CRO-MAGNONS - The Last Ice Age People of Europe ~ with TRENTON HOLLIDAY

[@jamesabernethy7896]

Another awesome episode. Although you always allow guests to put forward their information in their own time, Trenton took up a lot of the attention. Because he was allowed to take control of how your show flowed, he was relaxed and his exuberance came through. A few comments have pointed out the images, artefacts and replicas used by your guests. It's amazing to see them being handled and not simply an image on a desk. Great channel.

[@joeelliott2157]

I don't know. But I suspect the Basque language was not descended from a language past down from the Cro-Magnon. Instead the Basque language probably descended from a language spoken by the Anatolian (Turkey) Farmers who reached souther France around 4500 BC and mostly took over Europe.

[@cathieelliott1151]

M M Mmcxyçffu😊uigxm Gaq O T😅tttab oe Way. M. M m. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M m. M. M m. M. M. M. M n. M Way is the only thing thing I m. M. M. M. No. M n. M m m. have

[@carolynjanegillis6591]

Volcanic super eruptions around 79,000 BCE and 39,000 BCE affected human history in Europe. Share data with other scientists!

[@simonaatkinson5646]

I love the way a proper scientist is delighted when a hypothesis is disproved!

[@1001digital]

The good thing about science is, that you learn even from failure.

[@ecm958]

We keep learning from our new discoveries, so of course our beliefs will change.

[@oughtssought1198]

amen to that

[@natbirchall1580]

A big part of why I love history and pre-history is because of the people that study it.

[@highlander1574]

Wow, I love the enthusiasm of Trenton, it's infectious. Great talk

[@ramonav.6983]

It is always a pleasure to listen to dedicated professionals who do their work with passion because they speak from the heart, with enthusiasm and respect for science. Thank you!

[@lusolad]

So Cro Magnons were black?

[@Dr10Jeeps]

This is what the internet should be about.....the transmission of actual knowledge! Thank you.

[@track1949]

Yes, the original dream before the horror of Facebook.

[@NativeEyesNc]

You can tell when one is passionate about something the whole energy glows! ❤

[@TheTamriel]

I'm not descended from the Cro-Magnon in Europe but, like many native Americans, from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture in East Siberia near the border of Mongolia. They were mammoth hunters that dwelled in round yurts built of mammoth tusks. Their ancestors interbred with the enigmatic Denisovans (the Denisova cave is located further west in the Altai) and they're contemporary to the Solutrean culture in Western Europe.

[@ecm958]

Fascinating.

[@Ptls68]

The northeuropean especially are also partly from these mammuthunters from the steppes. They found a man in kirgistan who is a direct Line of this group who contribute to both northeuropean / europeans and native American and this guy ate genetically related to both

[@maabster5692]

The Ancient Northern Eurasians who descend from an early lineage of Western Hunter Gatherers and who are the origin of the haplogroup R

[@extraditori6604]

Malta Buret-Afontova Gora cluster (so called Ancient North Eurasian) are modelled as having approximately their 80-85% ancestry from early upper paleolithic European lineage (found in Kostenki14, Sunghir, who belonged to Aurignacian culture, main culture associated with Cro-magnons). and the remaining ancestry being from early east-eurasian lineage (Tianyuan). Native Americans descend from ENEA lineage (mainly associated with Amur River hunter gatherer, who diverged from mentioned east eurasian lineage) and ANE in proportions of 3/1.

[@benjaminburkett9962]

We are all descendants of cromagnon they just changed the names to multiple different tribes to make it seem like history isn't eurocentric! The cromagnon bred with different types of man and made mutts that's us! How you get different races. Cromagnon was superior to us in every way, smarter, faster, stronger, taller ect. Bred with Neanderthal in Europe, Neanderthal and denisovan in Asia, HomoErectus in Africa!

[@lisadangelo7569]

Dr Holliday was my favorite professor at Tulane 20 years ago! Glad to see he is still living his dream!

[@lorenzomontano9733]

When Dr. Holiday was in his PHD program at UNM, he taught classes at New Mexico Highlands University in Las Vegas, New Mexico. I took a primate class he taught when I was an undergrad. Great teacher!

[@oughtssought1198]

thank you both. love the level of detail & self-skeptical attitude in these presentations.

[@Shaden0040]

Back in the 1970s when I was in Boy Scouts our troop made collected acorns wash them rinsed them boiled them dried them Ground them and made our own acorn fire which we did added to corn flour which is what the Native Americans would have done and we made our own acorn muffins they were really really good I would say it was probably 25% acorn and 75% corn But when we did the corn we used regular like corn meal for polenta But we use the mortar embezzle and ground that up with the acorns that were dried and roasted you want to roast the acorns too once they're already washed and the tannins are removed you want to roast them because that has a good flavor to it a nutty aroma flavor and you just grind them up we use a mortar and pedal to do it but I'm sure you could probably use a food processor today once you've processed the acorns and you want to watch out for bugs and stuff like that in the acorns but it was surprisingly delicious they were very well done and one of the things they did was added pumpkin seed and dried pumpkin to it too as well so it gave it even more flavor so it's kind of like a pumpkin corn muffin with acorn it was really good. so it could be done today you just have to be careful of which species of acorn you use some are better for it than others if you're in the US check your local guide for Native Americans plant substance usage for acorns

[@slappy8941]

Bro, punctuation is free.

[@Shaden0040]

@@slappy8941 Actually it's not free actually it's not free It costs energy.

[@donaldcarey114]

"Native American" was made up by politicians, a more correct term, especially given DNA results, is Amerindian. NO human is actually native to the Americas all humans there are either immigrants or the descendants of immigrants. Fun fact: "Native" was actually used as a pejorative (insult).

[@theeddorian]

The acorn was heavily used in California, possibly more than anywhere else in North America, and acorn meal was _not_ mixed with corn flour(?) [British???]. The indigenous people of California did not have or grow corn. My daughter and I made acorn mush for breakfast more than once. Good with butter and brown sugar. Properly processed, and with the right species of oaks, acorn meal is quite palatable. Acorns were traded in baskets between areas in order that acorn "connoisseurs" could put together their preferred blends, much like coffee bean blends.

[@wstevebro]

That energy and effort would have been the difference between understandable and gibberish. I tried to read some and quickly gave up.

[@dreamerliteraryproductions9423]

Thank you for a fascinating episode! I understand why the author chose to use "Cro-Magnon" as opposed to H. sapiens and I'm glad for the use of the term -to me- it signifies he is speaking of the H. sapiens in a specific location and period in history. "Cro-Magnon" may have fallen out of favor to describe early modern humans in general, but it still has valid use, even in a scientific discussion. I am also glad to see the Cro-Magnon and early H. sapiens skull casts shown and the anatomical differences pointed out between those of some ancient humans and today's people. I often see Neanderthals compared to present humans, but I would be intrigued to see more comparisons of Neanderthal and the H. sapiens contemporary to them. Thank you again for a very interesting video!

[@marthawolfsen5809]

Calling the Homo sapiens specimen which was actually found at the cro belonging to the Magnon family a "Cro magnon" doesn't seem like much of a stretch.

[@johndoherty-hh2ck]

Cro Magnon is cultural not biological. Cro Magnon is us. The supposition is that the average hunter-gatherer of 40,000 years ago was larger than the average human throughout most of human history since then. The onset of farming from 10,000 years ago has had limitations.

[@anthonyproffitt5341]

Cromagnons were a robust 5 and a half feet tall. There are plenty of groups today that are 6’ tall and robustly built. Humans are quite diverse in height and build.

[@ralfmenace2363]

​@@anthonyproffitt5341 they were well built also because of the diet they had. Analiza based diet

[@christineingram55]

What an amazing man.He has got to live his dream and loves what he does.How many people can say that.He’s interesting to listen to because he is not only knowledgeable but because of his love of what he does,and his excitement,you almost feel like you have been there with him finding all the amazing things he has.You don’t get many people who can make you feel that way.I am glad I watched this..Thank you both 🥰

[@toomignon]

Thank you for the correct french pronunciation for Cro-Magnon. It’s personal.😅

[@masehoart7569]

I first found your comment ridiculous . like: Is there any other way to prounce it? But then I clicked on some "Kroh Machnon" and "KroMakknonn" videos 😮

[@mariansmith7694]

They are us and we are them.

[@thepiper5522]

This is an interesting guest. I think all of the guests are interesting, of course. So my point is, thanks for another great video!

[@TalkBeliefs]

Thank you so much-- yes, Trent is great.😊

[@longcastle4863]

Excellent interview. Learned a lot with this. Great accompaniment with my morning coffee.

[@MarthaJamsa]

What a great interview! I’m going to have to investigate his book, because if it’s as interesting and enthusiastically presented as his conversation here, it will be an excellent read. Thank you for bringing Prof. Hollander on to your program!

[@freddygray8058]

What a great professor, scientist, writer, and lecturer this guy is! He's another reason as to why Tulane University is held in such high esteem.

[@Jan-d5i]

Thank you! I stumbled upon this interview and was thoroughly sucked in. Amazing stuff!

[@big1dog23]

Good talk. Book sounds interesting and now I want to know more. Thanks.

[@casstay4499]

Thanks guys! This was very interesting! You both did a fantastic job! I ❤ your passion!

[@whiskeytango9769]

Trinkaus is a name that I have not heard in a while. I do remember reading about his ideas on Neanderthal-Modern hybrids based on bone morphology long before we had the genetic data that confirmed the admixture. I thought that, given how us humans behave, sexual interactions between Moderns and Neanderthals were a given. Whether or not those interactions were fertile though was a very different question. I was very pleased when the genetic data was developed that settled the question.

[@gtdcov]

I found it interesting how you said that people came out of northern Africa into a land that was already occupied.

[@danas3765]

That's bc the out of Africa theory was debunked. West Africans can trace up to 19% of their DNA to a distinct archaic hominid species, not found in Europeans or Asians. They call it the ghost gene.

[@tycesumerall8718]

😂

[@giamo645]

Extremely interesting and one can easily notice Trenton’s enthusiasm which I do empathize with. I do not know wether we will ever discover the reason of Neandertals disappearance due to conflicts with Sapiens do not convince me at all. I would, not beeing an expert, rather think of lack of antibodies against some Sapiens diseases. As far as I know, icy Europe was a more suitable environment to the Neandertals than to modern humans.

[@atomaalatonal]

this is like watching a documentary or movie about the ancient times with all the detail and added media.great

[@Gizathecat2]

I stumble upon this video and I needed a video long enough to get me through dark deeds of domestic drudgeries. I’m interested in paleo-anthropology so I tuned in. When Dr Holliday told of his childhood adventures in geology I cracked up laughing! His anecdote took me back to the dark ages on my cul-du-sac in Urbana Illinois in the early 1960s. A few of use knew rocks can have fossils in them. So when one of our neighbors had a load of gravel spread on his driveway we all swooped down on that driveway and picked it clean of the fossil bearing gravel! Since our parents were academics they were torn between being angry for stealing the driveway rocks or proud of our scientific curiosity! About a week later another load of gravel for the driveway was delivered. It was very boring rock.

[@qwertyuiopgarth]

I'm pretty comfortable with assuming that a lot of Sapiens and Neanderthal interactions were peaceful, where I'm not sure is what the percentage was.

[@ritchirodenbach8972]

Imagine cro magnos where like the europeans and their descents today. No wonder why neanderthals don't exist anymore. Look what europeans did to asia, africa, australia and the americas. Its a wonder that there are today still living Aborignes in Australia and first Nations in the americas.

[@davidpelletier5379]

That goes with literally every groups that co-existed lol

[@guyanaspice6730]

Guest is Far Off. Leading Researchers, including Dr Stringer, have Admitted they ARE 'Rethinking' The Out of Africa THEORY. The Obsolete Linear Replacement THEORY of Evolution THEORY and Out of Africa THEORY is Obsolete. With Recent research in DNA on Neanderthals Denisovans and other 'Species' related to Modern Man, The mentioned THEORIES are Tossed Out COMPLETELY - Not Partially. Please Cease Falsely Supporting Obsolete THEORIES that hinder True Science Benefiting Mankind. Let's Move Ahead already.

[@rayerscarpensael2300]

Like a dozen or 2 probably yes. Seen the current ethnic state of the world you can deduct it was a full fletched on going war between the 2 species. In the US every tribe was warring with its neighbours and they looked similar. Now imagine encountering some naked maybe furry neanderthal group of men in a forest while on a picnic with your cro magnon family.

[@marjet2228]

Friendly and of a procreative nature.

[@williamarthur4801]

I was also 8 in 74 and yes, remember seeing her being unearthed, one of my never forget moments, BTW did anyone collect the Aurora prehistoric models, cro mag man , women, etc and my fav wooly rhino in tarpit.

[@cernunnos_lives]

I freaking remember this figurine!!!! It was my favorite too lol. It was still around shops a decade later (when I was around the same age in New York & South Florida).

[@TheTamriel]

Just finished reading Trenton's book 'Cro-Magnon' (2023) - awesome!

[@PasGD]

Touchée....Mes ancêtres...et superbe présentation... Keep up the nice work. I enjoyed it all the way.

[@michaeljames5936]

That was fascinating. Thank you. Always wonderful to hear some speak about work which still excites them.

[@gr2786]

Loved this, very informative and engaging. Great content!

[@hollyodii5969]

I just love this channel! Always fascinating information.

[@Dr.Yalex.]

Thank you, I loved the visit with professor Trenton Holliday. Similar to the anecdote about the Roman Fort escavations being a recent event, I felt like lauging out loud reading the sign "Modern Art" before the entrance to the Napolion Era Art in the Ufizi in Florence.

[@kuhlamiti]

This is so exciting! I live in New Orleans and it's so exciting to see someone so excited and educated on this subject.

[@martin2289]

I thought the term "Cro-Magnons" was regarded as rather unfashionable these days. Anyway, this was a very fascinating talk. Looking forward to reading the book.

[@robertolesen5782]

Far back in the mist of time, rarely did one see a bald man, I.e., one who purposely shaved their hair (or what was left of it) off the top of their head, the lone exception being Yul Brenner, whose bare head caused quite a stir. Among Modern Man this trait was apparently woven itself into the very DNA of our species, as every other guy shaves his head now.

[@mastervic6230]

@34:13, the steep decimation of Neanderthals in yellow coincides with the volcanic eruption of Campi Flegrei 40,000 years ago. Recent studies reveal that most Neanderthals went extinct around that time, with surviving pockets persisting for another 15,000 years in the plains, now underwater, near the caves of Gibraltar.

[@jimhutchinson4623]

One of the best I have seen. Thank you.

[@pamelad4116]

Why are there so few Denisoven bones? Any guess where they came from? There is an anthropologist who “debunks” the out of Africa theory. But where is the proof of evolution in other areas if not out of Africa? What accounts for the lightening of skin, change in hair texture and change in facial features?

[@NativeEyesNc]

Some came from other Planets. ❤

[@TheScotian82]

Who knew there were such charismatic/charming nerds?! 😄🫡

[@dannybrown5744]

As an indigenous European transplanted to north America, i read a lot of comments involving color of skin. Get over it

[@garnerjoyce606]

Looking forward to research on fossilization and what was human or nature(?) Ex: Easter Island

[@garnerjoyce606]

Travelling apostles, potentially, children being moved long distances

[@garnerjoyce606]

Far north survival of animals, proven evidence

[@erynlasgalen1949]

So, the one thing I noticed is that the earliest examples of Homo Sapiens are found in North Africa Ethiopia, and the Levant. Perhaps we spread out to the south as well as into Europe.

[@hollynonya6991]

The ones you mentioned weren't modern, they were Archaic and went extinct

[@jaybailleaux630]

I remember a kid in high school we called Cro-man. He had a caveman look about him.

[@nanabijou62]

The 300 thousand year old Cro-Magnon fossils were found in modern day Morocco. What did the Mediterranean Sea look like at that time? There is evidence that Malta and Sicily were attached to mainland Europe during the peak of the last Ice Age. Was the gap between Europe and North Africa larger or smaller at this time? There may be human fossils beneath the Mediterranean sea floor.

[@Victrola777]

I noticed all the three ring binders on your shelves, and it reminded me of all the science binders I have 😂

[@jeffhall4228]

Gonna save this for when I can't sleep. Perfect. Haven't slept good the last couple of nights. Thanks so much.

[@shanemiller6982]

I also fair from New Orleans. I can attest that he is telling the absolute truth. There are no rocks.

[@thepiper5522]

I don't speak French, but some of my Maine Acadian relatives do. Or Cajuns, as they're called in New Orleans.

[@asgio27]

Amazing researchers. Can one of these researchers do a video on how they identify these from each other? Salient features that set them apart? That would be wonderful ! Thank you.

[@HISPANISTAPOSMODERNO]

The curious thing is that the Cro-Magnons, who were barely 50,000 individuals, had the same fate as the Neanderthals, they were replaced by another larger group of invaders who imposed themselves and absorbed the invaded, in this case the white-skinned Neolithic farmers of Anatolia who numbered about 500,000. individuals prevailed.

[@samreh6156]

They weren't exactly white skinned. Google Oetzi and his change of skin color based on recent dna analysis.

[@arturofuente4832]

@@samreh6156 Otzi only dates back to 5300 BC. That's RECENT.

[@youlemur]

superb talk

[@saltabiten6088]

Great guy

[@ltlwlwl5057]

This video is good and well made.

[@SharonSnow-k1q]

Evolution is SOOOOO much more interesting than creation theory!!

[@seanchaney3086]

Unhinged evolution is absolutely false. "According to their KIND." We weren't fish, lizards, or rodents.

[@cernunnos_lives]

I'm hoping our modern science unearth more clues about our ancestors (worldwide). It's an awesome & ongoing story continuing with us. Our descendants will need answers.

[@ohyeayea6692]

Great speaker. Def buying his book.

[@JB-gw8ee]

Awesome, thank you! Love this!

[@tomray8765]

My Palieo professor pronounced it "Cro-man-yon" after the region in France.

[@susanschaffner4422]

Excellent presentation. I will listen to it again. Thank you.

[@drstrangelove4998]

The most mysterious and perhaps great leap in imagination, the ‘art object’ which was shown but not remarked upon was the ‘lion man’- a homo- sapien with a lions head.

[@TheTamriel]

The 'lion man' figurine could be the ritual depiction of the shaman of the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave in which it was discovered in 1939. It'd be tempting to speak of the 'clan of the cave lion'. Same might be true for the 'bird man', a painting in the famous cave of Lascaux.

[@forestdweller5581]

Acorns are a known source for flour yes but complicated due to the tannins. We know upper paleolithic people in Europe used hazelnuts and pine etc. It's much easier i would say for them to grind those. And you can store hazelnuts for 2 years. I baked some rather nice bread with hazelnut and walnut flour myself :)

[@Raydensheraj]

Phenomenal presentation. Wonder if he has read Brian Fagan's book "Cro Magnon" and what he personally thinks about it. Definitely going to get his book.

[@a787fxr]

Tens of thousands of years and I need to update my drivers on my computer because it's a year old.

[@rodmarker2071]

I am 70 yrs old Geologist, this is why the Christian Taliban get on my nerves big time

[@seanchaney3086]

America's Greatest Generation were the parent Millennials should've had. Boomers really screwed things up.

[@Chompchompyerded]

Was Eric Trinkaus at New Mexico at some point? I know he has been at Washington University in St. Louis for quite awhile, and is still there today. Sadly, my time at WUStL was quite a bit earlier than when he came to campus, and I was studying in an entirely different department too, though I did take a few classes in Anthro just because I was fascinated by it. My strength was in music though, and that's wat I ended up studying, as well as becoming a professor of, and a performer of. I am now retired, but if I could afford it, and if I was in a city which had a decent university programme in Anthropology, I'd surely do sign up for as many classes as I could handle at my age. I am very glad to have found this video.

[@nomandad2000]

I’d like to know about Paranthropus Robustus and Boisei…Something about a creature that lived adjacent to early humans but JUST DIDNT QUITE MAKE IT fascinates me. Also: I found a very primitive looking Biface Axe in Texas. I still have it. It looks so primitive, almost like something that predates modern humans in its primitive construction. I wonder how old it is? I sent a picture of it to an archaeologist once but they didn’t seem too impressed. They thought it would be around 5-8k years ago, but I’m telling you, this thing looks ANCIENT.

[@czarina7786]

Superb. Ty. 🎉🎉🎉🎉

[@tomchelle1]

6 commercials before the introduction was finished. Doubt I’ll make it through this

[@NativeEyesNc]

It's worth it to some of us especially when you're watching for FREE

[@stanleytolle416]

In the Bible's Old Testament there is a complaint about women having these female figurines that they used for religious purposes. I kind of think these were the same type of figurines as the Venus figurines in the Paleolithic times. My postulation is that the Venus figurines were items of female religious heritage.

[@arturofuente4832]

Not just 'female' figurines. These were household gods (idols) of both sexes.

[@stanleytolle416]

@@arturofuente4832 If I remember right it was a complaint in the Bible mostly about women but we are talking about memory. Though I can recall these figurines being mentioned in pagan beliefs where it was mostly women who were connected to these small idols. Some of this can be seen in Catholic Worship where it is mostly women who pray to the Virgin Mary. I am only saying this base on observing Catholic women worshiping particularly during funeral rights.

[@JM-The_Curious]

I think you're referring to the goddess Asherah. Childbirth is one of the most dangerous events for humans in history, so I agree it would likely be important for women to have something representing the female aspect of Godhood to hold onto during childbirth just as people in the Middle Ages wanted something connected to the Virgin Mary at that time.

[@lawrencemurray568]

Great episode. I'm off to search for Trent's book.

[@la_belle_heaulmiere]

The quip at 52:38 did make me laugh

[@DevonClaireFlannery]

Same

[@pseudopetrus]

Nice program, thank you!

[@jackparker8686]

True belief unshielded without diversions and distractions cannot be ignored

[@70stunes71]

Excellent 😊

[@j.l.emerson592]

"Another beautiful hypothesis felled by ugly fact"... I love this phrase!

[@davidcadman4468]

one area of hunting that wasn't mention was mass driving of herds into path ways that led to cliffs. A site has been discovered under lake Huron in North America/Canada. The sides of which are lined with rocks or boulders. Groups of clans would gather for a seasonal migration hunt and drive the animals into a funnel and drive them over cliffs...

[@ohboah320]

Good video. Very informative. One note, I had no idea Cro-Magnon had artifacts that looked just like Mr. Potato Heads. History is fun!

[@billwilson3665]

I keep wanting to make acorn flour. Native Americans made acorn flour.

[@jackparker8686]

Feeling of power and courage will burgeon within you.. a systemic dynamic phenomenon.... lymphatic circulation involved.... All tying in can be noted and tracked through observation.

[@barkasz6066]

What a delughtful man. Great talk!

[@greendeane1]

A pierced shell can be used to scrape roots to make them easier to eat.

[@1001digital]

That was incredibly interesting! The story with the "current events" got me laughing :)

[@fnersch3367]

Great interview. Thanks.

[@arthurrobey4945]

What haplogroup are we discussing? I'm I2a (P37.2)

[@judeangione3732]

Thanks for the tip on Biblioteque Bordeaux!

[@Pretermit_Sound]

33:12 is that a bullroarer I hear in the background score here? If so, awesome 👍😁

[@kshni_ammat]

It sounded like a bull roarer to me too.

[@rhondawhite5202]

Love the enthusiasm Trenton! I actually have a lot of neanderthal according to 23andme it is more than 96% of their customers. 🥰

[@NativeEyesNc]

😂😂😂

[@connoroleary591]

I like the way you don't assume that couplings with Neanderthals wasn't necessarily peaceful and consenting. There is a middle-class bias amongst many historians. People living for millenia at the edge of existence, are unlikely to have been pleasant and polite. I expect that the advantage modren humans had over the Neanderthals, was a much greater capacity for cunning and violence. Traits, that kept modren humans on the move, seeking out unpopulated territories away from the aggression of their own kind.

[@artdemocrat]

I like this animation history map, is there full video link?

[@jackparker8686]

I always say.... You will know when to look up when you are ready to be convinced

[@paxanimi3896]

The first skull he showed had big forward eyebrows and low forehead, which are not sapien characteristic. Are you sure it’s a sapiens skull?

[@EvolutionSoup]

Hi - very early sapiens still retained certain remnants of their ancestors, including a brow ridge. The ridge became less and less over time.

[@TheTamriel]

@@EvolutionSoup Correct, the first cars resemble horse carts but not for long

[@jackparker8686]

A rare peak into reality and esoteric existence.... If you can handle it... but of course you can

[@RobertGotschall-y2f]

Were there significant climatic changes during this time period?

[@jackparker8686]

The mission just to listen... Understand and learn... Listen to your body listen to your mind.... Understand how it works

[@Rico-Suave_]

Great video, thank you very much , note to self(nts) watched 57:18

[@imtrex521]

sounds like an interesting book. But I wonder if I like the fact that he's using essentially outdated terminology in the title.

[@jamestodd2323]

Prof Holiday talks about that choice at some point in the interview, I recall. It's quite a romantic term.... I like it.

[@3rdeye671]

​​@@jamestodd2323the author explains exactly that near the end of the interview. He knows its outdated but Cro-Magnon has more of a romantic feel and is more intriguing to people. Both those unfamiliar with the topic and those who are up to date researchers that do notice the outdated use of the term Cro-Magnon but are intrigued to find out more. A sales tactic. But i like the term Cro-Magnon myself as it does apply to a unique example of what i could only say is a perfect Neandertal/Sapiens Sapiens F1 hybrid. Its brain case is so large it squashes the face down producing their unique rectangular eye sockets. Only Cro-Magnons of Western Europe have these rectangular eye sockets and such a huge brain case.

[@stevegarcia3731]

At 25:15 - the mammoth steppe across Europ was treeless, (based on available evidence). This may or may not match Ireland and Acotland, also the northern and coastal regions of Germany and Pokand onto Belarus and the Baltic stares. East to the Urals. Why no trees? Do they not spread outbover available land? So, if not, why not?