The Long Lost Candelaria

A disjunct (and extremely out of place) population of Euphorbia antisyphylitica that was likely a case of human-assisted dispersal is the focus of today's video, but a number of other remarkable subjects (Peyote, Petrified Wood, Arrow points, Stone Tools, and Star Cactus) make their way into this episode as we once again explore the vanishing thorn scrub of the borderlands of South Texas.
I had been wanting to track this plant down for a while, and as most land in South Texas is private, it took me a year and a half to finally find it and then be granted access to it. Sadly - since 96% of land in Texas is private - like so many other rare plants in this state, it is likely to be destroyed and this population lost forever once the property is turned into a solar farm, but herbarium vouchers were made and accessioned at Sul Ross State University should DNA be needed to do systematic studies at some point in the future.
Your contributions support this content. It sounds clichéd, but it's true. Whether it's travel expenses, vehicle repair, or medical costs for urushiol poisoning (or rockfalls, beestings, hand slices, toxic sap, etc), your financial support allows this content to continue so the beauty of Earth's flora can be made accessible to the rest of us in the degenerate public. At a time when so much is disappearing beneath the human footprint, CPBBD is willing to do whatever it takes to document these plant species and the ecological communities they are a part of before they're gone for good.
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Thanks, GFY.

[@geelee1977]

Documenting and saving these plants before the over population of human waste leads to the decimation of useful plants that my ancestors depended on is the most honorable action. Thank you again for your service, you and Benny both. ✌

[@C.Chandler_May]

Dude, I love your channel. Have learned a lot about botany & swearing.. cheer's!

[@springbloom5940]

...and peyote

[@edgarallenpoe8457]

@@cwtrain Hey bozo, your reply correcting May's grammar is grammatically incorrect.

[@xXScissorHandsXx]

Happy to know there are people like Benny, out there saving whole ass special plants groups just so they can stick around while our ignorant side just buldozes and puts slabs or asphalt over it... Thank you for what you do 🤘

[@geelee1977]

Yes, Benny and the owner. Sad what has to occur just for energy. We need to just cut back on consumption.

[@craigrainbow7674]

Speaking from the ignorant side, were not all just killing everything we have to clear, most of it sure but not all. I've got cedars and junipers that I personally saved and I've got some sort of purple wild flower that shoots up during the spring from something I brought home at some point.

[@xXScissorHandsXx]

@@craigrainbow7674 That's honestly appreciated to know and I'd wager that would safely put it out of ignorant and into realistically saving what you can, in regard to stuff you can't stop on your own but can help some things slip through the cracks of pending annihilation.

[@jimmyg7100]

My Freind. They are saving this environment because some Gretta wants to put a solar farm there. Just to let you guys know that in some states if some Gretta moves next door to you and puts up solar panels. They can use the state to force you to cut down a 300-year-old oak tree just because it might shade their solar panels. Yes, you have to pay for it.

[@geelee1977]

@@jimmyg7100 What states? Forcing someone to cut a tree that crosses over into your property line has been legal since, well, the U.S. existed. The claim that mere shade provides legal reason to have it cut on private property...well, I'm dubious. I'm rather versed in property law, and I seriously doubt the validity of so much as a single one of your claims.

[@Nobody-cw4wm]

So distressing to know those prickly old men who’ve been growing out there in the desert for who knows how long, hundreds of years maybe, are doomed shortly, that’s infuriating!

[@michellejarvis7878]

It was so sweet when you apologized to the candelaria for not being able to take everybody. Commenting for the algorithm as well.

[@ross2462]

Something I realized recently about your channel is that you're an archive. If these plants die in the wild, they're somewhat immortalized here. I like that, I really like what you do, especially as I see damage to the ecosystem I live in.

[@hobosorcerer]

If we have geological surveyors to make sure potential fossils aren't damaged by construction projects, then why don't we have the same thing for plants?

[@jimmyg7100]

Because state actors use "Environmentalism" as an excuse to screw with their competition.

[@hobosorcerer]

@@jimmyg7100 Could you provide a bit more context to this statement? I don't quite get what you're trying to convey.

[@Vinitachi]

There are biologist/environmental monitors who do do that for plants, but usually they are around for animals. The decision of having them, other monitors (cultural, native, and paleontological) and protections depends on state and federal law. Most states really don't have anything on the books so nothing happens much. Work on federal land does fall under NEPA and a bunch of other federal laws/regulations so you do see the protections/monitors out there but... they have to be enforced (recently there was work on/near a federal fossil site with no one there that damaged a lot).

[@jimmyg7100]

@@hobosorcerer kzbin.info/www/bejne/pZu4fZ6NerqmhtU

[@jimmyg7100]

@@Vinitachi So. Do I need a bathroom pass in order to take a shit?

[@Darth_SurgeYo]

I didn’t know Candelaria grew in south Texas. I thought it was just in west Texas and Coahuila. My family in Coahuila used to harvest it and turn it Into wax and sell it to buyers from the cities. It’s really hard work, your working in the heat plus the big hot ass fire they use for processing plus the acid they use to separate the wax. Have you tried cruising thru big bend or the Chihuahuan Desert nature center? Lots of good stuff. Have you tried the Chinati mountains? Maybe come out to Fort Stockton ;) I know a few spots with some good fauna.

[@nerner266]

I'm just in awe at how palpable it is that the earth from the past and the earth we live now is the same one in this video. Some of these things are unimaginably old, they have seen many and very little things, someone chipped rocks there and they're still there like they left them thousands of years later, there was a swamp but it dried and the trees are still there. There is some much history in this place, and the solar panels are another chapter. But the land will still be there, when they're gone and the only thing that remains is a couple of scraps.

[@Bas0000]

This vid has everything-action, adventure, romance…great work!

[@TJDST4]

Still a better love story than Twilight

[@user-tw8nn6ry2b]

this guy knows what out in the sticks means

[@cbaylor0369]

Don’t be afraid to drive more south east to more coastal regions while you’re here, Cameron country should offer more botanical anomalies, and fascinating convergent ecosystems.

[@marcelacecil3036]

On a field trip in the 1980's with a Botany professor from UT Austin, we were told that there was a syphilis cure spa in hot springs on the Rio Grande in the early 1900's. Candelaria sap was rubbed on the syphilis sores and then they sat in the hot springs. Yeah, apparently it hurt a lot.

[@Fishtory]

Great episode man. Thanks. The natives would use that wax for scrubbing their ceramic cooking vessels, then toss lye or some acrid stuff of in there and it formed primitive soaps for doing the dishes

[@arnoldmmbb]

Is a damn shame, a well preserved place destroyed because "green energy" ironic for sure

[@_Chessa_]

It’s way too sad indeed. :(

[@KOKO-uu7yd]

Ironic and personally painful. I'm a proponent of alternative fuel, but I've been trying to advocate for small scale ANYTHING that uses the local resources and opportunities. THIS?!? ... Ido not know the history, needs, or options for this particular project. I would guess though that it is a function of "new and responsible goals meet old, people greedy goals"...😓 We need to use LESS first. All these solar yard lights I see for example... all thos resources going in to "pretty walkway" with crisscross shadows that are disorienting (so no benefit for safety then, huh? 😤). The solar panels are far from perfect and are problematic in both production and disposal, not to mention ALL THAT PLASTIC. And far too soon it all ends up in landfills that will break down and seep to boot! We are learning. Are we learning fast and far enough? 🤔😓😓😓😓😓🤞🤞

[@sanjirodarylsan9096]

@@KOKO-uu7yd I ask, why build solar farms on wild land instead of over city streets and parking lots? Why can't they use the open air space over asphalt already?

[@azuredivina]

hi, Joey! can you please do a video some day on how you hike in more challenging climates & stay safe? like food & water quantity, hike duration, avoiding exposure, etc. I think you inspire many of us to get out more & explore our natural world, including areas that are definitely off-trail. we might be under-prepared. please share your tricks & tips on how you do it. thanks for considering!

[@azuredivina]

not to mention, if you ever encounter creatures like cougars and how you contend with them...

[@aprilk141]

@@azuredivina cougars? Toss 'em a box of wine err sumthin.

[@aprilk141]

#1 park in the shade. Have extra food and water in your vehicle. Load up on food and water before arrival. Sunscreen before much exposure. Carry an IFAK, radio, means of calling SOS, fire staring equipment, medical tape for macguyverimg a splint... Keep your eyes and ears open. Wool socks are good too, even in hot areas.

[@JosephOfTheJungle]

I think this is so awesome. You're from the windy city right? I'm from just across the lake a bit. Now you're in Texas, just one county over. It's neat seeing you explore these areas. I never knew South Texas could be so beautiful until I moved there. The entire valley is majestic in it's own way. I don't know if it's your thing but if you get a chance check out the Santa Ana wildlife refuge. Stay cool in the sun brother!

[@JosephOfTheJungle]

Also, I've got this growing on my property. Strange plant. Reminds me of the feel similar to milkweed when cut? You wouldn't think the flora would be so diverse in that area but damn. God bless that beautiful barren gem!

[@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt]

What county are you in? Email me if you are in South Texas and have this plant on your property, if you don't mind. Don't worry it's not endangered or anything I'm just curious. Like the video says these populations were probably moved by indigenous people centuries ago

[@JosephOfTheJungle]

@@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt No worries at all. I'm located in Hidalgo County. Just north of the aforementioned wildlife refuge. I agree this plant seems anomalous in this area as shown. The entire area seems to thrive despite abhorrent growing conditions. My bougainvillea for instance died to the ground after that freeze 2 years ago. I drowned it and blanketed it immediately after and it's now bigger than it's ever been. I love feeling like I'm learning a whole new way to garden and care for my plants down here.

[@taraldstein7165]

Fascinating habitat, so sorry it will be destroyed. Extra thanks for showing the snail!

[@nycbearff]

Damn, that's beautiful thorn scrub. Some people in non-desert places are puzzled when I describe places like that as "lush", but that's what they are. Why not use already-ruined land for these projects? There's lots of previously bulldozed land in Texas. Bulldozing a huge and relatively pristine ecosystem is a horrible thing to do.

[@attovishnu]

Out here in AZ the property did not have that cacti. Swear to the Great Spirit, Gila birds must have carried the seeds in with their shitting up a storm as they passed through.

[@garrettreven5144]

Probably the perfect place to ask this: what's a great ground cover plant that will drive out regular grass? I had dreams of a clover lawn and ended up with the clover and grass teaming up

[@Dinu-1959]

I 💚 OPUNTIA. In my country, Romania, this plant is called in popular term "Limba soacrei" = "The Mother-in-law's tongue" ... succulent xerophytic plant from the Cactaceae 🌵.

[@swayback7375]

Glad you’re experimenting with the drone, if you have the patience I’m sure you can add some excellent context with that birds eye view. I’d love to see what grows in those spots that even you won’t risk climbing or the sky islands. Yup, gunna need to head on back down to some sky islands to see what we can see.

[@sharonkaczorowski8690]

Euphorbia are my absolute favorite species of plants. Love ‘em…

[@michaelst.pierre1979]

I love the way you use explicatives! They always make me laugh. Great information, too!

[@herbbirdsfoot]

Great to know that plants are being rescued by decent people. Hope they end up in good hands and find themselves propagated.

[@AG-iu9lv]

Be safe & look out for the flash flooding, good buddy. Welcome to TX!

[@WyrdieBeardie]

I would have lost my mind seeing all of that petrified wood and those plants an stuff. What an amazing property!

[@BubblewrapHighway]

Wizard of the Thornscrub, a formidable title.

[@caroline_sunshine]

Beautiful, relaxing, and informative video as always, Tony. Great stuff, great thorn scrub. I really want to get out there and visit some of that habitat. Also, your production value on these videos has gotten absolutely delightful

[@morris7025]

Those points blow my mind... a connection with the past. amazing hand worked tools. thanks for sharing with us!

[@PrebleStreetRecords]

A lot of pop-eco people look at me weird when I tell them my hatred of solar panels. Here in Maine they're clearcutting left and right to plunk down new solar farms, and hosing down farmland with glyphosate to keep the native plants from growing over the panels. It's wild- considering we're far enough North that we barely see the sun to begin with. Meanwhile the paved-over eyesore that is our commercial and industrial zone in Southern Maine doesn't have a single panel covering a tar roof or parking lot. Good on you for saving those plants, I hope they take to their new home. I have some friends out by Big Bend and staying with them made me realize how wild the ecology of a desert is.

[@Violet-qf8dr]

Having them on the roof seems more sensible. Also, some parking lots have solar panels over them to create shade.

[@ciaragarrity6425]

Any project that puts endangered species of animals, fungi and plants at risk is against The Endangered Species Act, and such projects must avoid destroying habitats as well. You can hold any company accountable for their work. in this case.

[@grannyplants1764]

Amazing contrast between the vegetation that is there now and what must have been there with the palm trees. Any other vegetation fossils aside from the palm wood? What amazing stuff to be found in such “boring” looking landscape...Thank you both so much for showing us these things. Oh Stephen Harrod Buhner talks about plant songs in his wonderful book Sacred Plant Medicine, I don’t recall any songs for cactus or euphorias. 🌵

[@franklubbock8400]

Those fishhook spines on that little cactus are saying" now you'se cant leave!"

[@scottyrush1523]

Quality Sunday morning programming

[@mikecavemansavage1936]

Hey here's a story for ya The Bush up by my house is kinda a public walking trail if you respect it because it is private property I found out who owns it.... They bought it to keep it a walking trail so she can walk her dog So I was able to tell her how much of a blessing it is for me to learn about the plants and mushrooms up there Rockefeller actually helped me identify so many mushrooms up there by photo he's a great guy inspires you to learn more about what your learning about I thought I would pass that good story on someone buying land to keep it natural :)

[@160p2GHz]

Do they not need to environmental impact studies for solar panels. Or do they do them in the bullshitty way most industries are able to do them. All for solar but not at the expense of rare, fragile socially valued or distinct ecosystems and species. Really respect you giving people better understanding and appreciation for the landscapes most people just see as scrub to drive through as fast as you can.

[@160p2GHz]

And I do realize that's pretty much everywhere that hasn't been used for ranching but ya know, it'd be nice if they at least recognized what was there and could pay people like y'all to relocate as you're doing. ... channel name checks out

[@SergioLopez-kg3bp]

Loved hearing Benny explain that since that astrophytum asterias don't have any ancestral songs/prayers - it is not entheogenic. Love your channel. Thank you for everything you do.

[@gaywizard2000]

I spent 2 summers in the Yucatan, I can feel for ya in the heat! I'll take the 4 seasons in Canada tho thanks!

[@HolyCannolis]

A bounty of rarities. Epic and appreciated. Thanks for sharing. -Parker

[@veteranscannabisadvocacygr5401]

✨🌎 Fun Field Trip to / on South East Texas Ancient scrubs ~ Plant 🌱 Ways = Wise Days

[@swayback7375]

Ha, uploaded 6 mins ago. Perfect! I’m never able to watch YT anymore only listen 🎧 and I just can’t do that with your vids, sweet as your voice may be, when I hear you get stoked on a plant or geology I got stop and whip out me phone

[@jonathangehman4005]

I grew up in Jim Wells county, right where the Rio Grande Valley meets the Coastal Plain and the Hill Country, I hope you turn up there sometime and give some insight to all the crazy stuff I saw as a kid

[@lesterandrews1894]

Fantastic show man. Thanks

[@trillrifaxegrindor4411]

botany and swearing,whats not to like........the Andrew Dice Clay of botany....MY GOD THIS GUY IS BRILLIANT

[@ryanexsus]

I always learn something when I watch his videos.

[@captinkickd]

Drone footage adds a nice touch.

[@jimmyg7100]

Great channel. As always, I learn something. Botany Punk.

[@salsung73]

You’re back!! I’ve missed your videos 🌵🌴🎄🌳🪴

[@raven5ism]

I don't know which ranch you are on in Starr Co. but can imagine. I did environmental impact surveys a few miles from the river for some wind projects and remember seeing a lot of similar but without the Candelaria. I hate to see that destroyed.

[@donincognito9006]

Congratulations on your Panda Express sponsorship!

[@LH-uh8qn]

Saving the plant babies 💖I’m in love with this guy.

[@xzysyndrome]

I try to imagine during my commute there are people like you in the mix...my middle finger is tired of calling out my fantasies.

[@Nopynchon]

Dog in the back seat like "I'm good. Have fun."

[@andginisin]

Is there a way to find out about habitat destruction before it happens? Like do companies announce bulldozing days or some shit??? lol.

[@EBDavis111]

There was a botanist/agricultural scientist the other day being interviewed on NPR about integrating solar plants into farmer's fields, using both the spacing between the rows of panels, and the shade they provide to grow efficient crops while simultaneously generating power. It wasn't quite as efficient in terms of one or the other, but it meant more net profit for the farmer. So I don't see how solar plants and regular plants can't coexist. That said, isnt' there a bunch of open wasteland and pasture land in Texas where they could built solar farms? Instead of tearing up prisitine natural sites?

[@pansepot1490]

I don’t know of crops that like shade and anyway it would be difficult to mechanize the process. Near where I live they’ve built a solar farm on agricultural land. They have undersown the ground with grass and use sheep to “mow” the grass. Then they milk the sheep and make cheese. It’s a good combo. It’s not desert though: northern Italy. My only objection is that they have picked a particularly foggy area so not much sun in winter.

[@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt]

The entire commerical retail belt between Ft worth and San Antonio is kind of a wasteland. Could easily put solar panels above parking lots of target, wal-fat, home despot, insert name of bleak big box store here

[@ragnarok953]

@@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt this is idiocracy at its finest. Its incomprehensible to me how can such a habitat be destroyed for some fucking solar panels who are going to be out in 10 15 years. A toddler can come up with better solutions.

[@EBDavis111]

@@pansepot1490 Apparently there are plenty of crops that prefer the shade. Roasting under the sun isn't good for everyhing. But yeah, a big part of the guy's research was optimizing the spacing for mechanization and optimal crop yield.

[@MarkRose1337]

The new idea for solar panels is mounting bifacial panels vertically north-south. They would produce little at noon, but plenty during morning and evening to extend the generating hours. Crops would get plenty of mid day sun.

[@flyemhard]

nice......good on y'all.....peace from north central Tx

[@chemicalcowpoke307]

great scrub shots!

[@leftistnazicensorship8882]

Amazing those points are matching as in probably made at the same time by the same person do to the identical shape and type of stone and proximity.

[@jakeisjake112]

Really digging the tongue after the mention of turkey jerky. Hehe

[@bybeach4865]

Surprised the pigs are able to deal with the glochids(!), But the whole problem is that wild pigs will eat half of everything. Nothing personal on my part towards a fellow creature, but they have real skills and smarts to be a serious problem. I hope not too much of that land is torn up and leveled. Enjoyed learning about the Euphorbia, and loved seeing the arrowheads just come by.

[@williamchamberlain2263]

Those are some really tough plants

[@CAMacKenzie]

I was reading what you put on the screen about the El Sauz chert, noticing that it fluoresces yellow-green under UV. Watching Radioactive Drew, he looks at glass in antique stores, and uranium glass fluoresces yellow-green under UV and is to varying degrees radioactive. I wonder if the chert is radioactive.

[@nancykennon310]

That's a part of Texas I'll gladly watch on your chanel I live in the East Texas Area.

[@katiekane5247]

Who said dogs can't talk? Your guys made themselves very clear 😂 No one can dis like our dogs & still get treats that cost more than our food. Happy Sunday, gfys

[@monkeytimesmagazine3725]

Even though they're gonna demo the area, I'd probably put a sign or something for the star cacti, and would give it a little shade if you find a good spot to stick it in

[@spiderstheythem]

how do plants like star cactus do that burrowing thing? its like the lil guys are digging holes for themselves. how does a plant do that?

[@kavalkid1]

Love you Tony.

[@Lynn-yb6db]

I wonder about Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis, here in Massachusetts. It usually grows on rich sites, which in many places in the state are small and widely scattered, and its seeds are dispersed by ants. How did the plants get from one spot to another, across several miles of unsuitable habitat? Well, it's a dye plant; the roots produce a reddish dye. Did native Americans move it around, to make it more convenient to use? It's not at all hard to transplant. I don't know, but I wonder....

[@Fishtory]

Awesome! Nature is holding a vestigial population for us humans that f it all up

[@aminorityofone]

they lived to be normal old age. The average life span from old times counts infant mortality.... kinda depressing to think about, child death was so common that it lowered the average life expectancy 30 years or so

[@leemason4024]

Interesting stuff

[@gerdahuertas26]

Do you need any special permits to collect and rescue plants?

[@talanmoult1873]

Benny finding that second arrow head while talking about the Astrophtum/Star cactus having no song.... Coincidence?? Or maybe a good omen from the old people of the land?? Anyways... Hope all the Astros& Lophs along with any other rare plants can be relocated before they come mess that beautiful place up... Pity they can't put up these instillations in shitty places where it's already messed up... Best content as always Keep it up💚🌿🌿🌿

[@kensmith5694]

A well designed "solar farm" would allow room for that plant life to grow. The panels are put up high enough that brush can't easily get tall enough to shade them. The sets of panels are stepped off by enough room that people can easily walk between them to do any servicing that may be needed. The shade from the panels will make the ground level cooler so some plants what would be marginal in the environment can make a go of it. If they want to be very nice about it, they can make sure the panels are high enough that wild critters can go under them.

[@floorskin1]

Solar farms are a fucking have.

[@scottscouter1065]

So after the solar panels are in place will they provide shade acceptable to these "under-story" plants.

[@j0.ZEF-Who]

Nice find - boys!!

[@eastcoastnews9529]

Loving the italiano accent , I’m from he north end Boston 👍🏻✊🏻🙏🏻

[@ragnarok953]

Cool!

[@kellyduguay3368]

Nice euphorbia!

[@Wethecenter]

107 and he’s wearing a jean jacket ….. amazing physiological adaptation… I’d be in my tighty whiteys

[@dcarter001]

Its there because most humans don't prefer semi-arid regions lacking in grazing grasses and good shade trees. It would be nice if the solar company limit their footprint and leave as many plants as they can, it takes some effort, but that habitat needs some protection. Once the hogs tear up the solar farm, they well get serious about thinning the herd.

[@2A_supporter]

Stuff grows in southern az too

[@analogtom]

Address the arrival of mesquite trees, Spain correct ?

[@latifoljic]

Mesquite is native to the Americas, not Europe.

[@closeupchannel4365]

Aren't there enough f'n rooftops to put solar panels on?

[@emmitstewart1921]

On thing I learned from artifact hunters in Ohio is that the more carefully made an arrowhead is, the older it probably is. Looking at how finely made those arrowheads are, they are probably very, very old.

[@swayback7375]

Damn it, I been growing cacti for 25 of my 40 years, usually just what I can loot out of the sprawlmart or bLowes, Its like smuggling my favorite minority out of Auschwitz. If I can get in there while they’re still fresh and haven’t been abused too much that’s the best, but I still gather em up even up they’ve been worked nearly to death and they just laying around waiting for the sweet relief of the metaphorical gas chamber, just gotta be careful cuz their in such sad shape, it’s hard to resist giving them too much of what they need, just like people they can only handle a tiny sip, over do it just a bit and they’ll fall to pieces. Sadly opuntia are on their own, I can’t handle cargo pockets full of mamms, agave and Ferocactus, but the glochids are just too much.

[@happiman9484]

What'd you get from panda express that gave you problems?

[@envoiret]

Solar farms make me sick, just put those things on rooftops for crying out loud

[@k33k32]

Up voting for turkey jerky for the dogs.

[@RiskyFishness]

I looked up this species many times and I keep getting the scientific name as euphorbia antisyphilitica and the common name as candelilia. Are we sure candeleria sp. is correct?

[@CrimePaysButBotanyDoesnt]

Candelaria is a common name. It doesn't mean anything. Euphorbia antisyphylitica is the proper binomial.

[@BigDizzad]

I'm loving the new information and editing style very well executed my friend IMO

[@mgevirtz]

Lets clear some suburbs for solar panels.

[@64Pete]

Cheers as always brother. You're doing epic work, and I, for one, fuckin' appreciate it. Drone shots we're #chefskiss

[@springbloom5940]

Geez, watch a couple of your videos and now ⅔ of my recommendations are peyote videos.

[@goiterlanternbase]

Can't upvote enough.

[@Chrisfrom_Dallas]

Ahh, now I get it. Texas desert climate and plants speak your language, with the same go 'feed' yourself attitude.

[@robmcelwee389]

That palm is called Palmoxylon. It's a catch all name for palm wood.

[@KOKO-uu7yd]

"... cleared for solar panels..." 😢😢😢 I personally am a big advocate of alternative and renewable energies. BUT... But but but - the very first and most important thing we MUST DO as a species is to simply USE LESS!!! Less energy for toys and non-necessities. More effective necessary uses continually being developed. Less used by efforts to modify an environment or options to OUR whims. Less less LESS. Far easier said than done, but it needs to be continually worked toward!!!!!