David Reich - Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past (March 3, 2021)

Scientists sequenced the first ancient human genomes in 2010, and since then, more than 5000 additional ancient genomes have been published. That work makes it possible to ask and answer questions about the past that were impossible to address before. A measure of a new scientific instrument’s novelty is how often it reveals surprises, and by this measure, ancient DNA has been as revelatory as past instruments like the microscope.
In this talk, David Reich will discuss how ancient DNA has revealed archaic human populations that interbred with modern humans that we did not know about before. He will talk about how ancient DNA has revealed that large-scale mixing of populations is not just a phenomenon of the last 500 years but has occurred throughout human history. He will finally discuss how we can use ancient DNA to estimate how large and mobile human populations were in the deep past. More details: www.simonsfoundation.org/even...

[@naidadad9311]

This is the biggest new knowledge I have encountered since I graduated from my university in 1989! I am sure people like prof. Reich will keep adding new details. I cannot thank enough!

[@tommyselbe1999]

89 sounds like everything we learned then was wrong!

[@KipIngram]

Isn't it *amazing*??? I really just discovered it Friday evening, and I've spent the whole weekend absorbing as much as I can.

[@dewaynebaugh1497]

I'm sure so called pof Reich will come up with some other propaganda trying to support white aupremacy since the undeniably fact that Europeans interbred with Neanderthals and denovisions before about ten yes ago the European narrative of Neanderthals were they were almost primitive species apart from humans

[@dewaynebaugh1497]

In the last ten yes the European narrative has changed with the discovery of interbreeding with Neanderthals and denovisions in Europe.

[@nancytestani1470]

So much has come about from 8 yrs ago, 7yrs ago, 5yrs ago, 3yrs ago 2 yrs ago, 1 yrs ago to months…so very cool…

[@KipIngram]

I've spent the entire weekend watching videos like this one. I'm utterly, *completely* fascinated. These amazing things have come along a little too late for me to get in on them, but if I'd bumped into this when I was younger it would have immediately sucked me in. It's my kind of stuff.

[@nancytestani1470]

Me too..following this kind of stuff for so long…love it..

[@yqh1994]

It’s never too late! Even as a layman, you can explore. Id recommend checking out Svante Paabos book

[@KipIngram]

@@yqh1994 Thank you very much - I will look into that one. I have a plenty good understanding of math, probability and statistics, and so on, so at least the methodologies should be fairly clear for me. What I'm really fascinated with is seeing us suddenly able to bring real, undeniable EVIDENCE to bear on these problems of history that we've mostly just had to "guess at" up until now.

[@hermes_logios]

Philology is now considered interdisciplinary, but was essentially the parent discipline of linguistics, semiotics, and cultural anthropology.

[@xttattic]

Both Nietzsche and Tolkien were philologists. An important field of human curiosity and investigation.

[@tommyselbe1999]

Now for the three hours of study time 🤷‍♀️ that goes with every one hour lecture… 🔥 i’m cooking on all burners now🧬 Thanks for the update you guys rock

[@jandunn169]

Truly fascinating. Explains so much, and thanks for mentioning Maria Gimbutas who taught at UCLA back when I was a student.

[@oldernu1250]

Thank you, Dr. Reich. We are like children listening to a great teacher. Harvard should give you everything you request. Long ago I dated a girl who received a MA from Harvard in Paranormal Science. Academia is prone to trends, like all cultural groups, especially the soft sciences. Follow the facts, revealing the facts of past populations increases our understanding of many things.

[@truthstarved]

Nonsense. Only children accept theoretical conjecture as fact. The Out-Of-Africa theory was all the rage when it was not know that modern day humans are the product of intermixing between at least four genetically and regionally distinct pockets of hominids. If an academic took exception to the Out-Of-Africa theory, he/she was castigated by those who were emotionally invested in the view that all modern day humans stem from a single group of Homo sapiens that originated in sub-Saharan Africa 2,000 generations ago.

[@daslick6085]

DNA is incredible! We are going to be able confirm history a lot more.

[@donnaryan2838]

The amount of new information is astounding.

[@nancytestani1470]

Yes…

[@daxx77m]

Super interesting lecture! Thank you!

[@Jamesfoleyjr]

Extremely knowledgeable I like how he loses his accent when he gets serious.

[@MrPlayaVerde]

Very nice lecture. Thank you.

[@99escobar]

Does anyone have any information about the event he mentions at 1:03:13? The rise in farmer ancestry in England?

[@MercyAlwyz23]

I love learning about this. 😍

[@marisagarcia-luna490]

Dividing this presentation into ten lectures could be more effective in presenting such massive amount of information.

[@Chuck-Morgan]

Hello Dr. Reich, an excellent presentation. I did have a question slightly in a differing area. Are there any current analysis regarding Sumerian and/or Mesopotamian aDNA and their possible *racial or ethnic makeup? I look forward to any insight you can suggest or provide, thank you in advance Dr. Reich.

[@minionish]

Thank you! Truly fascinating. But I think it needs to be added some more data of Asian and so on. It might take times though.

[@CeeCee630]

Very interesting lecture.

[@Ibnafrika]

At 48:50 where David Reich explains that the farmer population that built Stonehenge (no step ancestry) is replaced by 90% with a new population that resembles Modern Britain, i feel has vindicated the work of Gerald Massey and David Macritchie 'Ancient & Modern Britain' where they postulated these arguments in the 19th century.

[@Ibnafrika]

Gerald Massey 'A book of the beginnings'.

[@robertevans8010]

This DNA is Changing every year, we are finding Burials with DNA which is now even more complex in Britain, we now know that the Original Builders of Stonehenge still exist in Britain in the West of Wales the DNA is Ancient going back longer than 6000 Years our Language is the only intact Celtic Language , Celts in Wales and Ireland are close in DNA terms, also in Language , many Ancient Stories talk of a Great Land to the West of Ireland and Wales that was lost to the Atlantic around 10, 000 years ago, there may well have been a further DNA in that area. I was used in the DNA use of the Stonehenge Skeletons, I have DNA which comes from Ceredigion West Wales or Cymru its correct name, we were the Ancient Britons, our Language gives the name to many parts of Britain. it is now proved by DNA that Stonehenge was built by people whose DNA still exists like mine in Ceredigion and Dyfed, the Stones Bluestones were taken from West Wales to Wiltshire about 5.5 thousand Years ago from the Presli mountains in West Wales, there are Blue Standing Stones Avenue like from there to Stonehenge many Megaliths and Tombs are dotted all over the Welsh Countryside and in what was our lands taken by the Saxon and the Scots , I am now 104 I speak a Language that was spoken before the time of Christ and it is still spoken, today, I think that DNA is more complex than just Charts and obviously there are always outliers, I have no English Blood in my body and my DNA is linked only in my terms to the British Isles and Ireland, I am 104 I was 6ft3" Tall when in the army during the War Blond Haired and Blue eyed , I looked more German than the Germans yet I am a Brythonic Celt both my parents were married in Ceredigion and their parents the same, we are able to trace our Ancestry at Least 800 Years in that area. Great Programme and great to listen to. I hope I live long enough to here more of your excellent work. I think I met Mr Paabo some time ago, but I thought he was Finnish. Nos da oes gwelwch yn dda.

[@SimonSozzi7258]

Timeline The Celts lived during the Iron Age, from about 600 BC to 43 AD. This is the time when iron was discovered and used. The Iron Age ended when the Romans invaded Britain and set up their own civilisation and government. The people who lived in Britain during the Iron Age weren't called 'Celts' until the 1700s.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

I would like to see DNA population drift and mixing simulations run with lots of different scenarios before I would even consider whether these models of migration and mixing are potentially valid. I mean, I would need to see someone put together 3 populations and model tons of scenarios of mixing and migration checking if the statistical methods mentioned in this video would correctly uncover each particular scenarios modeled before I would accept the methods as valid on real DNA data.

[@moedemama]

Why is it clear that britains hunter gatherers would have dark pigmentation?

[@lowiqcommentdetectorbot9332]

No presence of depigmentation alleles. The white colour is surprisingly recent.

[@GriffinParke]

Cheddar Man and WHGs were not as dark as SSAs. Vitamin D absorption would have been vital at those latitudes, especially after the last ice age. Also, a recent paper seems to indicate blue eyes, which all WHGs had, was an adaption to low light levels.

[@MarvinMonroe]

Apparently Reich includes people from the Andaman Islands along with Southern Indians. This greatly exaggerates the genetic differences between people from the Northern and Southern sections of the Indian Subcontinent

[@moedemama]

Would be really helpful to see the corresponding haplogroup every time you are mentioning certain people. It is only displayed in one example

[@TropicOfCancer1998]

Who wrote the Vedas? Nomads of the steppe or Yogis of the valley?

[@jefftheriault5522]

So, indigenous populations in north, central and south America were far smaller than the Spanish (for instance) either estimated or reported?

[@Vazgen_Ghazaryan]

I would be hugely grateful if the speaker could also elaborate about the Armenians...

[@elliottprats1910]

abbkk Just because all human groups being heavily mixed, that wouldn’t lessen the interest of an elaboration about the Armenians.

[@Vazgen_Ghazaryan]

I hesitated to answer, but dear @abbkk, Armenia is a very old country, and the Armenians are an old nation known from the 5th century BC at least.

[@chandman492]

@@Vazgen_Ghazaryan Im an indian ethnic and of hindu religious idealogy, I have a question for you, does armenia have anything related to the vedas? How much of armenian is overlapped to sanskrit?

[@Vazgen_Ghazaryan]

@@chandman492 Dear Ralph, sorry for a late answer. As a linguist specializing in Classical Armenian of the 5th c. CE, I can say, based on my own expertise, that we haven't pertained much in terms of the original mythology or oral traditions. Most of the data comes from relatively late written Christian period (compared to the approximate period of attestation of Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Hittite languages), and lot of it was heavily influenced by Near Eastern languages and traditions, and the other part was just never written down because of the religion that shunned such tales. We were never a huge mass of people, although held a good position in Antiquity, so that is quite what one might expect. As to the oral traditions and myths themselves, they are very fragmentary, but many motifs have been preserved, such as the Quest of the Black Hero (Ancient Indian Rama and Ancient Armenian Aram), Wild Hunt, mythical battles between Armenian and Semitic gods (Armenian Hayk vs Semitic Bel), Dying and Resurrecting Hero (Ara the Beautiful vs the Semitic goddess of love and lust - Shamiram), legends about mythical twins (Ervand and Ervaz, Sanasar and Baghdasar, Aramaneak and Aramayis, etc.), foundation of a statehood, formation of a nation, etc... But even in these the actual history left a huge trace, and many original myths became localized and contaminated. Several texts that might be older, were preserved in the History of Armenia by Movses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khoren), the first Armenian history of the fifth century. A weak Wikipedia page exists that might be of interest and further inquiry (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology), as well as I send the link to the most extant and comprehensive overview of this topic in English (www.academia.edu/3656244). Best luck!!! And thanks for the interest!

[@Vazgen_Ghazaryan]

I forgot about the language. The Ancient Armenian language itself is very rich and even at the moment of being written for the first time, it already had a vocabulary of some 40,000 words. It is mostly related to the Ancient Greek from one side, and to the Indo-Iranian languages, from the other. So, yes, there are a lot of good and verifiable parallels between Armenian and Sanskrit. They both have pertained very interesting features from the mother tongue of our nations.

[@Menaka253]

❤ Thank you for your information why did you not take the Tamils ​​in South India, they are now the first language in the world and from them the research says that the first man in the world must be from them, the Indian government does not bring it out and you also did not take the Tamils.

[@garyliu6589]

The fosils across the 200ky time range, where the genomes comparison were obtained, are they of the same species? Is the out of Africa theory concluded by comparing genome of different human species, or by comparing modern human to ancient ape? Given the same result, will you draw the same conclusion if the comparison is made to, say, a fish, instead of an ape? The out of africa conclusion is it not based on senseless comparison?

[@shone_m]

R1b = Yamnaya population, basically major Western-European haplotype. The "replaced" (killed) I1 and I2.

[@MercyAlwyz23]

In another video, he discussed how the Yamnaya came in and dominated the area via mixing with the women and killing off the males. I thought it sounded a lot like the Mongol expansion. I have not looked into it but it could be the Mongols are Yamnaya descendants.

[@wangba]

Pretty incredible advances. Like science fiction but not.Thanks.

[@elliottprats1910]

I hope someone can answer this.... How much farmer ancestry did the Yamnaya have? When the first farmers left Anatolia they spread out in all directions. They certainly would have settled the lands that would later be populated by the Yamnaya and had genetic replacement of the local EHG (Eastern hunter gather) inhabitants. We have some examples of the first farmers having huge genetic replacement (99% in Great Britain over WHG) so if something similar occurred north of the Black Sea the Yamnaya would have basically been the decedents of the first farmers. Since we can tell the difference between the Yamnaya and the first farmers though that would probably indicate that the farmer genetic replacement wasn’t 99% north of the Black Sea or that the Yamnaya weren’t originally from that area? I wish he would have broke down the genetic makeup of the Yamnaya 😔

[@mikhailfranco]

I think the Yamnaya were originally pastoralists - nomadic herders, or at least seasonally migrating (transhumance). I don't think farming spread to the steppe prior to the Yamnaya. The Yamnaya hypothesis is tightly coupled to domestication of the horse, riding of horses with a bit-bridle, and development of the spoke-wheeled horse-drawn chariot (as distinct from pre-existing solid-wheeled bullock carts).

[@aegeanenjoyer668]

Wang et al in 2019 iirc found 10-12% EEF in yamnaya, probably from CTC (trypillia). Reich himself also found CHG/Iran influence in them that came later than their original CHG forming, they most likely carried Anatolian ancestry as well. The problem here is, was this ancestry present in the ancestors of yamnaya or did the yamnaya received them after they had already formed as a culture? These questions will be answered soon I hope, probably through analysis of pre-yamnaya pastoralists like the dnieper donets

[@gregorde]

Wait. A faculty search committee at Harvard through that ancient DNA was not relevant to the study of human evolutionary biology? So much for the best and brightest.

[@dickdrapper5491]

Its about leftist racial theory to them, not truth. They don't want anyone of a different race to feel offended by anything ever. 1984 shit.

[@MercyAlwyz23]

You have to read between the lines. They found data that they would rather not share for the telling of their story 😅

[@CanalCursoMLearning]

I didn't understand well the comments at 1:03:07 about a 50% population replacement in Britain around Middle Bronze Age, Did he state that Farmer ancesty in South Britain increased at that time? What culture could be responsible for that signficant change in ancestry?

[@bartholomewtott3812]

Migration or expansion of existing farmer populations.

[@CanalCursoMLearning]

@@bartholomewtott3812 Who were those populations and from where did they departure towards Britain?

[@bartholomewtott3812]

@@CanalCursoMLearning they could have been populations from mainland Europe or existing neolithic populations in britain.

[@CanalCursoMLearning]

@@bartholomewtott3812 According to Reich himself there had been a 90% population replacemnt 1,000 years before in Britain, so it seems difficult to believe they were locals. Where in the continent would they have arrived from? NW France? Could they have been the first ones who carried Celtic languages into the British Isles?

[@bartholomewtott3812]

@@CanalCursoMLearning way too early to be Celtic. I've heard said they might have been a resurgent indigenous population.

[@lukesky2491]

Mixing and interbreeding forever

[@TropicOfCancer1998]

Many South asians also have australoid components, where is that here?

[@mikhailfranco]

It is on the India map in the presentation 23:55 - green icons in central-eastern India representing immigration of rice farmers from the east. These are distinct from the far south 'dravidian' areas shown with blue icons.

[@elliottprats1910]

@1:05:10 So all Ashkenazi Jews today come from 23 individuals that lived 850~ years ago!?! I could be incorrectly reading the chart (N a1) but that’s what I’m getting from it.

[@prakashp2512]

While it is clear that the Indian subcontinent received a genetic contribution from the Steppes (Yamnaya) during 4000-3500 ybp, it is not empirical that they are the same as the spread of Indo-European languages. David Reich provides very sparse evidence - that certain Brahmin groups exhibit a Steppes component peak - to back up the claim that these were the same people who composed the Vedic corpus (Rgveda), maintained it and orally transmitted it for over 5000 years. The Rgveda was composed in the setting of a river civilization - the poets routinely praised the Seven rivers of India and also indulged in the propitiation of the rain god, Indra for regular monsoons. The IVC/Harappan cities were always built on the banks of these rivers and died out after the 4.2 kbp aridification event. In line with that devastating drought, Indra loses his primacy in the Hindu pantheon to Vishnu, the Preserver. The composing of the Rgveda preceded the 4.2 kbp event in India. It is therefore, quite clear, that the Yamnaya migrants had nothing to do with the spread of IE languages. In fact, it reasons quite logically that - the composers of the Rgveda/Vedic Corpus and the builders of the IVC were one and the same - these were the IVC cline - a mix of the Iranian Hunter Gatherers and the Andamanese Hunter Gatherers. Also this proves another linguistic paradox. The Indo-Iranian branch is the only IE branch that exhibits retroflexion. Which must have developed insitu in the Indian subcontinent. And would have been aided by the presence of the Dravidian component - the Andamanese Hunter Gatherer groups.

[@sukhjohal8998]

Maybe spread from India! westward

[@user-lh9no8ps2s]

Yea , these guys are telling this like a kindergarten story .That these steppes came and created rigved and made themselves Brahmin and subjugated others by caste system and other people just followed their order . Why these steppes who migrated to like 10 different directions and were so conscious about their superiority and race created ved and Sanskrit and caste only in india and no where else . The reason is that these cannot digest the beauty of veda . So they created this fairly tale to hijack the authority and reduce credibility of Indian to create Ved

[@revilo178]

No one denies that the Rigveda was composed in India (or what is now Pakistan) and that Sanskrit is heavily influenced by the surrounding Indian languages. None of this proves that the RV was composed by the same people who built the IVC. It does prove that the Aryans were already influenced by the earlier populations of the region. The switch from indra to Vishnu may have something to do wiht the aridification that led to the downfall of IVC cities, but that is just a hypothesis. I agree that Reich's evidence in this video is rather slim as far as the origin of the Rv goes. But what genetic studies like this can prove is that the Indo-European languages can hardly have originated in India and spread westward, which would be a necessary consequence of your thesis.

[@Mister_Dongs]

42:20 Hyperboreans

[@blackedelweiss601]

we out here fam

[@MrDeviathan]

About the wheel invention - please check Bronocice Vase, it's oldest depiction of wheeled cart, older than Sumerian ones, so it's actually much better fit that Early Western Indo-Europans took the wheel locally from Anatolian Farmers living in what is now Southern Poland.

[@drugvash4899]

You must be polish 😝

[@TheBollywoodCritic]

Lmao ancient Poland. Modern poles have nothing to do with the ancient Yamnaya and their invention of the wheel.

[@WitcherDAD]

@@TheBollywoodCritic you are wrong , if you want to keep Kossina Theory ( Goebbels propaganda) or "the Western History" that Slavs came to Central Europe in VI AD then you should look at the Vincza Culture in Serbia / Romania and check Tartaria Tablets translated to proto-slavic language . Runes on those tablets are 700-1000 years older that Sumerian writing and also Stanford DNA research 2021 about R1a . Proto-Slavic Tribes R1a came earlier to the Central Europe from the East in Early Bronze Age 7000 BC . Then later in Fatyanowo was invented wheel and horse was domesticated. That group were Aryans called later Venedic people for very long time . They migrated to South -East of Poland and Western Ukraine . Big part of those Aryans moved to India (Brahmini) . Rest of Venedic People were divided into different groups . One part moved to the South - Hungary ( along time before Huns invasion, which changed their language/ Lengyel culture - check name of Poland in Hungarian ) / Bulgaria -which was Thracia ( check Thracian ring with the script - 3500 BC ) , then Balkans - Macedonia , Serbia , Romania ( before Romans changed their language ) , then Etruscans -People of the Sea ( Southern Italy + Sicily +Sardinia) , then Venecians (traders) , then Philistines (People of The Sea) from Ashketon - modern Palestine (graveyard with jars and writing on it - translated again into proto-slavic ), then other groups Venedic moved to the West ( East Germany , South Germany - Bavaria ) , Austria - Karyntia region) , then Britania in France You have no clue similarity of languages from Slavic countries and Sanskrit and tons of artefacts which we have . If you have no time to check it out , no worries - will give you only two things - Arkaim City in Siberia older than Stonehenge and Macedonian - Sanskrit- English tables with translation .You can trust me or not but most of modern slavic countries has big similarity to Sanskrit even today ( beside Balto-Slavic is the oldest language in the Europe ) . Additionally check the name of Poland in Persian , Turkish (Anatolian) and Ormian plus Hungarian. Finally Bronocice Vase : go to this link - www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml , scroll down to the table -" Y-DNA frequencies based on ancient samples from PIE cultures " and compare numbers under - Corded Ware and Fatyanovo between R1a (Slavs ) and R1b (Celts ) and tell me who made that Vase .

[@longpinkytoes]

11 people came for the animated charts and dancing bears, and left disappointed

[@marsiyahsteeltrap6536]

Remove the recent African and European ancestry of "African Americans" and what is left? What was their ancestry predating this event? I notice no one reports that aboriginal Americans have been here going back more than 40,000 years.

[@marsiyahsteeltrap6536]

@abbkk That is the same we brought you from Africa hoax that is played out. Show us DNA evidence from the oldest bones found on this continent. Where is the reporting?

[@MercyAlwyz23]

@abbkk no 😅 West Africans are nomadic people who moved into that area. There is also the component of enslaved peoples escaping back to Africa or being forced back in the 1800s. The British sent enslaved back to West Africa where Liberia was later formed. Other areas are Sierra Leone etc. The history is like someone holding strings that crisscross over and over. There is more than one story of how and why! Some are Native, some are Asian, and some are African and so forth! The DNA tells us this!

[@CatalystD9]

1000 👍😊

[@robbinghook3571]

There're many common words between Slavic and Dravidian languages. Where di the Yamnaya people come from? Are the Yamnaya and the Steppe people same? According to GoBekli Tepe archeology it was determined that the agricultural was there some 11,500 years ago. So it's no wonder these people moved to Europe. Where did the people of GoBekli Tepe come from? Also who are the Sumerian and where did the Sumerian people come from? It the geneticist could solve these two problem can assume the genetical study is genuine. Otherwise it need to be discarded as the current HISTORY we're been teaching in schools.

[@stumccabe]

Very interesting thanks. I have only one criticism: the reconstruction of Cheddar man's skin colouration has been challenged - the respected science magazines"New Scientist" in their edition of 21 Feb 2018 stated that the colour chosen had not been scientifically established, despite many earlier reports that it had (including from New Scientist).

[@corterapidoetramontina2904]

Ngl that PIE _spread from Anatolia_ theory made me laugh for a while

[@houseofsuren510]

So, do I correctly understand that ancient Iranian farmers are the ancestors of south Indian Dravidian people? If that is the case, then there must have been a huge steppe genetic inflow to substantially change the way people look in present day Iran. But from what I remember Iranian populations on average have 15-20% steppe genetic ancestry. So something is not adding up!

[@Jemelly]

they're a mix of South Asian hunter gatherers and Iranian farmers

[@houseofsuren510]

@@Jemelly OK, that makes more sense. Thank you! Any idea of the admixture ratio between the two populations? (Ancient Iranian Farmers and South Asian HGs)

[@thomasdavid7364]

South Indians are a mix of South Asian hunter gatherers and Iranic farmers North Indians are a mix of South Asian hunter gatherers, Iranic farmers and Northern Europeans who brought the Indo-European languages and religion Iranians are a mix of Iranic farmers and Northern Europeans, modern Iranians look different because they have partial European ancestry; that's why some groups (especially Pashto) and the upper classes have quite fair features - they have a higher percentage of European admixture

[@dickdrapper5491]

@@houseofsuren510 I believe modern Iranians do not have the same DNA or ancestry as the "Iranic Farmer" group. The farmers entered india before the mass migration of steppe DNA into both regions.

[@Ksouel]

Cousins more like.

[@bryanfinkell5184]

This would be far more interesting if you could have kept your politics out of the science.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

Read reply to learn what major flaws in the statistical analysis plague the conclusions of this research.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

The number of your ancestors grows exponentially with each generation you go back: 2,4,8,16,32,64,... . If you backtrack 35 generations, the number of your ancestors (34 billion) would exceed the number of people that could have possibly been living on earth. So, some of your ancestors would have to fill more than one spot on your linage -- like be both your grandfather and greatgreatgrandfather (but going way back more generations). Such inadvertant interbreading messes up the (unstated) assumptions required for the statistical model to be valid, that the observations (ancestors genes) be independent and identically distributed random variables. So any interpretation of the use of statistics here cannot be trusted especially since the model traces back maybe 1500 generations to when the number of ancestors, without interbreading, would have been so many it would dwarf the number of atoms in the universe. So most ancestors that far back would be filling millions of different places on the ancestor tree. To resolve this issue, the researchers need to make computerized models of gene mixing and run simulations of different gene pool populations migrating and intermixing to check if their statistical methods work for such seeminly non-independant data. If using statistics works for the simulated models then they may work on the real data but not otherwise. That would leave only one additional question unanswered -- was the method for gathering ancient DNA samples random? The researchers only have DNA from miscellaneous finds which nobody can say were a representive sampling of all the ancient DNA. So the statistical assumptions are again possibly not met another way. But researchers typically cut these corners because producing publications and calling them "scientific" when they are definitely not pays their bills and inflates their egos.

[@Ibnafrika]

The whole section from 50 -53:00 on the three layers of Asian ancestry will warm the hearts of those who read Runoko Rashidi's 'African presence in Early Asia'. It's beautiful to see the data confirming the diligent work of so many objective historians.

[@adamsimon4545]

pseudo-historian like Von Sertima. RIP.

[@Ibnafrika]

@@adamsimon4545 and how do you define ‘pseudo historian’? Prof. Ivan Van Sertima, was Prof. Emeritus at Rutgers. And your professional credentials are...?

[@adamsimon4545]

@@Ibnafrika well when someone, anyone, takes or appropriates other peoples cultures and basically co-opts their whole lives into some fantasy which creates racist ideologies....it's called pseudo history or whatever.

[@Ibnafrika]

@@adamsimon4545 This sounds like an episode of ‘Game of thrones”. Can you be more specific. Which cultural history has been appropriated? Which book of Van Sertima’s are you referring to? What evidence can you cite to the contrary? How stable are the threads in your provenance? And why should I believe you? G’day

[@adamsimon4545]

@@Ibnafrika lol.. you know exactly what I am talking about sir. don't play dumb with me. i know cultural appropriation when I see it, especially when it's not even anything CLOSE to an African culture. you can't back up Sertima claims can you? if not, you have no argument.

[@tvasthinag3701]

How did the Indic branch of Indo-Iranian language spread into India? And how did farming spread into India?

[@genoshistoria3487]

We are certain, Neolithic farming spread to India from Iran because modern Indians have a lot of ancestry from ancient Iran. But we don't have ancient DNA in India to know how this happened.

[@genoshistoria3487]

Indians are about 50% Iran farmer, 13% Andronovo, 37% Paleolithic South Asian ("ASI") by the way. For Dravidians the numbers are different. They have less Andronovo ancestry.

[@SohamMukhopadhyay56]

Regarding the language, it came with indo-european speaking people of yamnaya origin. How farming spread in India is still not clear, but it was most likely not by Iranian farmers.

[@thomasdavid7364]

Indo-European languages spread to India after Northern Europeans migrated there and intermarried with the local population Farming spread there with the migration of farmers from what is now Iran

[@TheBollywoodCritic]

@@genoshistoria3487 your numbers are wrong for NW Indian endogamous tribes like the Hindu Jats and Khatris and Rors. They are 35-45% Andronovo, 45-50% Iranian farmer and 10-15% AASI/Paleolithic South Asian. This is why they look identical to West Asians and some Slavs. BTW, the Iranian ancestry in India is not from farmers, but from Iranian hunter gatherers, who were completely different from Anatolian farmers as well.

[@GarryVC]

Awesome. Looking for R-L51 still in Belgium unchanged ???????????????????????? Question mark for me.... Slavery ? 1/7000 at 23AndMe. Ottomanen ????? But locatian os Baltic or black sea. No interbreeding. ????

[@chandman492]

off course the genetics shows when migrations occured and from where but does illuminate the source of vedic philosophy? why isnt the prolific vedic philosophy not enshrined anywhere outside of india? the rig veda itself mentions geographic features unique to the subcontinent. I get that there were migrations from the steppes to south asia,,,,, but did those people really bring with them sanskrit and the philosophy of vedanta?? that seems absurd

[@blissbouwerij4033]

Ancient DNA? 10ka is a stretch for that claim I believe. Try and clarify the classification of a modern human first. When you conclude we are not one species of race breeds, but are examples of our many human ancestors over 1million years of environmental segregation and onerous opportunistic copulation. Then you will have a foundation to explore from.

[@user-qc3wi8un3s]

...you couldve summed up the whole hour talk in 5 mins....

[@aaaaaaaa1655]

I took my DNA test and although being from the East Coast of America with Native American and African Ancestry, it says I have Luzon ancestry from the Philippians along with Melanesian DNA. The current Negrito's indigenous Filipinos look like my mom. I had no idea of any ancestry in the Pacific (also have Australian Aboriginal DNA) ... Something is being hidden from us, my DNA should be studied, I have only come across a handful of other people on the DNA registry with the same combinations, although I am otherwise connected to thousands of DNA relatives like everyone else, I believe the Pacific DNA match is evidence of a small population of people in the Americas who represent the original pre-mongoloid migration to the America's. We were not whipped out by the Asian Natives, we were assimilated and people like myself DNA proves it. But can we get pass the racism that keeps scientist from studying us and our migration to the Southern Americas before contact with the invading Natives from the North? No, I don't want a tribal membership card or your casino money.

[@sriram97]

Nice to know that Iranians are actually Hindus. Thank you for your research

[@desdichado-007]

Renfrew's hypothesis was never the leading hypothesis. That is a gross distortion of the historiography of linguistics.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

So Neanderthals and Deisavins had to have also shared a much prior ancestry at some point with humans migrating out of Africa 45000 years ago (because they are all humans). That would mean they thus were remixing as supposedly the data shows. That would have been more or less like earlier humans and chimpanzees separating but later remixing, assuming that also actually occurred. The problem of properly separating these unknown number of mixtures and correctly attributing them through correlational tools seems a bit monumental.

[@ezzovonachalm7534]

This conference completely ignores the fact that Europe was not a desert ,but was inhabitated by populations that were autochtone since the paleoliticum, like the Bascs that survived the last glaciation in the refuge of northern Spain and the LIGURIANS that repopulated the European continent from the south, left inscriptions in a preindoeuropean language and are living today in the south of the alps,northern Italy, Southfrance and costal Spain.They are easely identifiable by being Rhesus negative A blood group. So You should engage a collaborator of Ligurian stamp to revisit your charts of Jewrope.

[@MiguelTyson]

Damn u sound salty, idk why.

[@hariunni]

Pretty flawed argument to say that Yamnaya brought in the IE or PIE language. There is just no evidence for it apart from wishful thinking. They are more likely to have imbibed the IE language precursor of the place they relocated to first, i.e the Indo-Iranian plateau. Farmers are more settled than nomadic pastoralists. Farming leads to surpluses, thus trade and commerce. Commerce needs language and records. It’s much more likely that a settled farming community would have a more developed and enriched language than a group of wandering livestock keepers. Where’s the evidence of any literature or philosophy in the steppes where these great language exponents came from? Or did they leave the steppes lock, stock and barrel leaving no single person behind that carried on their great literary traditions? For language, literature and philosophy you need a thoroughly settled population. Just not possible with wandering zoo-keepers.

[@aegeanenjoyer668]

This is probably correct, check out the abstract from Reich's talk History of the Southern Arc. He hints that PIE originates from farmers in northern iran and eastern anatolia

[@memyselfi0120]

Let's make something very clear about "Ancient DNA". When they talk about sequencing "Ancient dna" they do not actually have very much "Ancient dna". What they are doing is taking miniscule fragments of DNA, we're talking less then .5% of the actual genome, and matching it to a chart of modern genomes and "reconstructing" the other 99.5% from scratch. What this means is that there results are anything but concrete and are thus outside the realm of scientific fact. So when they tell you that such and such remains belonged to such and such a haplogroup, you have every rite to question or doubt their conclusions because their conclusion was drawn from a computer simulated reconstruction, not the real thing.

[@TheShootist]

why do you gaslight people? this was true before 2010. It is in no way true today. Neander dna was completely sequenced, all 3 billion letters, on May 6 2010.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

@@TheShootist maybe the big point is that the volume of ancient DNA available is scant and would not suffice as a random sample of DNA form all ancient humans. Extrapolating from such data seems problematic.

[@vilnaukrana3891]

I may be mistaken, but I hear disappointment in your voice. No one will finance the true project of human origin history, where all the fields work together: climatologists, geologists, archeologists, historians, linguists, ethnic specialists, and genetic scholars. Without that collaboration, clear from political, ideological, nationalistic, business interests, we will never get the whole picture of our near past, at least 15K ago. Never.

[@piotrstuglik4424]

Long story short: farmers replace by outbreeding, while pastoralists replace by ousting the males and polygyny.

[@dadsonworldwide3238]

Its time to reform what is modern humans family. Forget this species ancestor classification and ohm in on modern humans actual common mist recent ancestor not the old archaic that only a few are descendants of but the one we all share. Whatever the bottleneck that occurred in the younger drias was to create our family needs to be the point we name in detail ourselves. It appears that we have a chance to pin point this. Don't mean stop other archaic studys just redirect funding and focus on this point . All the rest is to muddy and complex ..its also very controversial . This is a huge time for the chase to find our filter that made us all so closely related. Upside down evolution trees who woukdve guessed that in acedemia lol

[@moedemama]

"Ancient dna not relevant to human evolutionary biology" imagine the ignorance and incompetence of these people. what happens to a doctor who only pretends he knows what he's doing and prescribes treatment without understanding? I would suggest the punishment be the same for people holding positions they are unqualified for

[@veronicalogotheti5416]

The nazis new abouit

[@goltapedro3910]

Whoever hates Nandini, please like this comment. #iiser #iisertpt

[@whimpypatrol5503]

The number of your ancestors grows exponentially with each generation you go back: 2,4,8,16,32,64,... . If you backtrack 35 generations, the number of your ancestors (34 billion) would exceed the number of people that could have possibly been living on earth. So, some of your ancestors would have to fill more than one spot on your linage -- like be both your grandfather and greatgreatgrandfather (but going way back more generations). Such inadvertant interbreading messes up the (unstated) assumptions required for the statistical model to be valid, that the observations (ancestors genes) be independent and identically distributed random variables. So any interpretation of the use of statistics here cannot be trusted especially since the model traces back maybe 1500 generations to when the number of ancestors, without interbreading, would have been so many it would dwarf the number of atoms in the universe. So most ancestors that far back would be filling millions of different places on the ancestor tree. To resolve this issue, the researchers need to make computerized models of gene mixing and run simulations of different gene pool populations migrating and intermixing to check if their statistical methods work for such seeminly non-independant data. If using statistics works for the simulated models then they may work on the real data but not otherwise. That would leave only one additional question unanswered -- was the method for gathering ancient DNA samples random? The researchers only have DNA from miscellaneous finds which nobody can say were a representive sampling of all the ancient DNA. So the statistical assumptions are again possibly not met another way. But researchers typically cut these corners because producing publications and calling them "scientific" when they are definitely not pays their bills and inflates their egos.

[@michealallison8756]

??????

[@whimpypatrol5503]

Tracking ancestors back in time they double in number every generation until I have more ancestors than people who lived on earth -- by about 1000 to 1500 years. So, tracking back 45,000 years would, I would either have way more ancestors than hydrogen atoms in the universe or there had to have been tons of inbreeding. If imbreeding, there is no statistical independence; so, I don't know what to make of all this (and neither does anyone else). No independence, no statistical inference, period.

[@queengoblin]

What exactly are you trying to say here...?

[@whimpypatrol5503]

@@queengoblin The number of your ancestors grows exponentially with each generation you go back: 2,4,8,16,32,64,... . If you back track 35 generations, the number of your ancestors (34 billion) would exceed the number of people that could have possibly been living on earth. So, some of your ancestors would have to fill more than one spot on your linage -- like be both your grandfather and greatgreatgrandfather (but going way back more generations). Such inadvertant interbreading messes up the (unstated) assumptions required for the statistical model to be valid, that the observations (ancestors genes) be independent and identically distributed random variables. So any interpretation of the use of statistics here cannot be trusted especially since the model traces back maybe 1500 generations to when the number of ancestors, without interbreading, would have been so many it would dwarf the number of atoms in the universe. So most ancestors that far back would be filling millions of different places on the ancestor tree. To resolve this issue, the researchers need to make computerized models of gene mixing and run simulations of different gene pool populations migrating and intermixing to check if their statistical methods work for such seeminly non-independant data. If using statistics works for the simulated models then they may work on the real data but not otherwise. That would leave only one additional question unanswered -- was the method for gathering ancient DNA samples random? The researchers only have DNA from miscellaneous finds which nobody can say were a representive sampling of all the ancient DNA. So the statistical assumptions are again possibly not met another way. But researchers typically cut these corners because producing publications and calling them "scientific" when they are definitely not pays their bills and inflates their egos.

[@ianmarshall9144]

i get the math 30 generations give 1,1 billion ancestors , so eight individuals in a room give more humans than are alive today , but surely climate change , illness ( like the plague ) , warfare amongst tribes would alter the figures , doesnt it point to us all being related as homosapiens in the past , no one thinks that human population was larger in the past ? How do we know that the population didnt implode in the past leaving just a few thousand people alive , i dont get it at all , i dont claim to understand im just sat here scratching my head . I have 4 grand parents , on my fathers side they have 9 children with 18 descendants , on my mothers side they have 3 children with 6 descendants , me and my siblings belong to both sets of grand parents so it would suggest if i go back a few generations then my ancestors would have to be related on both sides , given prior to the industrial revolution and the transport age movement of people was limited , we were rural villages , they must have interbred quite alot ? Or am i not getting it !

[@mikecarlton9000]

That's flawd maths there buddy. If I have a full brother all my ancestors will be his ancestors. So no double count needed. If I have 12 siblings still no double count needed. Secondly, no one lives for 35 genenations, but your maths is cumulative. Which is wrong.

[@whimpypatrol5503]

@Mike Carlton I'm not sure I understand what error you are pointing out. But I will check for flaws in my logic because double counting is an easy mistake to make. Obviously, genenerations of ancestors will overlap because people don't live to be the same age or multiple in sequence, so my model is just rough reasoning but which i believe exposes how one person can fill multiple spots in someone's ancestry tree. Maybe I can run a simulation in Excel to make a better test that unoticed inbreeding is inherent thru the chronology of humans.

[@thomasdavid7364]

This is so politically correct, I expected it would be but it's still funny

[@RobertSmyka]

Read his new book! ;) It's not pc, but it's scientific correct. :)

[@thomasdavid7364]

@@RobertSmyka Highly doubt, archaeology and especially archaeogenetics are full of political correctness, the left are extremely nervous about all of the recent findings

[@freandwhickquest]

@@thomasdavid7364 give examples for supposed political correctness.

[@thomasdavid7364]

@@freandwhickquest Haven't watched it in 3 days mate, can't remember

[@RobertSmyka]

@@thomasdavid7364 But not he! Read the book! " the left are extremely nervous about all of the recent findings"- off course- his findings too!

[@oliverave1234]

Pretty brilliant stuff and an incredible advancement in our understanding of human history. However, the assertion that Western Hunter-Gatherers had dark, "almost sub-Saharan" skin color is over reliant on sketchy conclusions which were promulgated to satisfy popular agendas. The jury is still out on skin color. Predicting it from DNA, especially ancient, is highly complicated.

[@dickdrapper5491]

Agreed. If anything, studies like this show how diversified humans became after leaving, in successive waves, (and those remaining inside) Africa. Hopefully we are able to continue studying genetics and "ancestry" without the zealots shutting down research in favor of a popular narrative that seeks to presume that we are all the same and have no differences based on genetic ancestry. I would like to see more studies done on migration within Africa and ancient African genomes but unfortunately that part of the world does not lend itself to the safety required for broad spectrum archeology and anthropology.

[@oliverave1234]

@@dickdrapper5491 Yeah, considering the popular narrative that we are all the same and have no differences in genetic ancestry, it's phantom logic. Go back far enough and the numbers seem to demand that we have more ancestors than have ever been alive in the history of mankind. (If you take a grain of rice and double it for each square on a chessboard you get enough rice to cover the planet several meters thick.) So back when the population was a fraction of today's, people intermarried with somewhat closer relatives. This "pedigree collapse" has been used to suggest that there is no such thing as ethnicity, clan, tribe, race, group or whatever, i.e. that you don't inherit anything from your grandmother 50 or 100 generations ago. In fact, the opposite is true. Your ethnicity determines that you inherit an amalgam from your group. If 2 groups intermarry, you get 2 amalgams.

[@corterapidoetramontina2904]

Tom from Survive the jive is always talking about it... People tend to miss up this kind of information, so its pretty easy to see them argue that WHG were "blacks" lmao

[@stevengeorge4322]

HOLY COW! This man is very intelligent, and I truly want to listen to what he has to say, but, darn, he is a very poor public speaker his voice is very annoying and boring. Can he possible fit any more "Umms" into every sentence?! Sorry, but I had to switch to another channel. He should take some public speaking lessons from John Hawks and Svante Paabo.

[@queengoblin]

cope and seethe

[@-scrim]

Why is David lying here, especially when HIS OWN research refutes his statements here?

[@blackedelweiss601]

I haven't read his book yet. What do you mean exactly?

[@bartholomewtott3812]

What do you mean?

[@overkill1025]

Dude says "uh" a billion times

[@queengoblin]

cope & seethe

[@overkill1025]

no@@queengoblin

[@gatorabraham3968]

Why does it have to always be "ancient dna", lol?

[@youtubeuser1993]

Turning of the comments would have been smarter probably, maybe think about it next time because these topics attract very strange people and ideas from nationalists to supremacists..

[@indra87585]

Sjw 😂😂😂 wokeness is a disease🙃

[@dewaynebaugh1497]

This writer is deathly afraid to let the names kimit or imhotep come out of his mouth either he don't know what he's talking about or he's a born ancestorial lier

[@metaldisciple]

God is real

[@Menaka253]

❤ Thank you for your information why did you not take the Tamils ​​in South India, they are now the first language in the world and from them the research says that the first man in the world must be from them, the Indian government does not bring it out and you also did not take the Tamils.