World War II: Crash Course World History #38

[@TheShaleco]

My great grandfather fought in world war two. He just turned 101 this year and is still going strong.

[@tisrnbwz4804]

Fair play to him👌

[@turtleman583]

What country was he a soldier of?

[@TheShaleco]

Turtle Man Canada

[@panzerclub1185]

TheShaleco and thats why canada can punch a Nazi in the face and get knocked out in less than a second.

[@TsukiCondor]

Wow thats very cool :-D

[@oliviamontemayer7089]

I never thought I would be given a history lesson by the guy who gave us The Fault In Our Stars...

[@mitch.explores]

+Olivia Montemayer HAHA! That's actually him?! I never made the connection^^

[@JK_2998]

I always thought there were 2 John Greens

[@jajo9548]

+Flying Spectacles other one is Hank Green

[@JK_2998]

Jajo No, I meant I thought the guy who wrote the book was a different John Green then the one on this channel, I am aware of Hank.

[@danielhong262]

+WorldTripGirl John Green proves that he wrote The Fault In Our Stars in crash course literature.

[@FRISHR]

It all started with a rejection from an art school.

[@avaschlamberger3125]

@Anthony Olivera Hitler was rejected from an art school.

[@avaschlamberger3125]

@Anthony Olivera Already did :)

[@siremob5425]

I got what you meant, where Hitler was being kicked out in a art school, hahahahaha

[@siremob5425]

@Anthony Olivera yeah and that is what we meant, I guess you did not realize it

[@grandallthegreat3720]

Can ppl not jus get a joke?

[@wattsnottaken1]

“An alliance that would stand the test of time until like 3 seconds after the defeat of the Nazis” 😂🔥

[@Ethan-vj5mt]

It's like literally true

[@tymgamerz]

Top ten april fools pranks that went WAY TOO FAR

[@cartoonist7578]

It's true

[@thefederation1506]

The beginning of the cold war

[@Endwidgeon]

imagine having android emojis lol

[@mcgarryallen9216]

Thanks, we appreciate the shoutout! -Canada

[@Matthew-ge8hc]

I am also a Canadian!!

[@salimalazrak969]

We do indeed

[@shaymichelles1710]

Ahh si, mi hermanos

[@tylerhigson1960]

Canada for the win!

[@nicholasr-m1631]

yall are so nice

[@aasemahsan]

I finished my school life at the start of march just before the Corona Virus pandemic hit my country (Bangladesh) and pretty much had nothing worthwhile to do. As a student of science, I never got to learn much about world history in the last 2 years. In KZbin, I found this series of Crash Course and out of interest started watching. I've almost finished it within 3 days and am looking forward to watch the other serieses as well. So, I owe huge thank you to the Crash Course family for this brilliant series to make the dangerous situation interesting and educative for me.

[@dinohall2595]

Good for you. I'm glad you managed to take a major hardship and turn it into an opportunity to learn.

[@aasemahsan]

@@dinohall2595 thank you

[@iteor7320]

Crash course is truly amazing, I'm in the UK and have just been blitzing them as well

[@aasemahsan]

@Xitlalic Chavez Valencia note taken

[@iteor7320]

@Xitlalic Chavez Valencia Already subscribed, they are brilliant

[@daryl398]

Thanks for mentioning that China started resisting in 1931 and took 14 years to finally defeat Japan. It is a kind of interesting. I went to summer school in UCLA last year. There was a Japanese boy, and we became friends. When we talked about WWII, I told him that my grand grand father was killed in the battle against Japanese soldiers. He told me that his grand gtand father was a pilot who was dropping bombs in Chongqing, a city in China. At that moment, we did not have any bad feelings about each other. It is just amazing to see how history goes. Our grand grand father were enemies that tried to kill each other, and we are friends. Thanks for living in a respectively peaceful period.

[@kevinwastaken__]

my teacher: watch this video and fill out a worksheet! me, scrolling through the comments:

[@jojot9068]

BUT IT'S JOHN GREENN!! John Green is amazingg!!

[@maxflannery6157]

Wow thanks for that 1.5 seconds mate!

[@suicidaljell]

Helljumper 21175-12121-TM nice boomerang

[@charlotte7356]

*sentences

[@cloud8573]

Madonnatron Aussies are like honey badgers WE DONT GIVE A F***

[@charlotte7356]

Wow, someone needs a fresh tampon.

[@maxflannery6157]

Looking back on this comment I do seem angry but I'm really not. "it's just game why you have to be mad?"

[@borussiagermania7428]

Guys don't let this video distract you from the fact that Italy lost to Ethiopia

[@moonknightish]

Ethiopia was a strong country in 19th century. During that war, it was also supported by France and Russia. But facts are too boring, am I right?

[@chrissandoval6463]

But like everyone else also lost to Ethiopia

[@freakcream7465]

Sticks are stronger than pasta noodles

[@JACKP26]

Hey I can admit to the shitness of Italy early on. Don't forget the hundreds of thousands of confused Italians holding the Russian steppes straight after Stalingrad.

[@PairsOfDuals]

Popthatskittle He's talking about before WW2. Italy tried to conquer Ethiopia and got their asses kicked. Really quite pathetic to be honest. But after that, the technological difference between the two was just too great. I think I remember seeing something that said Ethiopia had only one or two planes, and those planes were decades old. Not much of a challenge; nor something to brag about.

[@brandonluu2302]

shoutout to the homies that are watching these for the ap world history test lmao

[@SnakeBitten]

Brandon Luu LMAO

[@toavsactionphotography352]

eyyyy

[@NathanSam-ei3hh]

it is tomorrow... RIP

[@aldenhauser9555]

thx

[@Swegballerbob]

Nathan Sam 2021 bro it’s literally on my birthday UGHHHHH

[@duniaa6632]

I’m here trying to finish all my work that I procrastinated on.

[@thezestypatriot8513]

You knew history class was about to be lit when you walked in to see this paused on the screen.

[@redrix1787]

OSU Bucks421 ikr

[@aaronzhang398]

Who's watching this because their teacher made them due to coronavirus? Edit: Well RIP the AP is over. Thanks for the likes guys

[@ememem2952]

Pretty much yes and also because it isn't very Euro-centric like what I am taught.

[@gonkatine2224]

Yes

[@zmaerd1503]

si

[@lostxentity1508]

yup

[@djkiller1353]

yep

[@logik4643]

Man I wish John Green was my History teacher.

[@adrianrivera5031]

Good luck to everyone taking that AP World History exam tomorrow! Y’all got this. 👍🏼

[@quinboi3461]

thanks, hope you do well : ) you can do it!

[@spencerlieberman7363]

😽😊

[@elidacoranado6625]

Im gonna need that luck😖

[@amiyawhite9572]

Thanks but this is what I get for cramming

[@UnorthodoxIndividual]

Nice try but I already got a -1 even though I haven't taken it.

[@EnterElysium]

Adding to the summary reasons for the 2nd World War - A big reason for Japan's attack on the USA was that the US stopped giving the Japanese any oil in the hopes of stopping their attacks in Asia.

[@shantiponks]

to add, the US was (i beleive) the single largest exporter of oil in the world, producing way more than it consumed

[@cameronsmith1339]

I think it was about 90-95% of Japan's oil came from American exports, so they got a a bit upset when America went "I don't like what you're doing in Manchuria, say goodbye to the substance that effectively keeps your nation and the war going". And I'm pretty sure the USA was on the back foot for most of the war until they sunk 3 and heavily damaged 1 Japanese aircraft carrier at midway, which forced Japan to go on the defensive as they couldn't supply enough aircraft in naval battles to dominate the sky.

[@shadowzabyss]

You are right.

[@Turtleman1234321]

The Japanese tried to cripple the Americans because they weren't planing to stop their expansion so they tried to buy time to continue expansion without serious American intervention.

[@shadowzabyss]

yea, you are right, they are trying to expand their empire to Southeast Asia and Australia but worried of the American interference.

[@wasabipiep4724]

Why would people assume that WW2 started when America joined at '41? That's stupid.

[@louisxiv773]

WasabiPie:P Because from that point all continents were at war. Before 1941 it wasn't a real ''world'' war.

[@wasabipiep4724]

No Canada joined at the very beginning. It's part of NA.

[@arcadiusdrathalas6007]

The US joining also brought all of the pacific into the war as well. But personally I subscribe to September 1st 1939. Oh and the US joining also brought Japan into the wider war, before that Japan was not at war with the rest of the allies only China. So someone arguing for a 1941 start date has a lot of good points.

[@dp2989]

I agree, well. Since I'm Canadian, not American.

[@About37Hobos]

Steven Winters yup the fighting in China was a separate war

[@mondirapaul]

Cheers for the 1.5 seconds mate - An Australian

[@wyattharr6638]

Crash corse: nobody beats russia in winter besides the mongals Finland: am i a joke to you?

[@jacklowe74]

overheated potado boy didn’t beat them

[@wyattharr6638]

@@jacklowe74 they sued for peace whatever, they won

[@Linguineo]

@@jacklowe74 it was embarrassing for the Russians.

[@wojtekthebear4958]

@@wyattharr6638 Dude, they didn't just sue for peace. Finland had to give up resource rich territory to the USSR because they couldn't continue fighting the USSR. Sure, the war was humiliating to the Soviets, but they still won and got what they wanted at the end of the day.

[@wyattharr6638]

@@wojtekthebear4958 finland won our hearts

[@kyw.4848]

(Angry comment about his use of the word slaughter)

[@lychenus]

hahahahahahahahah slaughter

[@carterstong5124]

This was what I was looking for

[@rusandifernando2580]

i legit paused the video lookin for this comment

[@nat-en5rt]

@@rusandifernando2580 HAHAHAHA SAME

[@ToppyTree]

Hahaha you can't slaughter without laughter

[@zimmychu8722]

I just learned more about world war 2 in these 14 minutes than in 3 classes at school

[@michaelcharlessjoquist2848]

Omer Luxy you sure told him!

[@Thewildanna]

Omer Luxy Actually, this is just someone proving how great crash course is. Everyone care or should care whether or not what they are watching is a waste of time or not. Besides, its the comment section. No one cares that no one cares :/ If you're reading the comments, you sure care so shut your trap. Good day sir~

[@johnnyray9107]

Zimmy Chu Agreed, Crash Course is a great intro to WW2 but 3 classes? Dang that's bad

[@vondavis5319]

Zimmy Chu Yeah this guy is great its more interesting my only mad comment is that he likes Justin beiber at that time...........

[@EpicLuigi24]

Zimmy Chu Did you pay attention during those classes?

[@Rockethead293]

Oh come on, Age Restricted Video.

[@florae2502]

Crash course is where teachers make their students go when they don’t want to teach

[@peterloh6787]

He's my grandfathers story: he was a cook and people threw stuff at him. The end

[@isvack]

Knight of Apollo My grandfather watched the Swedish border for Nazi's with a rifle but not for long because we allied with the Nazi's.

[@boonbrazy338]

Here's a story too: My grandfather was involved in The Raping Of Nanking.

[@boonbrazy338]

Ironically, after the war a group of gay chinese men circlejerked around him.

[@TrinityHealth215]

Knight of Apollo My grandfather was beaten by Navy seamen for dressing sharp in Los Angeles during the Ziut Suit riots. He wasn't even Mexican. We are Apache and he served in the Army.

[@MikeyLikey95]

No soup 4 u

[@raymondgao5877]

thanks for the shoutout but please don't mention Justin Beiber

[@annalabagaba]

+I Just Watch more of a P!nk fan really.

[@dr.alangrant8969]

+Raymond Gao oh yeah

[@chace3073]

+Raymond Gao Anyone else realize how true it is that we are just happy to be mentioned even if made fun of.

[@aidansullivan4568]

This is 4 years from now that's when Justin was "big"

[@dingchat555]

+Chace Smith (ESF) True. Canadians like anything that just mentions us.

[@zack4915]

Question: Why did WW2 start Answer (short): Germany Answer (long): The treaty of Versailles, where France was boss, made german economy crash, giving Shitler the opportunity to rise to power

[@poppymj.little2847]

General Ender 😂 i died ‘shitler’

[@wojtekthebear4958]

This isn't true and you'll be hardpressed to find a historian who agrees with this. Sure, back in the day this was a popular opinion thanks to John Maynard Keynes' The Economic Consequences of the Peace, but he wrote that in 1919, before the effects of the treaty could even be seen. The fact is that Germany was better off than France and Belgium in the 1920's. Sure, they had to pay reparations, but these reparations were negotiated down several times by the United States through the Dawes and Young plans. The country itself wasn't completely torn by war like France and Belgium was since the war never reached Germany. You can still find dud artillery shells in France to this day. You'll never find them in Germany. In France, the interwar years are known as The Hollow Years due to how many men died and how ravaged their land was. You'll find no such designation in Germany. The real cause was the lack of knowledge the German public had of the events of the war. They had little idea they were losing the war until Germany surrendered, so many Germans so the sudden surrender as a betrayal by those in power and, of course, already hated minority groups.

[@CoolParrot14CP16]

@General Ender another reason was because Hitler and Joseph Stalin invaded Poland, and when France and Britain told them to withdrawal they didn't so France and Britain declared war on them.

[@faizalkhan5206]

Shitler😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@jelardmarimon7211]

@@wojtekthebear4958 damn man nice explanation

[@terezastepankova7036]

it always amazes me how people almost never mention czechoslovakia when talking about wwll. such an important element

[@TheYoinkan1503]

Fun Fact: North Korea still believe the USSR exist, and same goes for Yugoslavia and East Germany.

[@tqcticL]

BrainPop mentions it

[@ninavinterova9875]

YES!!! Especially Munich!

[@ninavinterova9875]

@@TheYoinkan1503 Fun fact: Uneducated French people tried to convince me that Czechia was a part of the USSR.

[@chaosXP3RT]

To be fair, this is for American high school students trying to graduate high school with college credits. He's only teaching what they need to know to get an A+

[@TigerRifle1]

Why was "slaughter" such a taboo word? It's pretty much what they did.

[@toshinakae6397]

its not, its the topic that is controversial, at least to stupid right wing nationalists in japan.

[@Triniswe]

Because there are two sides to the story. Some argue that it never happened or that the numbers are exaggerated as a part of propaganda. Even though there are massive amount of evidence that support that massacre/rape of Nanking did happen.

[@TheHalcyonTwilight]

It happened, that's impossible to ignore, but the numbers, treatment, and other things are hotly-disputed. Either way, Japanese soldiers did something horrific.

[@kennandunn7533]

Matthew Messerly Nanking isn't covered in Japanese schools.

[@TheHalcyonTwilight]

Kennan Dunn Same as the Bengal Famine, Bombing of Dresden and the failed Norway offensive aren't taught in British schools.

[@jacob6616]

As a canadian, I appreciate the time you put into your videos to talk about us!

[@oofoof12814]

My grandfather fought in the Pacific theater on the USS Missouri, and my great-grandfather fought in the European theater. He liberated the concentration camps, and he wasn't the same for 20 years after the war.

[@juliuselcheikh5810]

none cares

[@TheSpiderProductions]

@@juliuselcheikh5810 what is wrong with you?!

[@oofoof12814]

1. Screw You. 2. If it was not for the men like my grandfather and great-grandfather who fought in war and the women who worked in the factories, we would all be speaking German or Japanese.

[@TheSpiderProductions]

@@juliuselcheikh5810 disgusting person

[@LearnedSophistry]

Eric Pinteralli what great fear mongering you employed

[@AKASnowballs]

I remember watching this and many **MANY** other CrashCorse videos when I was in middle and high school. These actually got me somewhat interested in the class because of how fun they were. Crazy to believe is, and many other videos from this channel by John Green, are 10 years old now

[@Packers4sb]

War. War never changes.

[@jordanburns358]

Smooth. :D

[@austinduong-van6071]

war does change. we make new tools to kill people

[@waterloo0972]

Dr Dank i think it means war is a constant on earth. everthing changes bt the occurance of wars never does

[@jordanburns358]

Do you seriously not get the reference?

[@minecrop4560]

or does it, the war just changed,

[@CratesOfPlates]

The comments section is full of angry corrections accusing John of being insensitive. These videos are supposed to be simple and quick for kids like me to understand.

[@anthonybrannan4351]

I strongly agree.

[@davewarwicker2512]

Well said. Let's hope some of the common sense permeates into the minds of some of these commenter's :-)

[@soulreaver490]

Flower Girl To simplify understanding of complex subjects inevitably leads to misunderstanding and incorrect beliefs. It is especially dreadful for a kid to realize this when they were taught that the truth about a war that lasted many years is something so simple that it can be summed up within a 13 minute video. In reality, historians have spent these last 70+ years examining and reinterpreting ww2, and there are still people arguing not about little corrections, but massive ideological beliefs that surround this war, a war that is essentially still being fought to this day. In the same way that ww1 led to ww2, ww2 led to all the wars afterward including the fighting happening this very day. In other words, ww2 is anything but simple or quick, and this video is a disservice to humans everywhere, especially when it is targeted at kids, like you say.

[@anthonybrannan4351]

the Truth is Beautiful Well said

[@stephan2053]

the Truth is Beautiful I highly agree with your statement. I think that many problems in today's world are caused by a lack of understanding, an impatience that inevitably leads to conflict rather than peace. I wish people would just talk more, it would help a lot. My only disagreement is like Flower Girl said, this is a video for kids to help us with a class or a particular chapter. it's meant to give the facts so we do well on a test, and enteratin us as well. It is everyone's responsibility to better understand and interpret these events on our own if we are to better understand the world we live in. It's not the first time we've mbeen misinformed either, I was taught that Columbus was a awesome guy who discovered America (I'm paraphrasing of course), and that there are no such things as negative numbers (Or negative even roots of numbers, stupid i). It's a lot of complicated details, too much for kids to comprehend all at once. It's easier to misinform them at first and slowly clarify as the years go on.

[@FectoForgoGaming]

KZbin age-restricting this video should be a crime, because these videos are taught in schools. We're being deprived of education by "Community Guidelines", even though we're supposed to watch this.

[@thetf8142]

Germany just finished paying off ww1 fines in 2010

[@zoxeme]

I'm canadian; you can have Beiber

[@plumbusl.9190]

JP G Na, Us Americans seriously appreciate the offer, but you can keep him :)

[@KingGamingOfficial]

Let's just pull a Bir Tawil and say he doesn't belong to either of us

[@lapisleafuli1817]

I have an idea. let's give him to Antarctica.

[@zoxeme]

LOL, if you ask me, absolutely! as a token of good will, we can had to the mix Nickleback and Celine Dion! we are so generous ;-) we keep Rush though...

[@lapisleafuli1817]

JP G what happened to Canadian friendliness.

[@jordandavies2175]

As a Canadian, I appreciate all your comments and hope that your mittens keep you warm through the winter. Also, great video as always!

[@bbdlcn]

John green is our generations social studies Bill Nye

[@Yeeterson2727]

Soviet Union : *load rocket launcher* China :*gets in tank* Germany :*cocks shotgun* Greece :*looks at gun* “what am I supposed to do wit dis?”

[@LiamNosliw]

Why would anyone say that WW2 started with the USA joined the war.

[@thartle8]

have you met Americans?

[@shadowlexXx1214]

Because it wasnt a World War without America??? The Term World War is All the Major Nations Fighting and America wasnt fighting at that time so Technically it was a World War Yet.

[@thartle8]

gabe johnson Canada declared war 2 years before the US so that argument doesn't quite work. Unless you say that Canada doesn't make America count but then I will argue Europe wasn't in the world war because Switzerland never declared war

[@learn905]

i think it because we we the last big entree in the war and we kinda did a lot look at maps of germany before america got there they kinda already on and if it wasnt japan it would all be germany

[@LiamNosliw]

tommy g Are you now trying to say that if it wasn't for the USA then the Nazis would have won WW2?

[@strongman325]

When mentioning death counts I’m curious why you didn’t mention that Poland lost over 6 million citizens (about half of them were Jewish but the other half weren’t), amounting to about 19% of it’s pre-war population.

[@INecr0]

More than 6 million (over 3 million ethnic Poles) and it constituted 22.2% of its total pre-war population.

[@christianmygind799]

Tbh thats nothing compared to the soviets. 80% of males born in 1921 ended up dead before 1945

[@lukastanner8317]

@@christianmygind799 wow that's unbelievable. Mostly because of wars. I guess.

[@Heresjonnyagain]

Christian Mygind but the war only accounted for a minority of those deaths. The rest because Stalinism sucked.

[@Heresjonnyagain]

Christian Mygind it’s also more like 68%

[@kaismith3421]

Interesting Fact:- Fanta Was Created During W_W_2 due to some necessity

[@gloriesnormaldude7513]

Fanta means hope or something in German i think

[@FearScherer]

I'm curious but too lazy to look anything up....

[@Iron_of_man]

You have it half right. The German branch of Coca-cola couldn't continue making products, as the war effort heavily restricted the company's access to supplies. So, they tried experimenting, to create a popular drink out of the limited resources they had. After some trial and error, Fanta was born. Fanta is short for Fantasia (Fantasy in English).

[@ahmadsuleman9045]

Also Mercedes-Benz

[@gabrielochoa3083]

US: we are the grater military power Canada: hold my maple syrup

[@Breyerlover4ever23]

I love this comment.

[@motherphonics5843]

Wow XD

[@angel-astanfield7939]

💕🇨🇦

[@Nick-who-loves-cilantro]

"grater" Pass the parmesan, please.

[@You-pk6jh]

The US is much stronger and has always been stronger. Saying canadians won the war of 1812 is like saying the US won the 7 years war. Neither were a country at the time.

[@robt3078]

I think Canada got a "little bit" of help from the British empire back in 1812.

[@kjennacornelis4784]

Rob T well i think that britain and Canada still had a good relation ship better then with america so

[@dkblitz4538]

Canada wasn't even a country yet.

[@kjennacornelis4784]

Hayden Snauwaert If im not mistaken Canada was a part of the brithis empire back then and it still the same land i mean before 1830 Belgium was not independent yet but the land was there names maybe changed If so then sorry in de old age Belgium was Just the lower contries so i dont know about Canada but im pretty sure it was part of the brithis and i think they did not hate them so much as the americans did

[@engmac8178]

We were the British empire back then

[@AaronSaysSKOL]

The grammar in this comment section is killing my brain cells.

[@ayy1244]

I love how he barely mentioned the North African front...

[@shooterrick1]

TBOTB- The Best Of The Best It wasn't as important than some other fronts.

[@ayy1244]

Thats a bit mean m8 ( ͠° ͟ʖ ͡°)

[@enriqueduran6289]

I was thinking the same thing!!!

[@shooterrick1]

***** How about you justify your position?

[@mitchellwinchcombe488]

The commonwealth victory in north africa cut the axis off from limitless resources and control of the Mediterranean. What does that mean? Germany and Italy would never accomplish Mare Nostrum and cemented their defeat. ANZAC-Commonwealth for the win~

[@janayahanley3398]

I was just about to say “What about the Canadians!?”, and then you read us a letter. Well, shucks. Sorry, bud. Thanks for the letter!

[@saifkhouri6609]

Now that this is showing up on my feed I'm REALLY worried

[@kale-qn5tc]

ww3 coming soon

[@sophiashokraei2121]

Dear Canada, We love you. From, The United States of America

[@mojunez1374]

-Donald Trump

[@AureliusR]

Dear United States of America, If you truly love us, please don't vote for that asshat Trump. Sincerely, Canadians EVERYWHERE

[@AureliusR]

xDrummerJx Why? So he can build a wall between our countries and completely alienate the whole world?

[@AureliusR]

xDrummerJx If you truly believe that's what Mexican immigrants are doing, or that it has any appreciable effect on the economy, or, MOST IMPORTANTLY, there aren't WAY better things to spend than money on, then only a FOOL would vote for Trump!

[@sophiashokraei2121]

+Aurelius R I won't trust me

[@sarahp6512]

Thank you for the open letter John, we appreciate the acknowledgement of our awesomeness. (Also you can have Bieber, we don't want him)

[@ophegraven]

dont skip to act 5

[@sarahp6512]

What? I don't understand...

[@ophegraven]

it was a very vague reference to homestuck.

[@sarahp6512]

Oh ok. (Tbh I wish I could skip to act 5 since the first acts are so boring)

[@mouadgranderson9618]

nah canada keep bieber were cool.

[@jeerenderchauhan4248]

Indian soilders also participated in both the ww's but no one mention them

[@markhenley3097]

Jeerender Chauhan Yup as many as 2 million Indians fought in the British Indian Army, but they were just a colony so I guess, just like Canada and SA, they aren't mentioned too much. The Burma Campaign was important though, and Anzacs are defiantly overrated.

[@kostantinos2297]

Jeerender Chauhan Numerous countries fought in either or both world wars. India did not do anything special.

[@TheIceColdBikeDestroyer]

@@kostantinos2297 India was one of the reasons that Britain could fight a large World War due to the resources we got from India without India winning the war would have been more difficult

[@shehran6936]

South Asian. Indians aren't an ethnic group. Also he did mention South Asians.

[@friendlycreature6375]

algerians also fought in ww2

[@Zzz_Gamer]

7:43 I love how even John Green's face ceases to be red when he finishes his speech by saying "best wishes, John Green". 😂

[@Mr2ndAmendment]

This video did the impossible by doing a decent job at summarizing a war that we all know had many details, twists, and turns. I have only one real complaint: The German military during World War II was not completely aligned with the Nazi Party -only the most fanatical officers and generals were actually Nazis. The average grunt on the front lines or auxiliary support soldier was, for the most part, an average German who wanted to serve his country or got caught up in the war effort. The German military was comprised of many components, but the largest ground force (the Wehrmacht) was a fighting force, not the Nazi party. In fact, some soldiers disagreed with Nazi politics (or were generally disinterested in politics), most notably was General Erwin Rommel who famously defied Hitler at times and is considered by both sides to be one of the greatest soldiers and military minds of the 20th Century. Long story short, to refer to all German military forces as "Nazis" shows a gross over-simplification that I can't overlook as a dedicated historian and as a soldier.

[@alexriner7182]

people like to say things like this, but never say similar things about the characterization of all Russian troops as communist. In the end the just following orders line of thought falls pretty flat if you accept things like free will.

[@mickeydiver17]

Alex Riner Both the Germans & Soviets in ww2 had large numbers of fanatics who's sole job was to execute anybody who did not follow orders (& they did it with a vengance!) which kind of takes away the concept of "free will" wouldn't you say? Or would you say "no I won't do that because I don't believe it's right" with a machine gun aimed at you? Because if you did that, I would say well done & bye bye & get on with the job, or you could always blow your own brains out & make it quick. If you don't believe this happened, just do some very basic research!

[@alexriner7182]

someone threatening violence has no impact on free will.

[@Mr2ndAmendment]

mickeydiver17 There is great evidence to show (at least for the German side only) that consciousness objectors to genocide or murder were not penalized within the ranks. If a German solider couldn't or wouldn't commit war crimes he was generally assigned to a neutral or unrelated duty and that was generally the end of it. They didn't want the "uncommitted" on the forefront of their ideology -if you were a concentration camp guard or otherwise personally involved in these atrocities you were definitely part of the dedicated who subscribed to Nazi ideals. The Nazi leadership did realize that duties related to mass-murder started to mentally wear on the troops who were doing these things, which caused the Germans to initiate efforts to take the personal aspect out of the killing. They moved away from shooting people and started leaning towards gassing people, first in trucks then in "showers" and so on -this was in an effort to be efficient but also to take the mental strain off their guys. By taking these measures they got less objectors and those who wanted to do it took less of a personal toll in doing so. This only applies to the German predicament -the Soviet Union was an entirely other aspect and they absolutely had people who's sole job was to weed out and kill those who didn't fall in line and do as they were ordered. Everybody talks about the Holocaust, as we rightfully should, but people fail to mention the atrocities committed by Japan and the Soviet Union on its own people -which, numerically speaking, were far worse. This is just one major component to the overall debate about how much the German military and populace really knew about the Holocaust -and I don't think that can truly be answered with a "one size fits all" answer.

[@TheJetnerd]

Well many peoples, civilisations or how you want to call it have done some sort of murdering particular people, e.g. There were 2 great Persecutions against christians. Its nothing new The thing is that the germans did it with such cruel precision and took it to a new level considering number of deaths in a timespan

[@francoisancebou]

THANK YOU FOR MENTIONING ARGENTINA. Most historians tend to forget about it when speaking of WWII.

[@SuperQuiMan]

It's because just after helping the British they were inmidiately flooded by German and Italian inmigrants, that industrialized the country and generated a huge grown in population but didn't recieve any punishments for their actions at war.

[@MephLeo]

+Franco Vázquez Ancebou Yeah. It pisses me off that they always forget that South America is an actual part of the world and shares its history. Brazil and Argentina are interesting cases to analyse when talking about WWII, because they attempted neutrality, because its governments were actually sympathetic towards Germany and because USA kinda bought their alliance, kinda forced them into war siding the Allies. Brazil actually sent troops to Italy and fought major air battles. No one talks about.

[@brandonfierro8264]

+Franco Vázquez Ancebou all historians have lied to the world

[@MephLeo]

***** Nope, i guess not.

[@larrylawson8105]

+Franco Vázquez Ancebou American historians tend to forget all other nations of WW-II and other conflicts where they've had plenty of necessary help. They even quickly forgot that without the North American Indians they'd never have won their War of Independence against England. They also conveniently forget the help they had from the French during the War Between The States; without which the North could never have won and held the nation together.

[@victorolomu315]

WWII was hilarious. -Said Nobody Ever

[@Larsx22]

yup thats what he said

[@HasSalute]

Dabbing Unicorn said me

[@goldenduck3931]

WW2 is the most memed part of history.

[@sixth2632]

World war three won’t

[@dLimboStick]

Obviously never saw McCales Navy.

[@taqqiraja2722]

My grandfather was an Indian soldier for British Army in ww2...He used to tell the stories of air strikes and encounters with many snakes in jungles.He passed away in 2014 at the age of 94.

[@1973Washu]

The "Keep calm and carry on" poster was not officially released in WW2 since it was intended to be distributed if the Nazis actually staged an invasion. The posters lay forgotten in a MoD warehouse until they were discovered in 2000 and became popular.

[@sambeatty2312]

"The history channel before it decided that swamp people were history" Finally another person who misses old history channel.

[@davidbrickman2911]

I agree to

[@dhoffheimerj]

"Slaughter" is the right word.

[@CraigC74]

Italians watching this video breathed a sigh of relief

[@Michelle_Schu-blacka]

Why would anybody suggest WWII started when america finally joined?

[@thisdude0130]

Princess Nakoruru WORLD war, not EUROPEAN war

[@DucksUwU]

Yes, because the ongoing fighting in Southeast Asia and Africa when American joined was soooo European

[@Michelle_Schu-blacka]

Owen Jones You presumed I was american from my comment?

[@owenjones7517]

Princess Nakoruru No, I was agreeing with you. I meant "you" to refer to someone who might think WWII started at Pearl Harbour because they're an American

[@Michelle_Schu-blacka]

Owen Jones Oops. My bad. 😘⛄🌻

[@MQuaritch]

"Rome was liberated"? Hahaha haven't laughed so badly for weeks.. :D

[@phillipyan7216]

Not really the mongols, but the Huns. They were part mongols and part something else.

[@MQuaritch]

The German forces occupied Rome, but you cannot really call this a "conquering". It was more a reaction on the Italian traitors or hang Benito and started attacking the German forces trying to defend their country against the allied invadors.

[@TheHalcyonTwilight]

Once North Africa was lost to the Allies Germany retreated across the Med to Italy. The Allies' plan was to open another front in Italy, with the British using their naval superiority and air forces stationed on Malta to move troops and supplies across. The Italians they captured almost entirely gave no fucks about Mussolini and so they believed the Italians would welcome them. The Germans reacted, as allowing Italy to fall would open a Southern Front right on their border, all while the Reds were pushing hard from the East, and an ever-present threat of a Western front from the Allies loomed. They captured all Italian personnel and materiel, annexing the country. There are many reports of Italians being found chained to their machinegun positions as they simply did not want to fight on Mussolini or Germany's behalf. The Germans saw them as fodder. Look up Operation Asche and the Massacre of the Acqui. Italy was effectively a hostage/slave country of Germany by this point, and German soldiers executed any who didn't follow their orders. Ultimately the Allies broke through, Mussolini was dragged through the streets of Rome then executed. The Italians eventually got their country back, but the Southern Front was stalled long enough that first the Eastern then the Western front reached Berlin first.

[@MQuaritch]

Yes. Italy betrayed Germany. Every country would have acted the way Germany did. It was the only possible way they left to the Germans. Italy opened several fronts and failed there, leaving it up to Germany to "tide them up". Then when Mussolini's power in Italy started to become weaker and weaker the Germans logically had to react, in order not to lose Italy as an ally. They took over most parts of Italy and fortified themselves there. Until the end of the war, the Western allues did not manage to capture all of Italy and only in Spring 1945 they managed to build a bridgehead on the eastern side of the river Rhine. So, Germany did not "invade" or "steal" Italy, they only reminded them that they entered the war on the Axis side and cannot just "switch sides" whenever the war changes its course. Also, don't forget that at that time, there existed two "Italies", one facist and one communist part. Each of them fighting against the other, one lead by the communists and one lead by Mussolini. Mussolini still had several houndreds of thousands of men on his side, helping the Germans to defend their country against the Allied invadors. The term "liberation" does not really fit there.

[@TheHalcyonTwilight]

Yeah, if only the Italian people saw it that way...

[@debido4195]

im just waiting for a comment that isnt assigned for history and just genuinely like history

[@Jesse-cx4si]

Not bad, but you COMPLETELY skipped the CAUSES of WW II.

[@maryjeanjones1940]

Britain &France declared war on Germany two days after German aggression toward Poland. Both countries agreed to support Poland but Hitler did not care so he attacked Poland on Sept 1, 1939. Consequently WW2 was underway.

[@Jesse-cx4si]

Mary Jean Jones Thanks for the comment, but that’s not the cause. To be fair, a KZbin video on the causes of WWII should probably be it’s own, separate production. But to put it VERY simply, Germany got economically, militarily, and territorially screwed by the treaty of WWI. As their nation began to decline into a horrible state of no hope, the people were desperate for some sign of a positive future for Germany. Combined with the rise and “success” of Italian facism and a man like reltiH flodA (he doesn’t deserve respect of naming) you get the Nazi Party winning over these desperate people. The pride of Germany began to grow again, and with it a strong desire to reclaim the territory it lost a generation earlier. Then the fact that England and France wanted NOTHING to do with another major war in Europe their leaders sat on their hands while reltiH rebuilt the military (German military history and prowess over a 150 years made that rebuilding much easier). By the time the socialist and facist shitheads rearmed their nation there wasn’t a lot any nation could do to prevent another WW. 😞 I know there a LOT of other factors that play into the cause of WWII, but I think this kinda sums it. Maybe?

[@kiksmello3878]

I think he briefly mentioned it at the end if the WWI video.

[@sol2544]

@@kiksmello3878 He did, but I dont think he mentioned how bad the situation for japan was, and why they had to attack america

[@wilmer89]

Da evil Hitlah

[@benjaminmahan7423]

You missed the part where I won

[@TigerRifle1]

an all expense paid trip to hell?

[@tommykamentz3427]

I won.

[@tjtt-qe5tn]

Research him you Will find out that he was t a bad guy, he never invaded he was liberating Germans, and the holocaust research it more evidence of religion

[@idontknow3718]

wait... where is skeletor???

[@orlandofurioso392]

+Hermann Fegelein FEGELEIN! FEGELEIN! FEGELEIN!

[@sleepyturtle6599]

When u need last minute crash course cause the next day you have a kahoot and dont want to throw your face infront of the class

[@theironpickaxe5787]

You know Kahoot?! I thought it was indian!

[@user-yr7mf3fr3e]

the iron pickaxe its worldwide

[@waldokayaking2703]

i love all the emotion in the open letter, then he just goes straight to monotone for the "best wishes" lmao. totally just ridiculously hilarious

[@nikkiagoodall9806]

Where did you get the ‘this machine kills fascists’ sticker? I love it.

[@ZEtruckipu]

I can't believe you haven't talk about the treaty of Versaille to explain the roots of the conflict in europe.

[@matthewsteele99]

my guess is because he had limited time to do so

[@sorwoggpm]

He totally did talk about that, weren't you paying attention?

[@Bowmerang]

It's probably because he knows that the Treaty of Versailles has long been misaligned by people as a primary cause of World War 2, when it truly wasn't. He points out that World War 2 was caused by a multitude of factors, but one reason he emphasizes as a major cause of the war was expansionism.

[@theonlylampshade]

It's because the Treaty of Versailles is not to blame, it's a common misconception that lets Germany off the hook.

[@GustavoRivasMendez]

theonlylampshade Germany fell into what is probably the greatest economic depression a nation has ever seen thanks to the extremely unfair terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and you say it is not to blame? You could argue that was not a direct reason, since when Hitler comes to power he restores Germany's economy in what was seen as an "economic miracle". But its not like the Germans had forgotten what was done to them.

[@roastedturkey2484]

Love how he calls The Soviets "Russians" even tho only like 49% of the Soviet Union was Russian

[@UNRNetwork]

Ivan Katlianik Nice generalization. Every American refers to Britain as England? Yea you're right. (Sarcastic comment is sarcastic)

[@jayb1797]

Ivan Katlianik I mean we have Canadian teams also have been trying to introduce American football to the U.K. And Europe by playing football (American foootball) games in London Its just that the rest of the world doesn't seem to interests in American sports like baseball and football well at least the eastern hemisphere

[@dablasit]

I love how you wanted to make your comment more relevant by saying a percentage that was less than 50% lol. It's ok, we get your point, but you don't need to lie: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union#Ethnic_groups It's a little bit more than 51%. But I agree, this isn't like a company's shares, the one who has the most, doesn't own it.

[@BlueHawkPictures17]

if you part of sssr, you are russian comrade

[@johannesk3845]

Because Russia was the main country. The majority of the UDDSR countries didn't want to belong to the the Soviet Union. They were forced by Russia. That's why it fell apart so fast around 1990.

[@FreeWaves9]

7:37 uNiVeRsAl hEaLtHcArE

[@nahyunkwon7059]

Can you please do a crash course history on the Korean world war?

[@GuyFromTheSouth]

Yes id like this too

[@fizzylavie17]

Sorry to disappoint you guys but this series has ended like years ago. (But it was mentioned in episode 38: The Cold War in Asia)

[@susannam3733]

CRAMMING FOR THAT AP TEST THE NIGHT BEFORE THO

[@angelinaae2035]

lmao me too man

[@angiebsustaeta]

same

[@JETFPC]

+susan nam heheeh, so am I xD. Like if you're SCREW LIKE ME :D

[@lukestoddard4272]

+JET FPC Same to all of that

[@jenniferamaya8988]

Same 😂

[@user-ur4ds7jp6y]

The US knew about pearl harbour and made Japan do it so they could join the war... *Grabs popcorn*

[@hittman1412]

didn't america cut off japan's supply of oil or something?

[@Flaco_-jv5xd]

+Phthalo Green Yep

[@Whitneypyant]

+Phthalo Green after Japan invaded China.

[@DawnlightGames]

Vaccines cause autism... Hoo boy, we're in for a long one!

[@TigerRifle1]

Slavery didn't cause the Civil War, the CIA killed JFK, and Obama is Kenyan

[@angelalvarez3921]

I'm watching this 1 day before my final😂

[@patrickandjoey3286]

Angel Alvarez that’s funny good luck

[@p7outdoors297]

Same

[@Veronotic_9]

Took my exam. It did not have much on ww2 for some reason. Mostly ancient civilization.

[@fangirl-inator1094]

I'm watching this the day of my final, looks like we're in the same boat

[@Veronotic_9]

@@fangirl-inator1094 good luck

[@mr.randumguy3378]

My teacher made me watch this

[@RenzoM2811]

I hope you are glad to hsve watched it.

[@trapgeek7489]

Lucky...

[@mystery785]

Mr. Random Guy my homework told me to watch this

[@mystery785]

ChakRaLight it's still enjoyable to watch Unlike the stuff your teacher puts on a projector in class Except fot bill nye the science guy

[@mario1234567890ify]

Wow you are a piece of work.

[@MegaElectriceyes]

As a Canadian THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE COMPLIMENTS! Please enjoy the mittens Mr.Green

[@lemondude6174]

^^These comments confirm his message x.x

[@jessicagifford2871]

I feel like we should send him some kind of tim hortons

[@tashreeqa_ek]

I was thinking timbits and icecaps AND THANK YOU MR.GREEN WE APPRECIATE YOUR HUMBLE REPLY. I understand you are a big fan. Maybe we can ship you Justin Bieber next time. Enjoy :)

[@khaledmehy-dine5199]

History is written by the Victors

[@jayjung5234]

Victor who?

[@khaledmehy-dine5199]

+NiggaBlossom okay that's funny i must addmit😂😂

[@stuckinaconstant7132]

It isnt really like that. Nowadays there are historians that write history. They compare events and they get to a logical conlussion that (of course) is based on the events. As for the past, I couldnt agree with you more, but all of that has been corrected today.

[@khaledmehy-dine5199]

+Lazaros Mazlos believe me there is still place for changing the truth today and it still happens not everything you hear on the TV is real

[@stuckinaconstant7132]

I dont watch TV for the exact reason. I study people that have proven their theories.

[@rhiannonoliver7203]

ITS JOHN FRICKING GREEN OH MY LORD. I was talking about his novels and my friend was like, he does a crash course in history and I didn’t even believe it.

[@pujamahabir21]

Awesome notes to take down for my history test. Thanks CC, I love this channel, I use it for History, Biology and sometimes Physics❤️❤️❤️📖😀

[@PUARockstar]

Russia didn't participated in WWII. USSR did. That's a very different things. *offended*

[@PUARockstar]

lol

[@imperialcrusader2647]

Russia is the successor and most of the population was Russian and the capital was in Russia. It's like how most British people are considered English because England is the largest and most powerful of the UK.

[@Drace90]

Then also Germany didn't participate in WW2. It was the German Reich back then. Also very different.

[@PUARockstar]

Drace90 that's also true.

[@imperialcrusader2647]

***** The USSR was a country of countries the biggest and more powerful one was Russia. You're leaving out Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, the Baltic States, Kazakhstan and others. .

[@laurencollins8988]

My teacher always plays this! Now I'm just watching this for fun.

[@Shimamon27]

I think this show needs to be displayed everywhere as "Get the basics"... Come to think of it, education can move to the internet... In some regions of the world.

[@alexalvarez3711]

Lauren Collins same

[@mikeor-]

All four of my grandparents lived under Stalin. My paternal grandfather was eighteen when Stalin died on March 5th, 1953. He remembers how Malenkov was the pallbearer at Stalin's funeral. He also remembers Molotov's speech, the one where he said; ''Our Great Comrade Stalin has left us. Our dear friend, our wise teacher, our affectionate father has left this world.'' Stalin was a god to my grandparents. It was only in 1956, when Khrushchev made his secret speeches that began De-Stalinization that they learned that Stalin was just a man. However, they still believed Lenin was a god until Perestroika in 1987.

[@leeoswald668]

Slaughter is too easy word for Nanking events

[@cam3739]

ok lee oswald

[@leeoswald668]

@@cam3739 ok cameron

[@manhoeban]

Lee Oswald them being slaughtered is sadly like an understatement

[@billiejean6520]

so much for john green being neutral

[@nosuchthing8]

elaborate please.

[@billiejean6520]

exactly

[@Unromantisches]

Please explain yourself.

[@Tyronejizz]

what do you mean explain yourself. hes oviously supporting the allies.

[@billiejean6520]

ill explain, just let me watch the video again

[@antonio-eu1dm]

It was the British and Canadians who liberated Rome, America focused on Operation Dragoon after the Sicily Campaign.

[@mattparry5172]

Well said.

[@vladislavslava7539]

Canada like brits, Canada hates Americans

[@unprofessionalopinions4972]

Mathew DiGirolamo I wouldn't say that Canadians hate Americans. We just strive for our own identity separate from America. A lot of people view Canada as "Americas Hat", and that's what Canadians dislike. Not America as a whole.

[@dbzshadow1440]

I don't think of Canada as our hat. More of a sister nation.

[@Abdul54cp]

MinecraftNow I've been to parlament and they're called embassies

[@elifderen1000]

You are very fast but informative .Thank you

[@danielkennedy6477]

go crash course world history!!!!! Loving the videos, i have seen all of them, they are amazing. Your ME FROM THE PAST is kinda funny.

[@cachetona4794]

I watch these for fun ... 🙃

[@liamtw679]

I'd mock you for it, but I do to.

[@Papapoley]

Diana Alvirde same

[@jannah8230]

I watch these because my teacher is making me watch em and I have a quiz on this video

[@amalihomer7626]

"Six millions Jews" is the funniest thing

[@happymonky123]

Same a healthy obsession with history

[@lorenawood344]

The comment section is a lot more entertaining then the video.

[@timd7]

*than

[@oftenwrong.]

I love history. I can't go back in time to stop it or change it. BUT hopefully we all learn from it!

[@PidgeotWiz]

Oh my god I remember these from freshman year of high school, now I’m a college sophomore and just remembering these, I can’t believe it’s been 5 years

[@stever415]

I really enjoy John's closing monologue about how the pinnacle of Western Civilization and our ideas of a progressive society isn't immune to the savagery of human nature. It scares me to see just how civility, egalitarianism, and humanitarianism are walking a thin line between cruelty, brutality, and viciousness. This is what I love about history because it teaches us the lessons of past mistakes and it allows us never forget the hardships others had to face in order for us to be where we are today.

[@joellaz9836]

I'm also amazed that a country like Germany, which is deemed very civilised and cultured, could be so barbaric.

[@lelexoxo303]

+Joella Z Yeah. Nowadays it's civilised and cultured.

[@mizo5471]

Or the nuclear bombing from the US to end the war as a desperate attempt to prevent further manpower loss from both sides. Tl:dr There is no good in war, no matter how "justifiable" an own country might proclaim. The further it lasts, the greater the desperation of soldiers, generals, civials is, which prompt them into commiting horrible acts.

[@mizo5471]

You're right :D

[@ibrahimahmed8926]

An Alliance that would stand the test of time until like 3 seconds after the defeat of the Nazis. XDDDDDD

[@ibrahimahmed8926]

Michał Jędrzejewski I agree that they never mention the war with Finland but they talk a fair bit about the genocides Stalin committed against the Slavs and the millions of his own people he starved. 1 thing I always find hilarious is that when his own son tried to commit suicide and failed, Stalin said "See, he can't even shoot straight" lol

[@wcimlovin9098]

ibrahim ahmed WWII is mostly known as conflict in Europe or Pacific (Sometimes somebody might mention war in Africa) rarely connected to any fights outside of these territories .

[@ibrahimahmed8926]

Michał Jędrzejewski Can't argue with that

[@wilensgalette2253]

This is my favorite episode of this show that I’ve seen so far

[@MichaelBricks]

Anybody watching this in 2019 after John Started doing history videos again so you could see the difference?

[@theonlylampshade]

I get what he means and all, but how could you EVER argue that World War 2 started when America joined in 1941?...

[@kingofzero100]

Well, it could have been considered that because America's entree brought all of the World's Major powers into the war. ( i dont think it did, but this could be a reason.)

[@theonlylampshade]

kingofzero100 I don't think so, or that would give indefinite times to every single war in human history. With such logic World War I could have lasted only 1 year, or been two wars, given the USA's late entry and Russia's early exit. Unlike the question whether the war truly started with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, or the German invasion of Poland, the American entree added no theatre to the war to make the 'world' part complete.

[@kingofzero100]

theonlylampshade Hmm True

[@Ariminua]

World War 2 started in 1941 if you were an American. Not much to it. Just like Europeans would say 1939 because of the invasion of Poland. Or Chinese would say 1937 because of the second Sino-Japanese war.

[@theonlylampshade]

Ariminua The Chinese don't say that though, generally the Chinese judge the war to have started in 1939. When global conflict broke out. The war may have started _for_ an American in 1941, but the war did not start in 1941 - two completely different things.

[@ablakehall4734]

On a scale of 1 to 10, (10 being the highest) I rate your video an 8. Your one ENORMOUS problem is that, you don't discuss World War I. You simply cannot discuss the 'causes' of WWII without delving into WWI. Now that I've said that... For everyone reading this: After Germany lost WWI the entire country was destroyed economically, and had rules placed on it so that it could never again build itself. This caused the common people of Germany, to get pissed off. The air was ripe for someone like Hitler to come in and cause an uprising.

[@deriznohappehquite]

If you were to list all the causes of World War One, it would probably by about 300 pages long. The list of causes for World War Two can be summed up with "World War One".

[@MrHayrettinify]

***** It would take me 2 words to explain both ww1 and 2(and the coming3rd) Greater Israel

[@Ted52]

Hayrettin Çağman UYSAL WW1 is "Greater Israel"? You mean, the annexiation of Palestine from a muslim empire by a christian one? Legit stupidity is legit.

[@MrHayrettinify]

Jews were there only the Israel wasn't existed they jews are purchasing those lands they are doing it right know too they are purchasing the lands where isis captured for a very low price its simple as that

[@MrHayrettinify]

I want to add this too in the last 3500 years there is only 230 years passed without any war technology is better these days so i would recommend y'all too get prepared for a war but you must chose your side wisely

[@Welderswife1]

Excellent history lesson. Thank you!