CRITICAL THINKING - Fundamentals: Truth and Validity [HD]

In this video, Julianne Chung (Yale University) explains the philosophical concepts of truth and validity before going on to illustrate how truth and falsity, as well as validity and invalidity, can appear in various combinations in an argument. She then introduces the concept of a sound argument (i.e., a valid argument whose premises are all true) and presents one reason to think that valid arguments with false premises are also of interest. For more detailed discussions of validity and soundness, please be sure to have a look at the videos on these topics by Paul Henne (Duke University) and Aaron Ancell (Duke University), respectively.
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[@Martha-rw9xw]

Might Help : 1) Premises ✓ Conclusion ✓ = Valid. 2) Premises ✓ Conclusion × = Invalid. 3) Premises × Conclusion ✓ = Valid. 4) Premises × Conclusion × = Invalid.

[@hunterwashere6242]

Thanks, this simplified it for me

[@user-ji5bd6pc6k]

No we just check the validity not the truth

[@Martha-rw9xw]

@@user-ji5bd6pc6k nobody said so but you.

[@edgarmedina1751]

No, some premises could not be based on truth, yet the only thing that matters if the reasoning that brings you to the conclusion is valid. It is how you use what you are given regardless of its truth.

[@Martha-rw9xw]

True≠Truth

[@paradigmarson9586]

I should really keep up with these, do one a day. It's cognitively strenuous so it must be good for me. Also it's always good to maintain the fundamentals of thought. Going to add them to my watch later, which I tend to impulsively access from a browser shortcut.

[@yubrajsharma7538]

Why don't I understand this concept!!!!! I am gonna cry!

[@earthshaker5842]

Because you might have a mental defect.

[@kendraaikpitanyi1092]

Me too 😭😭😭

[@exp_enjoyer]

have u understood it now?

[@oneeyedpapi8058]

@@exp_enjoyer I haven't, and I just don't understand why anyone would need this to work in a job as a factory manager or HR?

[@exp_enjoyer]

@@oneeyedpapi8058 same brother passed the exam without this shit

[@Quazlyy]

I have studied maths extensively, so this kind of reasoning seems very familiar, as it is very similar to the basics of how we prove (or disprove) statements mathematically. We do use slightly different terms though (such as assumptions instead of premises)

[@ashwinsamuel47]

these videos are really underated

[@michaellouis4882]

Keep in mind that the arrangement of the final conclusion will affect if it is logic hence the validity. Try to watch the video few times. Always be logic. Hence, commonsense.

[@michaellouis4882]

starts at 1.20. make sure you understand the conclusion. If it is logic it is valid as long as it is supported logically by the premises provided.

[@StudioKonKon]

The example at 2:20 is a good example of the Anchoring Bias when people get confused and question why it is invalid even though the premises and conclusion are true. There is a more complicated method of "adding boxes to boxes" to visualise validity but it doesn't matter which order the premises appear, the conclusion must always be the same. If the conclusion is not the same, then it's invalid: *Example 1A:* P1) All dogs are animals. P2) Australian shepherds are animals. C1) Therefore, all Australian shepherds are dogs. *Example 1B:* P1) Australian shepherds are animals. P2) All dogs are animals. C1) Therefore, all dogs are Australian shepherds. Here, premise 1 gets *anchored* _(1st information influences later judgements)_ and this affects the conclusion. Both of these examples have the same premises but the conclusions are different. Therefore, Example 1A is invalid even though both premises and conclusion are true. This is because Example 1A can also mean "all dogs are Australian shepherds" which is unsound. The order of premises does not change the conclusion yet Example 1A has more than one possible conclusion making it invalid. *Note:* These by context represent "Australian shepherds" as dogs not "a person who tends to and rears sheep".; an example of equivocation.

[@himynamesgrace5983]

Super helpful for online school :)

[@janesjanes4553]

So basically to test whether an argument is valid or not is to test the conclusion to the premises?

[@camilogomez3822]

I looove this topic, thanks for sharing

[@sudhakarmadakaful]

Did you guys draw images for the video? love this way of teaching.

[@danmantena4676]

this was great! thanks!!!

[@glenbo001]

the last example seems a bit confusing to me. isn't P2 the same as the conclusion? you restate the P1 and conclude that john can't be bowling, and then it is said again as a conclusion without the initial P. i get it but it seems clumsy and/or inelegant. but i like the video and the playlist, thanks

[@earthshaker5842]

The dog's name is Split, premise one: all dogs are gods, premise two: all gods are holy, premise three: Split's name is ironic, since all dogs are gods, and all gods are holy, yet Split's name is Split! Thus his name is ironic. Here's another example, Split is an old dog, of course he is though, because every dog is a god. Logic would have us believe that he cannot be taught new tricks, but one might then ask: "But if dogs are gods, gods can do whatever they want (learn new tricks)." This is not the case though, since gods already know all of the tricks, are old, and are all dogs.

[@untamed6999]

I've been going through these videos in succession and so far the guy from Duke Uni. (Paul Henne) has given the best video. This one was convoluted and you went over your examples too fast, especially when involving the diagrams. A bit of a dry presentation.

[@iVideoCommenter]

Ok, Paul.

[@ayushrauniyar744]

hey,what is the difference between "truth and validity in language " and "truth and validity in argument"

[@valentine2411]

@@iVideoCommenter hahaha

[@earthshaker5842]

Don't worry "Untamed", I'll give you a nice and wet presentation after I tame you. And nothing we go over will be too fast, on the contrary it will be agonizingly slow my dear.

[@earthshaker5842]

@@ayushrauniyar744 The difference between truth and validity in language comes about when one is standing on the bow of a great sea vessel, in a half daze, salty sea mist spraying upon his face, one foot on the boat, one foot in the sea. As for the case of arguments, they usually involve rum, sea sickness, lack of lasses, and a plurality of seamen.

[@owain_dark]

But IS it true that all Australian shepherds are dogs? 🤔

[@headcase2226]

The argument follows a logical form known as a categorical syllogism. However, it contains a logical fallacy known as the fallacy of the undistributed middle. Here's the breakdown: Premise 1: All dogs are animals. Premise 2: All Australian Shepherds are animals. Conclusion: All Australian Shepherds are dogs. The issue arises from the undistributed middle term. In this syllogism, "animals" is the middle term, and it is undistributed in both premises. While both premises state that dogs and Australian Shepherds are animals, they do not establish a direct connection between dogs and Australian Shepherds. The syllogism could be improved by adding a premise that connects dogs and Australian Shepherds, such as: Premise 3: All Australian Shepherds are dogs. With this additional premise, the argument would become valid: All dogs are animals. All Australian Shepherds are animals. All Australian Shepherds are dogs. Now, the conclusion logically follows from the premises, and the argument is valid. However, in its current form, the original argument is invalid due to the fallacy of the undistributed middle.

[@shiperobin]

I was under the assumption that all arguments to be believed were based in fact and all valid arguments are based on facts. Nobody taught me this. Why do we have to teach people this? What's happening?! I'm scared!

[@earthshaker5842]

"I was under the assumption that all arguments to be believed were based in fact" So was I. "all valid arguments are based on facts." I was also under this assumption. We don't necessarily have to teach people this. All sorts of things are happening, it's total and utter chaos. I'm not particularly scared, but I should be.

[@johngibson4882]

Good video but I wish you would have touched on deductive and inductive arguments.

[@sebastianswan7975]

That is in the playlist.

[@earthshaker5842]

"Good video that I get to watch for free, but I just wish you would have given me more. I'm not satisfied, nor will I look in the playlist to see if the thing I'm complaining about is there."

[@earthshaker5842]

@@sebastianswan7975 Wow, a person with a triple digit IQ.

[@Sadboy80629]

Thanks helped me with my zoom class

[@ReligionInTheBin]

Can you do videos on (indirect) realism vs idealism?

[@alexmatias4113]

I'm annoyed someone HELP ME!! OMG so confused this is worse than math

[@portlions1]

It's far worse than math. There's not one shred of common sense in this so-called "logic."

[@shiperobin]

It's simple. If you can prove what you say by using facts then your argument is valid. If what you say is based on assumptions or guesses, your argument is invalid. I'm happy to answer any other questions you have

[@shiperobin]

@@portlions1 define "common sense"

[@portlions1]

@@shiperobin ​ No, "logic" is most certainly not based on facts and evidence. The "logic" class I was forced to endure in university made it very clear that the point of formal "logic" is not to discern or appraise truth. I dug out my old book so I could quote it to you. On pages 19-20 of K. Cordell Carter's "The Hottest Logic Book on Earth," it says: "The Greeks soon identified the two defects by which any argument can be vitiated: (i) its premises can fail to support its conclusion, or (ii) its premises can be false. The first, which has to do with the validity of the argument, is a matter of logic, the second is not." Ergo, whether an argument is true or false makes no difference in the system of "logic." Over and over the book says that truth is not the goal of "logic." Rather, it is merely concerned with the structure of arguments. All over in the text you have fun and contradictory statements like, "validity does not insure that the conclusion of an argument will be true," "each conclusion could be false even though all the premises are true," and "'true' and 'false' apply to individual sentences but never to arguments." Formal "logic" was the single most ludicrous thing I ever studied in my five years at university. It's totally detached from real life and serves absolutely zero function in the everyday world. The only use it has is in a "logic" class, making it the most self-serving "science" I've ever encountered. And this is further confirmed by the fact that logicians, so-called, can't even agree on which systems they're going to use, but keep revising them! A science where truth is the currency doesn't need to keep revising itself. A person with authentic common sense and a mind that actually functions has no use whatsoever for formal "logic." I love Thomas Jefferson's criticisms of Plato (as you know, he was Aristotle's mentor, and the latter created the bogus "science" of "logic"). His biting review of Plato's reasoning capabilities, or lack thereof, is one I heartily second and recommend. I end with his quote, which though seemingly on politics and religion, applies with equal validity to the whole debauched system of "logic" originated by corrupt Greek thinkers: "I am just returned from one of my long absences, having been at my other home for five weeks past. having more leisure there than here for reading, I amused myself with reading seriously Plato’s republic. I am wrong however in calling it amusement, for it was the heaviest task-work I ever went through. I had occasionally before taken up some of his other works, but scarcely ever had patience to go through a whole dialogue. while wading thro’ the whimsies, the puerilities, & unintelligible jargon of this work, I laid it down often to ask myself how it could have been that the world should have so long consented to give reputation to such nonsense as this? how the soidisant Christian world indeed should have done it, is a piece of historical curiosity. but how could the Roman good sense do it? and particularly how could Cicero bestow such eulogies on Plato? altho’ Cicero did not wield the dense logic of Demosthenes, yet he was able, learned, laborious, practised in the business of the world, & honest. he could not be the dupe of mere style, of which he was himself the first master in the world. with the moderns, I think, it is rather a matter of fashion and authority. education is chiefly in the hands of persons who, from their profession, have an interest in the reputation and the dreams of Plato. they give the tone while at school, and few, in their after-years, have occasion to revise their college opinions. but fashion and authority apart, and bringing Plato to the test of reason, take from him his sophisms, futilities, & incomprehensibilities, and what remains? in truth he is one of the race of genuine Sophists, who has escaped the oblivion of his brethren, first by the elegance of his diction, but chiefly by the adoption & incorporation of his whimsies into the body of artificial Christianity. his foggy mind, is for ever presenting the semblances of objects which, half seen thro’ a mist, can be defined neither in form or dimension. yet this which should have consigned him to early oblivion really procured him immortality of fame & reverence. the Christian priesthood, finding the doctrines of Christ levelled to every understanding, and too plain to need explanation, saw, in the mysticisms of Plato, materials with which they might build up an artificial system which might, from it’s indistinctness, admit everlasting controversy, give employment for their order, and introduce it to profit, power & pre-eminence. the doctrines which flowed from the lips of Jesus himself are within the comprehension of a child; but thousands of volumes have not yet explained the Platonisms engrafted on them: and for this obvious reason that nonsense can never be explained. their purposes however are answered. Plato is canonised: and it is now deemed as impious to question his merits as those of an Apostle of Jesus. he is peculiarly appealed to as an advocate of the immortality of the soul; and yet I will venture to say that were there no better arguments than his in proof of it, not a man in the world would believe it. it is fortunate for us that Platonic republicanism has not obtained the same favor as Platonic Christianity; or we should now have been all living, men, women and children, pell mell together, like the beasts of the field or forest. yet ‘Plato is a great Philosopher,’ said La Fontaine. but says Fontenelle ‘do you find his ideas very clear’?-‘oh no! he is of an obscurity impenetrable.’-‘do you not find him full of contradictions?’-‘certainly, replied La Fontaine, he is but a Sophist.’ yet immediately after, he exclaims again, ‘oh Plato was a great philosopher.’-Socrates had reason indeed to complain of the misrepresentations of Plato; for in truth his dialogues are libels on Socrates.-but why am I dosing you with these Ante-diluvian topics? because I am glad to have some one to whom they are familiar, and who will not recieve them as if dropped from the moon." - Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, July 5, 1814

[@shiperobin]

@@portlions1 all of that is true. Logic is merely a tool you can use to find the truth. You can use logic to rationalize nonsense to idiots (which seems like your afraid of) but that's just not cool. Logic itself is not truth. It's just a vehicle to get us there. Again, define "common sense". You can copy paragraphs from a book( I got a housefull of the darn things), I could quote Plato and Aristotle to you all day but until you make your own argument, you haven't really said anything have you? And just because you can't understand it, it doesn't mean it's wrong. I understand your problems with logic and those are legitimate criticisms. But formal logic and practical logic are two different things. Acedemics tend to have a tendency to naval gaze a bit too much, but you can't just throw out logic altogether because you personally don't like it. Isnt it the mark of intelligence to be able to entertain ideas you might not believe?

[@earthshaker5842]

Anyone in Mr. Baker's class watching? AURGHHHHHHHHH AURGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!! WIIIOOOOOOOO HOOOOOOOOOOO 😁🤣🤣😅😇

[@jamescarter3738]

But who’s to decide based off what grounds, what conclusions “follow logically from” two true premises? Is this an allusion to intuition and if so what role does that play in critical thought?

[@alexfeldman8872]

That's a great question. One very simply answer is this: in a valid argument, to deny the conclusion while affirming the premises would lead to a contradiction (something like saying "X both is and is not the case at the same time"). For example, in the argument "All humans are mortal; Socrates is a human; therefore, Socrates is mortal," *if* I accept the truth of the premises and deny the truth of the conclusion, I am in effect asserting that all human beings are both mortal and not mortal. (That is, if I claim that the premises are true but that Socrates is not mortal, I am saying that (1) all humans are mortal AND (2) there is at least one human who is not mortal.) In short, there is no need to appeal to some mysterious, subjective intuition about what "follows logically from" means. One can simply appeal to the principle that it's bad to contradict oneself. I say this is a simple answer because it's the kind one would get in an intro-level class. In a higher level philosophy or logic class, one would discover that there is actually a fair amount of debate about how to answer your question.

[@jamescarter3738]

@@alexfeldman8872 cool thanks man! Would you know where I could find material on it?

[@earthshaker5842]

@@jamescarter3738 "in a valid argument, to deny the conclusion while affirming the premises would lead to a contradiction" Perhaps. "One can simply appeal to the principle that it's bad to contradict oneself." One can. "I say this is a simple answer because it's the kind one would get in an intro-level class." How thoughtful of you. "In a higher level philosophy or logic class, one would discover that there is actually a fair amount of debate about how to answer your question." Jesus Christ almighty, really? Could that really truly be the case? Good lord, who knew that there actually is a fair amount of debate about how to answer his question? I sure didn't, I thought it was either right, or wrong. White or black, hot or cold, male or female, sun or moon, night or day, wake or sleep, live or dead, no nuance involved at all or debate to be found or had. Almost like if one were to take or not take their medication, there is no way to meander between the two options, it just is or it isn't. I didn't take my medication today, that's a factoid which doesn't provide room for debate. Now, should I have taken my medication is a completely different story, and my doctor would certainly love to debate me on that matter, but I digress.

[@mitchem2314]

hey, that's pretty good!

[@benromero3566]

I know an Australian shepherd who isn't a dog. He eat's like one though.

[@songminedestinyyours8270]

In the statement where P1 - all dogs are animals P2 - all Australian shepherd are animals C1 - all australian shepherd are dogs Its invalid why ? I'm not understanding why it is not following logically.

[@BlessedOne686]

I saw this dope trick that might help you. Try adding box or boxes to the nouns of these sentences and it will become clear to you where you are falling short. I’ll show you: P1: All Dog BOXES are in the Animal BOX P2: All Australian Shepard BOXES are in the Animal BOX C - All Australian Shepard BOXES are in the dog BOX. Do you see how the conclusion is false? In real life, we know Australian Shepards are Dogs; however, argument validity is not concerned with what is FACTUALLY true; it is concerned only about IF THE PREMISES were true, would the conclusion NECESSARILY/ABSOLUTELY be true? In this case,IMAGINE we know nothing about what Australian Shepards APART FROM WHAT IS TOLD US. We know that Dogs and Australian Shepards are both ANIMALS; however there is NO PROOF OR JUSTIFICATION to say that an Australian Shepard is a dog from the premises. ALL DOGS ARE ANIMALS, BUT NOT ALL ANIMALS ARE DOGS. THEREFORE, JUST BECAUSE A DOG IS AN ANIMAL, does NOT mean AN AUSTRALIAN SHEPARD IS A DOG. Hope this helps, bro/sis✌🏽

[@franzfaryu2347]

P 1: This video bites P 2: all dogs are videos C: this is bs dawg, ima go watch another video wth a better explanation

[@saskoilersfan]

I met a race of liars. I tried to tell them the truth. But they prefer lies and illusions to truth.

[@earthshaker5842]

"I met a race of liars." Okay antisemitism might be acceptable at your house, but it has no place in the public forum. "I tried to tell them the truth." They're not gonna believe it. "But they prefer lies and illusions to truth." Yeah, most people.

[@jaimecastro7681]

falta los subtítulos español gracias

[@earthshaker5842]

I don't speak very much Spanish, but I can tell you seem to be appreciative. 😉

[@jaimecastro7681]

@@earthshaker5842 gracias

[@sartajmohammed1353]

THIS IS SUPER CONFUSING. SHE DID A GOOD JOB THOUGH

[@angelaking2238]

From the 1 slow minded person that stumbled apon this video............................ sup... lmao

[@Psychedlia98]

I find this to be way too simple. However it can be useful

[@earthshaker5842]

Same here, it should be way more complicated. It's just irritating when you're taking a lower level class and you're provided with simple explanations of various concepts. Like, why can't they give us nearly incomprehensible jargon instead? I will agree with you though, it can be useful.

[@HerpDerply]

"Impordant"

[@anamariatiradogonzalez]

Ah: Migurl Angel

[@angelaking2238]

PS. I'm her son. ^^^^^ lol

[@jakobsime4190]

So did you make it into Yale?

[@bradmarsh7116]

you's the real MVP thanks dog ... hah see what i did there

[@Antoinette911]

🤦🏿‍♀🤦🏿‍♀🤦🏿‍♀

[@tomzell3666]

Training dogs is easy/can be easy. Not a false premise. It's an opinion

[@chrystallynn]

These are just basic IQ test questions that I remember from 4th grade. This is too easy, I'm scared.