmanian (amplituhedron) Ansatz by Arkani Nima Hamed both are very impressive recent attempts to rigorously reformulate Spacetime (geometry) in a quantum formulation (either entanglement/Einstein Rosen bridges or Grassmanian manifolds). It would be fascinating to see, if these two seemingly very unrelated (despite both coming from string theoretical roots) approaches will eventually coincide

[@amiraslkhalili5638]

We will see :)

[@travisheck5979]

Lenny is the funniest professor in the world. And is a wonderful lecturer

[@madeleinebirchfield7658]

1:23:23 "You'll find intermittently, very rarely, but intermittently, structures which look time reversal invariant about the center here which go down and come back up. The implications of that for black hole physics are fascinating and interesting..." The implications of that for cosmology and the early universe are also very profound, fascinating, and interesting.

[@let4be]

I just wish every such lecture would give links to all dependant subjects so if one is missing on something he could at least try to fill in the gaps, without this guidance it becomes very challenging to even try., though from one point of view it is easier nowdays thx to internet but from the other one there is so much information it becomes increasingly difficult to filter really worthy one...

[@yetanotherchannelyac1434]

Thank you.

[@fermibubbles9375]

the maximally entangled state of 2 systems is the moment before bifurcation. i gotchu lenny suss

[@BoardgameLiker]

This is great ASMR

[@opinionhated9725]

when one adds more qubit to the sytem the volume of the space itself grows and hence there shpould necessarily be the possibility of looping . Morover doesnt looping violate unitarity of quantum mechanics

[@BOBLAF88]

So,by measuring the degree entropy, the quantum gates are basically equal to analog circuits? 🤔

[@ozzymandius666]

Hmmm, these graphs seem to be very loosely related to the Tree(n) function.

[@adityadas.mr.cosmos357]

Excellent one👍👍👍👌👌👌👍

[@brian554xx]

7:58 "It grows fast." Still a penchant for understatement.

[@250txc]

First 1:30 is gonna be hard to beat!

[@naimulhaq9626]

Excellent lecture, typical Leonardo masterpiece on complexity. The lecture starts with a general state phi of 2^k dimensions in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space and masterfully reveals the nature of complexity and how to quantify it, in terms of qubits and gates. An ingenious first step to understand how quantum computer can self[error correct to achieve determinism in the face of Heisenberg's uncertainty (measurement changes states). Maldacena conjectured that the whole universe is a QC function, fine tuning the creation of particles leading to life with perfection and with probability one (completely deterministic). Life is also a QC function, enabling us to repair/regenerate 50-70 billion damaged cells at 99.99% efficiency and at lightning speed, implying divine purpose, so we can comprehend what is incomprehensible.

[@amirkhan355]

Lenny you're so funny!

[@opinionhated9725]

how are we ensuring that volume of system is finite

[@amiraslkhalili5638]

time runs horizontally ? What do you mean by that ? In terms of two cars metaphor ? In which direction distributions of the qubits shall flow , as time flow , so that ford 1929 is converted to benz 2009 ? direction of time ? How do we define minmum number of qubits to represent the universal ( macroscopic ) behaviour of that system ? ( the so called relative complexity ) How do you want to reach from relative complexity of qubits to curvature at that smal scale ? It appears that he is trying to interpret dimension as the size of a sphere in terms of some minum metric he has not precisely define( that epsilon ) . It appears to me that he defines a unitary operator as , action constituants of qubits feeling a sphere ( very vague yet lets accept it ) , but how do we define sin of the angle of two unitaries ? Then ?

[@joshua3171]

the milky way is in a inbetween superposition ?

[@jinpillp5843]

Hopefully someday i can understand what susskind said in this lecture!

[@iamnotevenanumber3312]

Well, I guess you would have to read some gravitational theory first. Would you think you suddenly woke up one day and read Egyptian Hieroglyphs?

[@jblangcua2726]

@@iamnotevenanumber3312 thats not what OP meant. Clearly they were implying to hopefully one day have studied the subject so much that they’ll then be able to understand the lecture.

[@buddhaVSkafka]

Murray Gell Mann was a visionary in the field of complex adaptive systems.

[@hadlevick]

Stephen Sharma Fluid theory (Reproduction/Feed/Reasoning) decanted selfmultidimentionalover... The polydynamics of the movement generates pseudo-autonomy as material property, of the autogenous phenomenon; existing.(...) Simultaneous as my unidimensional variability... unidimensional variability = live-beings

[@ares12265]

the relationship between point and segment comes to the fore in importance in the universe.

[@realcygnus]

go Lenny go !

[@NoActuallyGo-KCUF-Yourself]

Lenny!

[@ducdeblangis3006]

Too bad, he's getting old; but always brillant and fun!

[@channel-ug9gt]

k is much smaller or much larger than K? (see at 29:00)

[@kurrmyst]

At 44min20, I saw an analogy with the construction of snowflakes (cf. The mystery of the snowflake - Veritasium). Could some external condition parameters drastically reduce the complexity... but it doesn't seem that useful. Good Lecture Professor.

[@Evan490BC]

The big difference is that here he cares only about topology (graph theory, actually), where in the case of a snowflake geometry plays a crucial role. (A snowflake is a minimum energy configuration.)

[@wordprocessbrian4497]

8:40 the log is very sensitive to the k, but weakly sensitive to the m. translation I hear; decay = the k and the m= (d)EM. silly thing to hear. which causes me to change the shapes from (3/3+1/3) : (3/4+1/4) = (4:3) to (2/3+2/3) : (3/4+1/3) = ? . It should reduce the chance of decay below 3 parts, every fourth cycle.

[@wordprocessbrian4497]

Thank you sir, it took me week to discover who Gell-Mann was, he made a mnemonic. A QUA(R)K

[@palfers1]

The old wizard on the cutting edge!

[@robertflynn6686]

Leonard susskind, are you implying here the a quantum view of gravity can be understood or mentally visualized via some complexity of states, a kind of geodesic of the quantum vacuum??? This is tough subject agree. It looked like the inner branching of the Mandelbrot fractal 👍chaotic in time

[@quickies9561]

i only made it thru calc 2, and i know what a qbit is, but i had to look it up. what am i doing here

[@adelaidekhayon2631]

Great lecture and great Susskind. But I don't understand this, i'll be back when I know better.

[@TasX]

Same, see you in 30 years

[@82spiders]

Nima rocks!!

[@NightmareCourtPictures]

definitely. Is he in the audience? lol

[@user-tw1rt7rj2i]

Although the thermodynamic entropy increases in the universe, the space entropy decreases. This is the effect of gravity. Explosion and expansion are the opposite. So you can not define time with entropy. There is another information entropy, but the direction in which the entropy grows is not always the direction of the arrow of time all the time. In Newton's method etc. the direction of convergence to a certain value is the direction of arrow of time. With these three kinds of entropy there are two directions and the time arrow can not be defined.

[@nickmagrick7702]

42:03 why is it (K/2)! ? What does dividing by 2 do to the factorial?

[@Iamfafafel]

did you figure it out? i was immediately guessing k choose 2, the number of edges in a complete graph on k vertices. but this is only order k^2

[@jcbbb]

I have no idea who this guy is but he must be a fucking genius

[@ranggasaktibudiputra1547]

Suss lecture

[@hooligan1629]

Can someone with a decent comprehension of the lecture give me some guidance to being able to comprehend the material myself? I would like to know what classes/subjects I need to take (past calculus). Thank you.

[@chasebender7473]

On the math side, you will need a good amount of understanding of abstract algebra i.e. non commutative group theory. Also, some of the basics of topology i.e. metrics, projective spaces, covering spaces with open balls, at least a vague understanding of connective sums of manifolds. Since quantum states utilize complex numbers, complex analysis probably comes up quite often. There are multiple bridges between calculus and this lecture to even grasp the mathematical language, if you want to be able to work with the concepts these fields of study would have to be second nature to you.

[@iamnotevenanumber3312]

Read the book "Gravitation" by Misner, Thone and Wheeler. Otherwise ease it up with beginner courses in General Relativity

[@NightmareCourtPictures]

You don't need much math understanding unless you want to do actual calculations. But if you merely just want to understand what is being said, it can be easily summarized. You have a space, which you can forget it being Hilbert Space, just pretend it's 1D number line in Euclidean, and you have some number of "things" in this space (m). These things have the potential to be in a variety of different configurations (k), the number of possible configurations is called the "dimensionality"...in Euclidean space, because you are on a 1d number line there is only 1d of configurations...either left or right. The lecture goes on to explain that if you wanted to go from one place on this number line to another place, you apply the minimal number of computations to get there. So if you want to go from +2 on this number line to +8, you'd have to do 6 simple computations (ex : +1,+1+1+1+1+1). +2 on this number line you can consider to be State of the system A, while +8 on this number line you can consider to be State B. The relative complexity between state a and state b is 6 computations. Because you can describe how to get from point A to point B, you can surmise that this minimal number of computations is just a "geodesic".... a line on Euclidian plane to get from one point to the other point, and this line is the shortest distance between those two points, where the measurement of this line is described in number of minimal computations. Using this architecture, you can basically treat the entire thing like you would a geometry, in which things can be described by geometric properties. The maximal complex state comes in, when we try to observe the evolution of the system as things move from one state to another, where the maximal complex state is the exploration of all possible states. On a 1dimensional number line, this would merely look like a line connecting some arbitrary number of points...PointA->PointB->Point-C->PointD, where point D is the maximal complex state. At point D, all possible computations have been explored, and the system will either cycle through previously explored states, or just do nothing and stop...In essence the evolution of the system has stopped growing, and is merely recycling through previous states. It's like you traveled to NY to Paris to Texas to LA, and now you explored all possible locations in this space, and so now you travel back to Texas, back to LA, back to NY, back to Paris...and you do this forever because the evolution has stopped, and you explore nothing new anymore. When the dimensionality is more then 1 like in our Euclidean example, the number of possible states a point can be in just increases exponentially, and is essentially the equivalent of just making the Euclidean graph bigger by turning it from a 1d number line into a 2d plane. Now instead of going from just Left to Right, you can now go Left to right and up or down. So in the above example where the maximum number of states is just 4, we can now have 16 possible states of the system. Add another dimension and we now have 64 possible states to explore.. You can think of it like this. In k=1 dimensionality, with an (m) of 2, you can travel from NY to Paris, or from Paris to NY...The end. in k=2 You can travel from NY to Paris in a Blue shirt, or you can travel from NY to Paris in a Yellow shirt...or you can travel from Paris to NY in a Blue shirt, or travel from Paris to NY in a Yellow Shirt. in K=3 dimensionality, You can travel from NY to Paris in a Blue Shirt listening to Lady Gaga, or you can travel from NY to Paris in a Blue Shirt listening to Daft Punk...or you can travel from NY to Paris in a Yellow shirt listening to Lady Gaga, or you can travel to NY to Paris in a Yellow Shirt listening to Daft Punk...AND THEN you can travel to Paris from NY in a yellow shirt listening to Lady Gaga...I think you get the point now. The dimensionality is just more and more possible parameters, which is described as being just a volume in the lecture. Now imagine if you were in Hilbert space...where the dimensionality is probably close to infinite...then the number of possible states for just 4 things is more like 4^infinite number of possible states. And this is why it takes Exponential time (Zillions of zillions of years) to reach maximal complex state...because all the atoms have to go through every single possible state before getting to the max complex state.

[@skj983]

@@NightmareCourtPictures This is a really good comment. Spruce it up a bit more and place it in the video root! Tie the exponential time to maximum complexity to gravity and dark energy also as I suspect he does in lecture 2 and 3. Would also use the concept of superposition instead of hilbert space. This will help a lot of people. You have a talent for explaining complicated concepts.

[@thestruggler3338]

Interesting to see that it is just a very rare probability for a system to get back to the origin. (E to the E to the K) Does this mean that in theory the universe could by unlikely chance resolve back to a singularity of perhaps E to E to K to the power of the number of particle constituents in the big bang lol ??? Probably not the smartest thing to do but I was watching in the context of a big bang as opposed to the ramifications of a black hole.

[@josephbrady6760]

see Zermelo's recurrence phenomena...........

[@channel-ug9gt]

reminds me of our blackboards

[@carldalton9331]

16/09/18 revised ***Synopses***: Energy & Matter - Centrifugal Force - Inertia - Orbital Mechanics of Celestial Bodies - Magnetism - Gravity. Readers please note after so many revisions to try and make the explanations as easy to understand as possible; I do not feel I am able to make these explanations any simpler… And in truth given all the crap that has been thrown at me by dunces and trolls, I am just about beyond giving a damn in the face of so much mentally torturous work, and universal lack of appreciation by those who lazily prefer to believe rather than do the hard yards themselves. Energy: To quote from Mike Flynne’s book “Infinity In Your Pocket” page 68; Energy is a controversial topic among scientists. Everyone knows what energy does but no one seems to be certain what it is. Essentially there are two models used to describe the nature and behaviour of energy; the transformation model and the transference model. Rather than rely upon two contradictory theoretical models, we will be relying upon knowledge which is commonly available, and make use of this to take a step by step approach toward understanding energy and matter. Oxford English Dictionary (Abrv, OED) OED: Energy: The capacity of matter or radiation to do work: The means of doing work by utilising matter or radiation. OED: Matter, a *physical* substance in general as distinct from *mind and spirit*. All things throughout the universe are made up of two primal things, physical matter and non-physical energy. As such, matter could not do any work or exist without energy and energy could not do any work or exist without matter. Physics: There must be an input of energy for there to be an output of energy. The use of the words input and output determines that there is a vehicle of matter between the energy input and the energy output, and denotes as all matter is made up of particles, that particles of matter are intermediary transit vehicles of energy. OED: Gravitation: A force of attraction between any particle of matter in the universe and any other”. It is the input of energy into particles of matter that serves to fuel their motions and to supply their outputs of radiation to do work, and to attract and gravitate toward one and any other particle of matter in the universe. Quantum Energy And Matter Every particle of matter of every celestial body throughout the universe requires an immediate and constant input of energy to fuel its motions and its outputs of radiant energy. All celestial bodies are isolated within their immediate surrounding region of interstellar space, and as they, and all of the particles of matter that go into the makeup of their structures require an immediate and constant input of energy to fuel their motions and supply their outputs of radiation. So it follows that it is their immediate surrounding region of interstellar space, which is supplying all of their structures energy requirements, and the energy requirements of every particle of matter that goes into their structures makeup. And as such, this means that the energy incoming from their immediate surrounding region of interstellar space, is all-pervading as it fuels every single particle of their structures, and those of their centres of gravity. Further confirmation that interstellar space is universally comprised of quantum (invisible) energy and quantum particles of matter. Physics: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Space vehicles use of jet propulsion to travel through outer and interstellar space, however, propulsion could not take place without the presence of matter; because propulsion is reliant upon there being some form resistance present, for the propulsive factor to be converted into the power of thrust. Sum Universal (Interstellar) space is comprised of invisible quantum energy and invisible quantum particles of matter. Universal quantum energy is the substance that fuels the motions of every particle of matter in the universe, and acts between any particle of matter and any other in the universe. Energy is not matter (m) Matter is not energy (e). Energy does not equal mass, Matter does equal mass. Quantity of Energy + Matter combined, determines the power of their attractant force of gravitation, and their speed of acceleration relative to the same criteria in regard to another quantity of energy + matter combined (bodies and particles of matter) OED: Matter, a *physical* substance in general as distinct from *mind and spirit*. Energy is not physical in nature, therefore it is *Metaphysical* in nature. Energy is not physical in nature, therefore it cannot be *Any---Thing* physical whatsoever. Energy is not *Any---Thing* physical whatsoever, therefore energy exists universally in a permanent state of being *No-Thing* physical or visible. Sum: The Universe is made up of some-thing called matter, and nothing called energy. The synopses of Centrifugal Force - Inertia - Orbital Mechanics of Celestial Bodies - Magnetism - Gravity is continued as a reply to this comment www.fromthecircletothesphere.net

[@carldalton9331]

SYNOPSES: CENTRIFUGAL FORCE - INERTIA - ORBITAL MECHANICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES - MAGNETISM - GRAVITY OED: Centrifugal force an apparent force that acts on a body moving about a centre. OED: Centrifugal moving or tending to move away from a centre. Synopsis Centrifugal Force Inertia All particles, bodies, celestial bodies, and galaxies are made of matter and all rotate around their centres of gravitation. All particles and bodies of matter receive an input of quantum energy from their surrounding space, and generate a power of centrifugal force from their centres of gravity. The greater the quantity of quantum energy input, the greater is the concentration of energy at a centre of gravity, and its output of centrifugal force. E.G. The hammer of a hammer thrower, the faster the rotation of the hammer around the centre of gravity of the thrower, the greater is the input of quantum energy and the subsequent output of centrifugal force. Gyroscopic/Centrifugal Force A gyroscope without an input of rotational force to its disc will do nothing. A gyroscope given an input of rotational force to its disc will stand on its axis without any visible means of support. A gyroscope given an input of rotational force to its disc will *inertially resist* being moved from its centrifugally imposed fixed site of rotation. Mechanics When a force of rotation is applied to the disc of a gyroscope and stood on end, the rotation of the disc prevents the *inward coming * and downward travelling quantum energy and quantum particles of matter (gravitons) from passing down through the disc, and on toward the Earth’s magnetic core of gravity. Given a continuous rotation to the disc, the quantum energy and quantum particles of matter continue to build up within the atoms of the centre of gravity, and the body of the rotating disc. The build-up of quantum energy within the disc is excessive to the normal energy requirements of the nucleons of the atoms of the disc, which causes the nucleons of the atoms to spin faster, and as a result the excess build-up of energy within the disc is continuously and centrifugally being expelled from the atoms throughout the disc. Simultaneous with this process, the structures of atoms of the disc are also being subjected to the power of centrifugal force, as they orbit around the central axis of the gyroscope (think in terms of a hammer-thrower) at high speed. And the result of this is that the outputs of energy from the atoms of the disc are being centrifugally passed on in a spiralling motion from one rotating atom to another. And so progressively their collective outputs of energy are being forced outward, toward, and out from the rotating edge of the disc as spiralling waves of quantum particles of matter. This output of energy and quantum particles around and the edge of the rotating disc, In effect then serves to enlarge the size and area of the disc, as the quantum energy and of quantum particles of matter form an invisible halo of spiralling quantum particle waves around the edge of the rotating disc. Given this scenario, and thinking in terms of the balancing act of a common seesaw, and that the halo of spiralling quantum particle waves are interactive with the down ward acting force of gravity. So it is that this halo of quantum particle waves, in effect becomes a rim of gravitational leverage and balance around the edge of the gyroscopes disc. As such: As the downward acting force of gravity is universally spread evenly over all surface areas, it is this factor that serves to impose a level of balance to both the gyroscopes disc and its rim of gravitational leverage. And hence as the disc of the gyroscope is forced to stay level, the body and the axis of the gyroscope are forced to stay vertical. Synopsis: Orbital Mechanics of Celestial Bodies Reiteration Universal (Interstellar) space is comprised of invisible quantum energy and invisible quantum particles of matter. Universal quantum energy is the substance that fuels the motions of every particle of matter in the universe, and acts between any particle of matter and any other in the universe. The Sun and star of our own solar system, is constantly drawing in quantum energy and quantum particles of matter from its surrounding interstellar space, and it is this input of energy and quantum particles of matter that serves to fuel its rotation, its nuclear reactions, and its centrifugal and gravitational imposed inertial position within the quantum energy and quantum particle medium of interstellar space. Perhaps more simply put the emitted centrifugal energy and spiralling waves of electro-magnetized quantum particles of matter that are being emitted from the rotational equator of the Earth’s sphere, coalesce together to form two hemispheres of gravitational magnetism which are interactive with the surrounding interstellar medium of quantum energy and quantum particles of matter. And it is this interaction of the emitted spiralling waves of electro-magnetized quantum particles of matter, spread over the 45, 656000 degree surface of the Earths sphere, with the surrounding medium of interstellar space, that serves to keep the Earth’s sphere inertially positioned and fixed within interstellar space. The Planets Due to its great size and its great density of energy and matter, the Sun is able to exert a tremendous amount of centrifugal force and gravitational attraction towards its orbiting planets. And it is this combination of outwardly exerted centrifugal force and counter inwardly attractant gravitational force (As with the nature of hammer-throwing) that enables it to simultaneously repel, restrain and maintain the orbital distances between its own centre of gravity and the centres of gravity of its surrounding planets. However, due to it being a seething mass of volatile and fluctuating nuclear reactions and explosions, the Sun is not able to impose stable lateral trajectories of orbit for the planets orbiting around its volatile mass And this where centrifugal force and its counter force gravitation once again comes into play, because as all of the planets are undergoing rotation around their own centres of gravity, so it is that they are able to inertially stabilize their lateral trajectories of orbit around the Sun. And the distances between their centres of gravity, and the centres of gravity of their own orbiting moons and satellite bodies (Saturn being a prime example). SYNOPSIS MAGNETISM The planet Earth is a bipolar magnetic body rotating around its magnetic core/centre of gravity at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour. The Earth’s continuous rotation and input of quantum energy and quantum particles of matter, enables its magnetic core to convert the quantum particles of matter into bipolar particles of electro-magnetism, and form them into the spiralling electro-magnetic wavelengths of gravitation, which go into the makeup of its surrounding magnetosphere. Essentially and mechanistically speaking, this scenario is the same as that of a common permanent magnet which we use to produce electrical current. To produce electricity we surround a magnets magnetic field with a conductive coil, and then rapidly rotate the magnet to increase the input and output of quantum energy and quantum particles of matter. Within the atoms of the magnet the quantum particles of matter are combined into bipolar electromagnetic particles of matter, which are then formed into the spiralling electromagnetic wavelengths which go into the makeup of the magnets surrounding magnetic field (mini-magnetosphere). Due to the rotation of the magnet and hence its magnetic field the electro-magnetized particles of quantum matter are captured and build up within the length of the conductive coil. Where given their continuous input due to the continuous rotation of the magnet they are forced to combine and flow along the length of the conductive coil in the form of what we call electrical current. And hypothetically speaking regarding the Earth’s magnetic field relative to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet: If we could shrink the Earth down to the size of a common permanent magnet, and then place it within a conductive coil, the Earth would produce an electrical current within that conductive coil. Note: Or orbiting satellite’s serving the same purpose, and microwave technology to convert the electrical current into microwave energy to be transmitted down for reconversion into common electrical power. SYNOPSIS Gravity Given that we have shown that it is an input of quantum energy and quantum particles of matter into the centre of gravity of the Earth's magnetic core, and the centre's of gravity of permanent magnets, that serve to create their magnetic fields. And that it is quantum energy and quantum particles of matter that serves to create the gravitational attractions between all particles of matter in the universe, so it is that we can say that it is quantum energy and quantum particles of matter, that serve to create the force of gravity. www.fromthecircletothesphere.net

[@choochoo1811]

I like your funny words magic man

[@judjudersawn2596]

14:42 In dAB= Arccos{|a . b|} why isn't the maximum distance pi?

[@Evan490BC]

This is nothing special, just the arccos distance (pseudometric).

[@rooseveltbenjamin3949]

42:43 42:58 21:25

[@Nonsus518]

WAHA!!

[@adurgh]

Can anyone please explain what CP(N) is? This is totally unfamiliar territory for me..

[@OOTMI]

It's not going to be any easy thing to grasp and I won't pretend to have any real familiarity with it. CP here stands for _*C*omplex *P*rojective space_ . The idea seems to be to take some object which has so many dimensions and to map that on to the hypercomplex numbers using complex valued lines of projection. Also, N+1 is the number of dimensions of an associated complex-valued vector space. This rather unhelpful sounding definition is lifted almost verbatim from here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_space So, for instance, CP(1), having N=1 implies N+1=2 dimensions and this seems to be the mapping of points on the Argand plane on to a Riemann sphere (there's an image of this exact thing here:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere#/media/File:RiemannSphere.png). I think my brain just melted. Sorry not to be more helpful.

[@user-bb4kq5lx1z]

CP(N) is constructed by taking an N+1 dimensional complex vector space and then considering the set of all straight lines that pass through the origin of this space (more or less, this definition is exactly correct for real projective spaces). Then each line is considered as a point in a new space called CP(N). More formally CP(N) is the set of equivalence classes of an N+1 dimensional complex vector space under the the equivalence relation whereby two vectors are equivalent if one can be obtained by scaling the other by any complex number.

[@user-ml2gh5wq3g]

👍

[@luisfelipe7351]

the seesaw gravity string mechanism: community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/1685571

[@sherlockholmeslives.1605]

Leonard Susskind is more intelligent than me.

[@andrewkelley7062]

Has the concept of gravity being created by the flow of entropy into higher compressions of complexity in tighter areas of influence createing higher mathmatical dimensions been mathmaticaly inspected yet?

[@antoinevince1]

yes yes of course, but you missed that the flowering of mathematical dimensions is induced by gravity practicing ultra-shamanism over flamenco space

[@andrewkelley7062]

Hmm you did not understand let me try another time at this. Are there any posted lectures takeing the complexity as being the cause of gravity instead of being a affect of it as a possibility and have the affects of possible stored mathmatical universes been taken into account in there affects on entropy in that situation and if it relates or if it can be related in either case of the force of gravity. The later being in relation to holographic universes theories with multiple world's interpretations and how it might relate to entropy on that relm. Sorry if I did not make my question clear enough sometimes I have a hard time makeing things simple enough to where they cannot be misinterpreted. It's mostly a lingo problem there are alot of ways to say the same thing when trying to include multiple fields.

[@ozzymandius666]

its a work in progress. A guy by the name of Erik Verlinde is working on it.

[@andrewkelley7062]

Michael Bishop thank you

[@hadlevick]

Andrew Kelley Fluid theory (Reproduction/Feed/Reasoning) decanted selfmultidimentionalover... The polydynamics of the movement generates pseudo-autonomy as material property, of the autogenous phenomenon; existing.(...) Simultaneous as my unidimensional variability... unidimensional variability = live-beings

[@xinyujiao4464]

Was it k log k or was it k log 2? 26:00

[@qz1771]

I think it’s k log(2). I thought that was a typo too

[@tylerkharazi9530]

subtract 1 for the normalization!

[@GregoryJByrne]

What is gravity but the double torus electromagnetic/gravitational forces of opposition and attraction? The galactic Milankovitch cycles cause our climate cycles of Ice ages at aphelion with the 240,000 year rotation of the galactic bulge with aphelion perihelion changing every 60,000 years Obliquity/magnetic north/Global warming/cooling every 60,000 years. Precession is our biggest concern right now and for the next millenia because we started crossing our galaxies electromagnetic/gravitational plane in 2012. Crossing the galactic plane at the vernal/Autumnal equinoxes (Alpha, Omega) causes EMP plasma bursts pillars of fire in the sky, Comets from our Oort cloud getting pushed into us and Global Cataclysmic east to west Tsunami's. The last time we crossed the galactic plane was Younger Dryas, Clovis people, Gobekli tepe, Washingrton scablands, Tassili N'ajjer scablands. The climate cycles of our water planet are continental glaciers with lower sea levels brought on by global east to west tsunami's every 13,000 years half the Great Year when we cross the galactic plane. Grade 5 earth sciences could debunk CO2 caused climate change. Closed Loop and Cause and Effect. Temperature is rising first and CO2 follows as the Artic thaws due to Obliquity and Precession. Earth is a closed loop that self regulates CO2 with life by combining CO2/carbon with H2O to capture the Electromagnetic energy of the galaxy/Sun to create life. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. ON THIS PLANET. All energy comes from or returns to the double toroid electromagnetic fields we call the Sun and or Galactic nucleus/bulge. Taxing CO2 is tantamount to taxing the EM energy of the Sun/Galaxy past present and future. Covid1984 like CO2 is a LIE built upon an inconvenient truth. The Baby boomers who were born en mass 75 years ago are starting to die en mass from the usual suspects of seasonal flu/Pneumonia and old age. The MASK of the Beast to BUY or SELL is just a pretext for the FINAL SOLUTION vaccine of the beast. It takes 10 years minimum to develop a vaccine if you can ISOLATE the virus. BLM is a divide and conquer humanity tactic. Jesus loved all races because there is only one race/people/tribe HUMAN race with only one minority the INDIVIDUAL human. There is no Nazi Master race like there is no Jewish chosen people. Judaism like Islamism were born out of the oppression of their tribes hence are tribal in nature. Us & Them Infidels/Goylim/Gentiles. Forgive them they know not what they do. Nothing will change until their tribal books change. We all came from our mothers as equals. We are the sum of our life's experiences teachings and circumstances.

[@Colosphonium]

flat earther came here by mistake couple secons and apprently his head self exploded. their should be a warning sign at the beginning.

[@shoopinc]

Flat earthers are better suited to understand general relativity than us globetards are. Their coordinate system represents distances in latitude/longitude which varies with position and direction. Just like you need in GR!

[@armenv4494]

Fun starts at 37:00

[@armenv4494]

The 6 arm 'graph' he draws that branches out with complexity, mirroring the entropy, also reminds me of the Poincaré image, hyperbolic graph in negative curvature.

[@Jimmy-B-]

At the beginning he keep saying states. States of what?

[@theuglytruth5556]

United states of Smashuuuuuuuu

[@chasebender7473]

the quantum states of the qubits

[@user-bb4kq5lx1z]

Quantum states, rays in Hilbert space

[@randomguy4421]

I don't get it

[@paulwright9749]

If I was a student, I would have walked out 2 mins into the lecture and changed my degree course to business studies 🙄

[@adriantuckwell6411]

Think i:ve solved entanglement & black holes.. Crazily easy. Its actually the three sides of the same coin

[@nolan412]

Atari points 👍 getting heavy?

[@shanejohns7901]

He almost looks like 'Mike' from BCS/BB, from a distance.

[@GodsMistake]

What the hell is this? I came here for some swamp rock and the 'Free Bird' guitar solo.

[@iamnotevenanumber3312]

haha, yeah pretty disappointing

[@non-inertialobserver946]

This is much better

[@lucasthompson1650]

40:17 my guitar can't play that tablature … Petrucci?

[@user-dt4cg1pj9l]

Without examples lecture is jargon

[@user-bb4kq5lx1z]

I mean it was prepared for an audience of theoretical physicists at Princeton so I don't know what you were expecting

[@michaeljburt]

Is it just me or does Susskind seem a bit more nervous here than in his normal lectures? I know a hell of a lot of PhD theoretical/experimental physicist guys and none of them are willing to explain to me the mathematical complexity that Leonard is describing here; maybe that is why he is anxious. He could be met with a harsh reception. We know he's a very talented physicist. I wonder how seriously he is taken in the academic community for his conjecture here. We are potentially looking at a less charismatic Feynman whose ideas could lead to a breakthrough in our theoretical understanding of gravity. And now I go away to think...

[@wordprocessbrian4497]

using only two numbers,2 and 3, and constant 1 (2:3)^2 : (1:12)^3 : (3 : (2^2))+((-1:12)^(2^2)) = (2/3+2/3) : (-1/12:(4:3/1):1/12) : (3/4+1/3) using only three shapes , a point with a property is a line(l), a radius in motion is a circle(o), a sphere is a radius with two motions(v) (ume)lov : vol(ume) where direction is you to me

[@hadlevick]

Michael Burt Fluid theory (Reproduction/Feed/Reasoning) decanted selfmultidimentionalover... The polydynamics of the movement generates pseudo-autonomy as material property, of the autogenous phenomenon; existing.(...) Simultaneous as my unidimensional variability... unidimensional variability = live-beings

[@hadlevick]

word process brian Fluid theory (Reproduction/Feed/Reasoning) decanted selfmultidimentionalover... The polydynamics of the movement generates pseudo-autonomy as material property, of the autogenous phenomenon; existing.(...) Simultaneous as my unidimensional variability... unidimensional variability = live-beings

[@chrisconnor8086]

My thoughts exactly

[@phy29]

complexity depend of the number of bijection with a group algebric

[@colinmaharaj]

2:00 You don't do proofs? what? are you Ramanujan?

[@TwelfthRoot2]

This 90 min lecture could have been 45 mins. Oh wait, it was. Thanks Google playback speed!

[@kwijung]

13:21 if even a professor as brilliant as Leonard Susskind can't use "begs the question" correctly, what hope as a species do we have?

[@OOTMI]

It definitely raises that question, yes.