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@AbdullahAbbas-p5d2 ай бұрын
Can I know what happened that you suddenly made your voice slower and calmer?, I like the offensive of the “dark seas”
@mingfanzhang89272 ай бұрын
😊😊❤😊😊
@mingfanzhang46002 ай бұрын
😊
@seanseoltoir2 ай бұрын
AI = automatic thumbs-down... 👎
@billt61162 ай бұрын
You know, I've always considered destroyers as more of an escort ship, And an adjunct to the Fleet. But between this story, The battle of the Atlantic, And captain Evans at layte gulf, I'm finding an entirely new respect. I guess they do call them "destroyers" for a good reason! I apologize for my previous views, And thank you, for helping to put me straight On the subject!
@erictaylor5462Ай бұрын
I really hope that the Dark Channels don't turn to AI for content creation. They are too well done, and you can see the effort in their content. Your efforts are worth it. Please keep your quality high.
@tmsmqwxАй бұрын
Your scripting is some of the best on KZbin, but your reliance on unrelated stock footage is annoying. More maps and diagrams would be helpful
@ClassicShotokanАй бұрын
tell it to the AI
@jimmyconway8025Ай бұрын
Dark series are good!
@ZathaghilАй бұрын
Some of the best.... Are you for real? Repeating the same thing ten times is literally the WORST scripting I've seen for a long time. This is why relying on ai is stupid and only for stupid people.
@JohnnyAFG812 ай бұрын
I wish my history classes were this interesting in delivery
@billt61162 ай бұрын
Did they say blues brothers..?.. Oh wow! Was that John Belushi?😃
@yt.personal.identification2 ай бұрын
Your teacher needs background music
@GregHart-jg3ukАй бұрын
😂@@billt6116
@OxibaseАй бұрын
If I was a teacher, I would be using the hell out of KZbin in the classroom.
@BertRowe-b3lАй бұрын
You must have a really worthless and stilted history teacher. Or you are an AI plug bot.
@MarvanaAustin2 ай бұрын
Less stock footage and more maps & diagrams, please...
@uurkisme2 ай бұрын
Not everyone can be Drach
@alphalunamare2 ай бұрын
Don't be such a bore.
@OlliethesnowmanАй бұрын
Maps would assist honestly
@Potato-EyeАй бұрын
Less repugnant comments more dark docks please
@tombombadilofficialАй бұрын
On the contrary, every KZbinr should strive to be like Drach.
@madmaxfzzАй бұрын
A good friend of mine once served on the Moosebrugger. The only ship in the fleet that announces "The Moose is Loose!" when going underway.
@gaius_enceladusАй бұрын
@madmaxfzz - That'd be awesome! I *love* moose!
@donpietruk1517Ай бұрын
I always loved the name Cowpens "The Mighty Moo" but this is a close second. One of the outstanding battle records for an escort carrier in the Pacific war.
@grandwazoo870Ай бұрын
And it had antlers!
@ronbyers9912Ай бұрын
The big thing that happened in this battle is the Americans effectively used radar for the first time. In their previous engagements the Japanese lookouts saw the Americans before the American lookouts could see them. The firing of torpedos before the first shot was a big change for the Americans. For the Japanese it was doctrine. If they could they always shot their torpedos before the Americans knew they were there. Moosburger had learned a lot from previous engagements in the Solomons where American surface forces were badly mauled by the Japanese.
@chavitacanta008Ай бұрын
The Japanese navy was adept at night fighting and had made it part of their training where US had not. The Japanese Long Lance torpedo was much more technically advanced and had longer range than Mark III . Iron Bottom Sound will attest to the superiority of their weapons and tatics !
@douglassauvageau7262Ай бұрын
By August 1943, U.S. and Allied radar had eclipsed Japanese optical superiority. Development of 'serviceable' torpedoes was equally decisive.
@tugbobo02Ай бұрын
@@douglassauvageau7262 yeah, the video said the Japanese had radar. iirc the japanese did NOT have radar at any point in the war. They used optical devices and audible devices. I remember seeing old WWII Japanese occupation footage of super large ear horns for detecting incoming aircraft on the home islands
@carlmcdaniels1675Ай бұрын
My research shows no Fletcher Class DD's were present during the engagement. The 6 US destroyer were composed of the Mahan Class (1 ship), Gridley Class (2 ships), and Benson Class (3 ships).
@wulfeman9948Ай бұрын
The U.S. Navy Task Group 31.2 (TG 31.2) of six destroyers-USS Dunlap, Craven, Maury, Lang, Sterett, and Stack-commanded by Commander Frederick Moosbrugger, having been forewarned of the Japanese operation, was dispatched to intercept the Japanese force. battle of vela gulf
@Hupernike45Ай бұрын
Hey guys, U. S. Navy veteran here. I enjoy your videos very much, and I don't know if it's my audio source or my hearing. But the music sometimes overpowers the soft spoken narrative in your videos and makes it difficult to make out the spoken word.
@rburns9730Ай бұрын
You can try the close caption button. It still butchers stuff but it can help.
@ooyginyardel4835Ай бұрын
It’s not your hearing.
@Idahoguy101572 ай бұрын
A big question was whether American torpedoes would work. The first year and half of the war they were awful
@Fevebblefester2 ай бұрын
The Bureau of Ordinance refused to believe there was a problem and threatened punishment for service members who complained. It took until mid 1943 as others have said to get them fixed.
@Idahoguy101572 ай бұрын
@@Fevebblefester … required the interventions of Admirals Nimitz and King. Directly to BuOrd. SubPac did their own definitive live fire testings of mk14 torpedoes
@hotrodfeguy2 ай бұрын
This should be a movie
@scottsevers61942 ай бұрын
Please NO
@MilitarySummaryChannel20242 ай бұрын
I have Tameichi Hara's memoares, "Japanese Destroyer Captain" in my book shelf. The way he writes is exemplary when it comes to impartiality. In it, he doesn't hesitate to criticize, and praise, both the strategies and the tactics employed by both sides. The one thing I remembers the most is: Those with the benefit of hindsight, doesn't understand the burden of making split-second decisions. When the Shigure was lifted out the water in November 1943, they discovered that the American torpedo had left a two feet diameter hole in the rudder. When the engineers asked Hara how they'd managed to navigate the destroyer with the rudder in this condition, Hara replied: "The rudder has been sluggish in recent months, but we've been on dozens of missions since then and pulled through as you can see."
@darinroske11892 ай бұрын
That is a good book.
@beebop4333Ай бұрын
Nice. Can you add more maps please.
@michaelmcgovern8110Ай бұрын
Good stuff keep it up. You're right as far as I know this is the first time in the Americans fired torpedoes from in close, the submarines knew how bad they were the surface fleet was about to find out the torpedoes didn't work the hard way. They finally did something about it though after this and submarine reports ceased to be ignorable. Nice work.
@peterbaker8443Ай бұрын
Yes our torpedoes sucked so did german ones believe it or not. The japs had the best of the war as far as torpedoes go
@eddisonyoung8384Ай бұрын
Why the praise? Robots don't need it. This channel sold out.Didn't you hear who the sponsor was?
@michaelmcgovern8110Ай бұрын
@@eddisonyoung8384 do tell if you're so cool and on the inside
@supersami77482 ай бұрын
Powerful torpedo armament? At this stage of the war the torpedos were still iffy if they would go boom when they hit the target. My uncle who was in the submarine service during the war said it wasn’t until 1944 before everyone was confident of our torpedos performance.
@mred80022 ай бұрын
Love KZbin censorship! Seems one cannot say ‘dammit torpedoes’ or “avoid being killed by the alerted enemy”: seems pretty salient to me.
@waynemiller16702 ай бұрын
Wrong torpedoes. Destroyers, PT boats, torpedo bombers, and submarines all used different torpedoes. None of them were great, but the subs were atrocious, but what do you expect when you only do one live fire test.
@spvillano2 ай бұрын
Subs used the notoriously unreliable Mark 14 torpedo, with a problematic depth control system and magnetic pistol detonator, this ship had the Mark 15 torpedo, with a contact detonator, which was reliable.
@mred80022 ай бұрын
@ thanks
@allanmonroe6922 ай бұрын
The Mk15 used the same basic design as the notorious Mk14 & had the same problems. However, these problems were fixed in November 1943 & this battle was the first after the fixes were implemented. They had 1 dud torpedo strike. PT boats and older destroyers continued to use the Mk8, which didn't have the same problems, because they couldn't accommodate the larger & more powerful mk15.
@bobmckenna5511Ай бұрын
Awesome production and historical retelling.
@equilightАй бұрын
Masterful narration of a highly interesting chapter of the pasific war theater - phrase don't stop!
@user-sg4zi1bh8o9 күн бұрын
Awesome program!!! Thx!
@aspiceronni4462Ай бұрын
Hopefully AI gererated videos are not able to be monetized.
@Orcinus1967Ай бұрын
I had never heard of that battle. Nicely done.
@JFirn86Q29 күн бұрын
That was an intense and gripping story... wow
@stevecastro13252 ай бұрын
4:40 I love the clip of Gen. MacArthur and Adm. Nimitz discussing the plan.
@richardcleveland85492 ай бұрын
Yeah . . . they posed for quite a few of these YT WW2 vids! 🤣
@scottsevers61942 ай бұрын
Nimitz couldn't stand him
@richardcleveland8549Ай бұрын
@@scottsevers6194 The Admiral was NOT alone in that; MacArthur's ego was only slightly smaller than a fleet carrier.
@MrDubyadee1Ай бұрын
And it doesn’t make any sense. Guadalcanal was a Navy/Marine operation. MacArthur had no role in it. The Army supplied some troops late in the campaign to free up the Marines for other operations.
@ronbyers9912Ай бұрын
They weren't discussing the plan for this engagement. That is stock footage of a discussion about a later engagement.
@ob1257Ай бұрын
Excellent work, thanks for the great story as well.
@Seeker-zl7nfАй бұрын
Some think that it was American's brilliant military tactic and trap that won this and other battles. But they deceivingly don't mention that USA had already cracked the Japanese cyphering code at 1938 (like Germany's code machine, Enigma, which was cracked by English). Therefore USA knew exactly where Japanese naval units were at any given moment and what their plan was. The brilliancy was only the breaking of the code and not the military planning. It is unfair to those who worked day and night to break that code.
@garymcaleer61122 ай бұрын
Great post, DS!
@mpeterll2 ай бұрын
Great video. I would have preferred to have all the ads at the beginning instead of random mid-roll ads breaking the tension that your commentary was building up.
@osogrande22 ай бұрын
Go KZbin premium and no ads.
@bjorn25352 ай бұрын
@@osogrande2he means the sponsor, which is part of the video. You can’t skip a sponsor ad with KZbin premium.
@eddisonyoung8384Ай бұрын
Why the praise? Robots don't need it. This channel sold out.Didn't you hear who the sponsor was?
@Duke-i3u2 ай бұрын
the battle of cape st. george was also a great similar action. arliegh burke and his destroyers intercepted a group of japanese destroyers, sinking 3 for no losses. it was also unique in it being virtual even match, with 5 destroyers on each side.
@stevekerp1Ай бұрын
You mentioned the location of the battle and "Solomon Islands" several times, but I have no idea where this was fought, or it's proximity to known locations such as the Marianas, Coral Sea, the Philippines and so forth. A map or chart would have been helpful.
@markmcintyreastro5773Ай бұрын
there's a map at 3:56 and the location is mentioned several times. so quick check on google maps will find the Vela Gulf.
@williamtolon6464Ай бұрын
Love these videos.
@douglassauvageau7262Ай бұрын
Vice Admiral Willis A. (Ching) Lee near-simultaneously capitalized on the un-tested advantage of U.S. Radar technology to neutralize the Japanese task-force sailing to disrupt the Allied invasion of Guadalcanal. A calculated gamble that paid-off.
@EudoraGray-m1zАй бұрын
Genuine love should first be directed at oneself if we do not love ourselves, how can we love others?
@njjeff201Ай бұрын
Bless our Vets 🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸
@ngauruhoezodiac3143Ай бұрын
I still think that the most ingenious trap in naval warfare was by the Greeks in the Battle of Salamis.
@michaelmcquiston7772 ай бұрын
Can you do a video on the battleship Southard? My wife's grandfather was on Southard when it was struck by a kamikaze pilot. He had shrapnel in his body till the day he passed. His name was Bobby Jean Spencer. He was also on a ship that was sunk and he was one of the lucky ones who didn't get eaten by sharks.
@24tanksalotАй бұрын
Great tactic great story
@MarjorieMorris-s2uАй бұрын
Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others.
@honey8784Ай бұрын
And -- the voice (. Tone and Timber ), is really good ,
@darkjudge8786Ай бұрын
It's AI
@justnotg00dАй бұрын
Very good video, well presented. I dislike videos spend too much time, like saying back in 1918 this ship first saw combat in such and such, or when the captain was born, yadda yadda, Just the battle, just the information well presented. Thank you. // First time I head Moosbrugger I thought it was Blues Brothers.
@sbf_fox2434Ай бұрын
But what about the ships about to go over the waterfall?
@MamieLarkin-d1bАй бұрын
You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it come true. You may have to work for it, however.
@RonHudgens-ck5qeАй бұрын
Take your AI AND PUT IT WHERE THE SUN DOESN'T SHINE
@LeonFelixRusso2 ай бұрын
Commander Mooserubber?
@terenceblakely4328Ай бұрын
Leyte Gulf could've gone down as one of the greatest naval traps, especially against a massively superior foe, in history if it wasn't for a Japanese admiral chickening out. What is especially confusing is that the Japanese had a long record of suicidal attacks and by that time the Japanese navy was pretty much useless. If there ever was a time for a suicidal attack that was it.
@annehersey98952 ай бұрын
I don’t understand what A2 was doing after A1 had hit 3 ships wi torpedoes. When the ships of A2 sprang into action, they were shooting at the ships that already had damage. Why wouldn’t their first target be the unharmed intact ship? The torpedoed ship didn’t really need to be hit anymore but because they didn’t assess the battlefield, they let one ship escape without much damage living to wreak havoc another day.
@adriandeere847Ай бұрын
The 4th ship in the column was far behind. The first 3 were holding 30 knots, while the 4th could barely make 25 knots.
@adriandeere847Ай бұрын
Plus brake formation and chasing at night is an easy way of taking friendly fire. Radar doesn't discriminate between friend or fo
@annehersey9895Ай бұрын
@ That makes a lot of sense. Thanks for responding!
@othername10002 ай бұрын
Metal. They’re made of metal.
@DavidncRobsonАй бұрын
It's all very well making a big deal out of this naval success, but I'm sure you're aware that US-Japan naval engagements in the Solomons didn't always end with victory for the US Navy. The Battle of Savo Island ended with so much damage to US Navy ships that they didn't dare venture into those waters for many months. That is why the US marines on Guadalcanal had to struggle on their own for many months against superior Japanese forces without any assistance from the US Navy. Even the Australian Navy provided more help than their own navy did.
@HughBarton-m3dАй бұрын
Criticism is something you can easily avoid by saying nothing, doing nothing, and being nothing.
@greggweber99672 ай бұрын
10:05 Wouldn't Radar give away your bearing?
@EK-gr9gd2 ай бұрын
The Japanese didn't possess sophisticated ESM.
@tomtrenter32082 ай бұрын
Ok...... how did WW2 US destroyers muffle their engines to avoid the enemy???
@mrbaab59322 ай бұрын
Mufflers?
@TheTommyboy19712 ай бұрын
These were not diesel powered ships. They burned oil to produce steam for turbines to turn the screws. It is a quiet system at low to moderate speeds.
@tomtrenter32082 ай бұрын
@@TheTommyboy1971 I can't imagine folks falling for the video's this guy posts, they're just garbage.
@deepseadweller687Ай бұрын
@@tomtrenter3208Why don't you then show him? I'll wait😂
@louprentz8554Ай бұрын
During World War II, U.S. Navy destroyers employed several techniques to muffle their engines and reduce noise, which was essential for stealth and tactical advantage in naval operations. Here are some methods they used: 1. Exhaust Systems: Destroyers were equipped with exhaust systems designed to muffle engine noise. These systems often included mufflers and baffles that helped to reduce the sound of exhaust gases escaping from the engines. 2. Soundproofing Materials: Various soundproofing materials were used in engine rooms and other compartments to absorb noise. This included insulation around engines and machinery spaces to minimize the transmission of sound. 3. Engine Design: The design of the engines and related machinery also played a role in noise reduction. More efficient and quieter engines helped minimize operational noise compared to older designs. 4. Operational Procedures: Crews were trained in operational procedures that emphasized quieter operations, such as managing throttle settings and avoiding sudden maneuvers that could generate excess noise. 5. Hull Design: The hull design of destroyers contributed to noise reduction. Streamlined shapes and specific hull forms could help reduce the underwater noise signature, making the vessel harder to detect by enemy sonar. These techniques were part of a broader effort to enhance the stealth of naval vessels during the war, allowing them to operate more effectively in hostile environments.
@VernonSanderАй бұрын
I think the Japanese were also towing barges on these ships
@rayo18832 ай бұрын
I hope the Navy studies it as a piece of history and not for any tactical purposes. Today's technology has moved well beyond a surprise night attack. But we're always fighting the previous war.
@Duke-i3u2 ай бұрын
actually, there were no fletcher or benson class in this action. they were all of the pre-war craven and gridley class. otherwise, good video.
@kappullen2 ай бұрын
To much advertisement.
@pauliewalnuts240Ай бұрын
Then pay & get ad free. Or don't watch. He needs adds to make money to continue creating videos. You think he just does this for fun & your entertainment, with nothing in return? Where does the world work like that?
@mrazcr000Ай бұрын
@@pauliewalnuts240 also stretching the truth to pump views to sycophants like you.
@jarredburns49562 ай бұрын
What would it take for you to do a video covering a ship from my favorite IJN cruiser class of WW2, the Takao classic
@araarthura300720 күн бұрын
Skip the commercial and pick up the WWII naval story at 3:40.
@robertghigliotty765Ай бұрын
Were you trying to say lay- tay gulf? Spelling was done to sound it out....idk what you were saying it sounded wrong but kinda sorta close ..🤔 still trying to figure it out without constant rewinding..Edit: how we get from Lay-tay gulf to what belaruze gulf ( I think it was) ?
@WilliamSmith-zk4tjАй бұрын
They slowed down to reduce the fluorescent wake they were leaving behind them
@mred8002Ай бұрын
There were some films from decades ago that highlighted British destroyers. Tough bastards.
@gregdouglas5405Ай бұрын
At 7:16 it showed Ernest borgnine from McHales navy.
@vinnynj78Ай бұрын
Yeah, he was nowhere near that action at the time. He was on anti-submarine patrol in the Atlantic.😊
@JosephMitchell-zw3db2 ай бұрын
Introducing thanks 😊
@servinav10 күн бұрын
Sime times the images don t match the audio, I sugest the use of animated digital video to follow the story
@Tyler-zl6ywАй бұрын
this narrator said the same thing over and over and over in this video just trying to extend our screen engagement. It allowed the destroyers to operate independently of the larger slower cruisers. WE GET IT! i love WW2 videos but this is starting to border on brain rot rambling.. skip to about 10:00 to get through that nonsense and hear about the actual event.
@fionajack9160Ай бұрын
What is the thumbnail pic supposed to be?
@personnelenteАй бұрын
So Midway doesn't count?
@barryolson3998Ай бұрын
What, destroyers had mufflers???
@donaldjones3580Ай бұрын
I hope your videos are not just going to be a long ad with less content.
@auro19862 ай бұрын
didn't you have mines to lay under sea?
@Beemer9172 ай бұрын
I think USS Starrett had the measure of the japanese.
@asgglass2709Ай бұрын
Classic victory.
@John-jl9deАй бұрын
Go Navy!
@OhMy-pr1qqАй бұрын
EXACTLY WHAT TAMPON TIM SAYS EVERY NIGHT! 🤣🤣
@fatjoe66666666Ай бұрын
I don’t mind the stock footage I’ve never seen.
@EdenDefoeАй бұрын
Give thanks for the rain of life that propels us to reach new horizons.
@edwardmyers8782Ай бұрын
At this point Japanese radar was non-existent the hugged the coast to make them visually difficult to see.
@johnmastermanАй бұрын
Allied radar was vastly superior to Axis radar
@cristianprisecariu196427 күн бұрын
The Japanese had no radar in WW2! If they had, they wouldn't "wake up" with American planes above their aircraft carriers at Midway. While thanks to the radar the US fleet "saw" the Japanese planes from tens of miles away, the Japanese were "blind"! At night, the American battleship Washington was "playing" with the Japanese battleship Kirishima, which could not "see" anything while the American battleship directed its artillery fire with the help of radar! If it is added that the American navy "read" the Japanese codes, then it was a real "turkey hunter" as an American pilot rightly stated!
@whiteknightcatАй бұрын
Commander Moose Rubber?
@kennethwilson8633Ай бұрын
Boom
@chaikaomoua11692 ай бұрын
When I was first introduced to ship class destroyers sounds like the most powerful warships s because they have the word destroy as a name. But nope they are powerful but not the dreadnaught I was thinking about.
@bobhearn87332 ай бұрын
Why did U.S. torpedoes not work ?
@nmccw3245Ай бұрын
Arrogance, ineptitude and politics within the Navy Bureau of Ordinance.
@JonSmith-s7z20 сағат бұрын
@@nmccw3245My father "a WWII Navy veteran" claimed it was siphoning off the alcohol that fueled the torpedoes and somehow making it "drinkable".... interesting hypothetical reason.... lmao
@survidmtАй бұрын
Hunting at a different level.
@jessboswell25812 ай бұрын
Dudes basically telling you immediately he doesn’t have shit to do with the video just prompting a search engine
@BrantleyCrawford-e5l2 күн бұрын
Most of the pictures are of DE's. What's up with that???
@greenerell484Ай бұрын
2:40 you say short but the typing says long
@rager19692 ай бұрын
Did you say USS Blues Brother?
@ronalddagostino3674Ай бұрын
melo dramatic voicing sounds silly and subtracts from the actual drama. Content so good, faults are overridden.
@IIISentorIIIАй бұрын
One thing that gets often overlooked is that back then everything was black and white, so people engaging in the dusk and dawn time were way more efficient and better suited compared to us today.
@tmsmqwxАй бұрын
🤣
@robertupchurch808826 күн бұрын
Engines muffled? LOL, as a former Chief Engineer on a US Navy Frigate and Cruiser with similar engineering plants I found that line hilariously dumb. Ever heard a warship from another surface ship? Almost silent…..AI screws up again.
@ChrisGutting-b1hАй бұрын
I’m like you more maps and diagrams and leave it up for awhile so we can look for are selves
@ManMountainMetalsАй бұрын
More stock footage, please 🙏 maybe some AI generated stuff.
@robkunkel8833Ай бұрын
💈Somebody made a comment about “slapping shit” What does “slapping shit” mean? It sounds gross but it would probably depend on what type of feces we are dealing with. It might be like a paddle ball or something extraordinarily messy. Nice to see so many constructive thoughts deconstructing the video. Bur what about the paddle ball problem?
@douglasbuckland82802 ай бұрын
How do you 'mute' a destroyer's engines?
@mrbaab59322 ай бұрын
Push the mute button 🔳 or use mufflers, lol
@elonever.2.071Ай бұрын
Hoist the sails. 😂😂
@ronaldwhite1730Ай бұрын
Thank you . ( 2024 / Nov / 07 )
@bobdadnaila77082 ай бұрын
Thinking about how all those men did all that terrible work with little or no color in their lives.
@iainballasАй бұрын
Honestly, your pushing of AI tools is pretty much what made this the last video for me. AI generated videos made by bot channels are taking over youtube, to the point I don't often click on videos unless they are either from a major channel I trust, or more than three years old. Heck, trying to look for a picture of ANYTHING on google nowadays returns four or five real results, and the rest lovecraftian AI generated horror versions of what I'm looking for. And that's not even getting into the AI generated 'music' flooding every single corner of the landscape.
@flyingdutchmanindustries58772 ай бұрын
Dude! Loose the corny music!
@dcy665Ай бұрын
"to become your first mate for content creation" cute, and probably effective
@williamanderson60062 ай бұрын
I don't know there was another naval trap that worked pretty well you might have heard of it "the battle of Midway" ?
@mrbaab59322 ай бұрын
Also Pearl Harbor and Taranto
@williamanderson6006Ай бұрын
@@mrbaab5932 yep you are right
@bobhearn87332 ай бұрын
Too many ads
@landtuna34692 ай бұрын
There is no way a destroyer can "muffle" its exhaust. Who wrote this stupid shit?
@TheTommyboy19712 ай бұрын
They used oil fired burners and steam turbines for propulsion, not diesel. At lower speeds this combo is relatively quiet.
@MadgeChurchАй бұрын
The winds and waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators.