Discovering Exomoons, Gravitational Lenses for JWST and Hubble, Jupiter's Core Mass | Q&A 233

How can neutrinos arrive faster than light? How did OSIRIS-REx get samples of an asteroid? Can we extract energy from gravitational waves? When will we be able to discover our first exomoon of an exoplanet? How can we measure the mass of Jupiter's core? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show.
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00:00 Start
01:03 [Andoria] Can a star "fizzle out" due to a companion stealing its material?
05:45 [Vulcan] Are neutrinos travelling faster than light?
08:50 [Risa] Can there be vast swatches of annihilated nothingness?
12:33 [Aeturen] Can Earth be the only planet to produce life?
13:55 [Vendikar] If I could travel anywhere/anytime in space, where/when would you go?
16:02 [Remus] How did OSIRIS-REx collect asteroid samples?
17:06 [Janus] When was the last time I got out to have some eyepiece time for myself?
19:43 [Cait] Which place is most likely to host life?
21:28 [Betazed] Can Hubble and JWST see the same gravitational lens?
24:35 [Cheleb] Can the Universe be inside of a black hole?
26:13 [Nimbus] What are my expectations about OSIRIS-REx samples?
27:53 [Belos] What's the mass of Jupiter's core?
30:00 [Lyar] Can we use energy from gravitational waves?
30:38 [Zalcon] How do we detect rogue planets?
35:45 [Arret] Did we discover any exomoons yet?
38:15 [Cheron] How fast can a nuclear rocket get us to Mars?
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[@frasercain]

I accidentally said that WISE ruled out a Jupiter-mass object within 50,000 light-years of us, I meant with 50,000 AU. Big difference. :-)

[@anthrowolf]

Could aliens have been the source of some of the old gods? We could explain and/or replicate some of the "magic" using science and technology... example: chariots of fire in the sky, we call those aircrafts and spaceships...

[@cosmicinsane516]

@@anthrowolfWelcome to the ancient aliens hypothesis. There’s enough evidence for that to fill a 30 minute special, but History Channel managed to make multiple seasons about it. Obviously we can’t rule it out but so far we don’t have more than anecdotal evidence similar to people who claim aliens are visiting us now.

[@ApteraEV2024]

26:00 (we may be in a BlackHole because of Accelerations ❤🎉 if we had a Big Bang, we wouldn't have an Acceleration ❤ only an Acceleration from Evemt Horizon location... I only have a B.Sci😅❤

[@mattkeith530]

How do we know how much matter is in the observable universe? Or a galaxy? Like, specifically, how are we measuring it? If we know there is less than there should be and the difference is dark matter then we must be measuring the matter in some way other than with gravity

[@NotNecessarily-ip4vc]

Monad in mathematics, science and technology Monad (biology), a historical term for a simple unicellular organism Monad (category theory), a construction in category theory Monad (functional programming), functional programming constructs that capture various notions of computation Monad (homological algebra), a 3-term complex Monad (nonstandard analysis), the set of points infinitesimally close to a given point Monad (from Greek μονάς monas, "singularity" in turn from μόνος monos, "alone") refers, in cosmogony, to the Supreme Being, divinity or the totality of all things. The concept was reportedly conceived by the Pythagoreans and may refer variously to a single source acting alone, or to an indivisible origin, or to both. The concept was later adopted by other philosophers, such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who referred to the Monad as an *elementary particle.* It had a *geometric counterpart,* which was debated and discussed contemporaneously by the same groups of people. [In this speculative scenario, let's consider Leibniz's *Monad,* from the philosophical work "The Monadology", as an abstract representation of *the zero-dimensional space that binds quarks together* using the strong nuclear force]: 1) Indivisibility and Unity: Monads, as indivisible entities, mirror the nature of quarks, which are deemed elementary and indivisible particles in our theoretical context. Just as monads possess unity and indivisibility, quarks are unified in their interactions through the strong force. 2) Interconnectedness: Leibniz's monads are interconnected, each reflecting the entire universe from its own perspective. In a parallel manner, the interconnectedness of quarks through the strong force could be metaphorically represented by the interplay of monads, forming a web that holds particles together. 3) Inherent Properties: Just as monads possess inherent perceptions and appetitions, quarks could be thought of as having intrinsic properties like color charge, reflecting the inherent qualities of monads and influencing their interactions. 4) Harmony: The concept of monads contributing to universal harmony resonates with the idea that the strong nuclear force maintains harmony within atomic nuclei by counteracting the electromagnetic repulsion between protons, allowing for the stability of matter. 5) Pre-established Harmony: Monads' pre-established harmony aligns with the idea that the strong force was pre-designed to ensure stable interactions among quarks, orchestrating their behavior in a way that parallels the harmony envisaged by Leibniz. 6) Non-Mechanical Interaction: Monads interact non-mechanically, mirroring the non-mechanical interactions of quarks through gluon exchange. This connection might be seen as a metaphorical reflection of the intricacies of quark-gluon dynamics. 7) Holism: The holistic perspective of monads could symbolize how quarks, like the monads' interconnections, contribute holistically to the structure and behavior of particles through the strong force interactions.

[@cafaque]

Thank you Fraser for this ongoing high quality, free, space journalism. Little folks like me wouldn't go without it!

[@DavidvanDeijk]

Q: when hubble was launched we thought that the UV range would lead to interesting astronomy. The last few years it has been the longer wavelengths that captured our interest. What are the biggest discoveries done specifically in the UV with hubble?

[@bonniebarton6061]

I love all your topics so much I can't pick a favorite. As each new topic if introduced, I think, "Oh THAT's my favorite!" Fraser you make all these topics fascinating. You inspire me and give me hope for mankind. Thank you, thank you!

[@redcoat4348]

Thank you for answering my question! Sorry if my question was confusing.

[@robinwinsor4392]

Zalcon. Love that you guided aspiring astrophysicists to these fascinating objects.

[@ninatolfersheimer]

Another very interesting place to visit in my opinion would be a planet located in one of the Magellanic Clouds, so one could see the Milky Way from outside, yet comparatively detailed.

[@AlbertNeu]

Question: how is the plane of our solar system oriented in relation to the plane of the milky way?

[@zapfanzapfan]

Seems to be 60 degrees. i.stack.imgur.com/RgCif.jpg

[@rogerrinkavage]

I've wondered about that too!

[@OzoneTheLynx]

Having done a quick Google, there is a 60.2° angle between the 2, so no not really. Also Fraser made a video on it in 2015. I'll try linking it maybe KZbin will let me.

[@OzoneTheLynx]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a4Wniaili5Kih7c

[@tygical]

​​they're asking what the difference is so you gave them the answer ^^

[@Reyajh]

(Zalcon.) Just fascinating stuff!! What about that new JWST image of Rho Ophiuchi with its white, puffy, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clouds? Stunning!! Can't wait to learn more about it!

[@BabyMakR]

My vote is for Janus. When I was young (late preteens in early 1990s) we live on the outskirts of the city here in Australia and it was pretty dark and I would go out at night with the 10x50 binoculars that I saved 2 birthdays and a Christmas as well and chore money for the year to buy and a star wheel that I was gifted, that I had to teach myself how to use (It was hard because the star wheel was for 30dS and I was at about 15dS and we didn't have an astronomy club that I could go to regularly) and I would lay on a camp chair for hours after sunset, with an old torch with red cellophane over it, just looking at the sky for hours until I was called in to go to bed. Even in winter (I hate winter with a passion) I would rug up in every thread of warm clothing I had and a couple of quilts and lay out there with freezing hands and face, but looking up.

[@marvinmauldin4361]

What bothers me about rogue planets is the possibility that one will blunder through the solar system and disrupt the fine tuning of its orbital mechanics. Not to mention the scenario of When Worlds Collide, which made me nervous when I saw it in 1951.

[@absalomdraconis]

A rogue planet would certainly add a complicating factor, but the Solar System already has enough complexity that it's inherently slightly unstable anyways. A close flyby could greatly increase the instability of at least a small portion of the Solar System, but most fly-by possibilities would have only a tiny effect.

[@jondoc7525]

Pluto does cross the orbit of Neptune or Uranus I forget . At some point they will interact hard. There is already ways Jupiter can sling things out mathematically , just really rare to happen

[@RGAstrofotografia]

What could we observe when we have a Vera Rubin Telescope and a VLT at the poles of the Moon and an ALMA and SKA at all the dark radio side of the Moon?

[@vincentclark5739]

Edit: I just watched to question 2 and it’s a little similar, but if you still want to read the rest, thank you Here’s my question! Is there any way to use quantum mechanics, like spooky action at a distance, to make a warning system for deadly gamma ray burst? The alarm would have to only go off when burst are heading towards earth, so you would want many spread various light day, weeks, month, or years apart. Then when the light of high enough intensity goes down that chain on alarms you could look back at their corresponding alarms on earth and see “hey, 1 year ago alarm 1 went off for high gamma rays, then 6 months ago alarm 2 went off. At this rate we have _ amount of days until the rays hit so let’s prepare.” Otherwise it’ll hit us at light speed and we’ll be too late. I feel like it’s too rare to worry about, and a decades of not centuries long project, but I wonder if we could set up light speed alarms. Or gravitational wave alarms or something

[@absalomdraconis]

All indications are "no", because it's impossible for the signal to outrun the light itself. The more interesting questions for quantum mechanics have been narrowed down to encryption, and maybe there's a way I haven't heard of to get an alternative non-FTL communications channel.

[@TheyCallMeNewb]

I've framed the following question a number of times previously, but here it is once more: A star such as ours is to collapse twice, once before CNO cycling, once after. But why should there not be intermediate collapses greater in count? I cannot see why relative element abundances and core heat are together packaged into precisely two positive feedback loops which lead to core collapse and outer layer expansion.

[@rogerrinkavage]

Hi Fraser! I have a question: If the moon has a limited number of (mostly) stable orbits, would this lead to a problem with space debris piling up in "junk belts" in lunar orbit? I'm thinking that ejected space dust from future landings could coalesce there and become an issue when your spacecraft only has a few orbits to choose from

[@mhult5873]

Thank you for another great video! And thank you for the newcome Patreon shout-out! I’m happy to be a Patreon and support your work. It was also nice to talk to you. 🙂 BR //M

[@mhult5873]

PS I like the background music in the Q&A-videos alot. Thanks again for all the interesting videos.

[@PereBouSabria]

Cheron. Good question, even better answer

[@Justwantahover]

18:00 Don't get a Dobsonian or a Newtonian, pay the extra and get a Schmidt Cassagrain! No collomating or cleaning of the mirror ect required. They STAY CLEAN inside and it's all one sealed enclosure. With a pretty glass lens at the front and the only opening is the eyepiece barrel. Just put something in it when no eyepiece is in it. And you have a nice neat sealed telescope! And more power at half the length of a Dob! I made up a rough barlow lens (between the eyepiece and the scope) to magnify a lot more. I made it out of a standard camera lense and a few lens elements from old binoculars (shoved inside a hand towel roll center). Cardboard! 😅 And I hade Jupiter the size of a grapefruit (like at desk viewing) and Saturn like a tennis ball size and it's rings (nearly side on) were like 8" accross! I still can't believe it, it must have been great "seeing" that night (and in Brisbane). Most times it was so bad that you can't even make out the planets identity. But that night (even at near a thousand times through a makeshift barlow). The detail was there, you could see the GRS and like an inch x 3/4" but really faint. Cream agaist white. And cos is was both fuzzy and "sharp" at once. Smoky like crazy but exquisite detail for such a home hacked barlow. And the TRACKER on that Schmidt was A-1. I left it on Saturn with the barlow and came back like an hour later and it was still (sort of) on Saturn. At that magnifacation, that is miraculous! Buy an 8"Celestron SC telescope or Mead similar scope. Well worth the extra cash cos you got a seal scope, crazy small and crazy long focal length (for planets) and that amazing tracker! And use Plossle eye pieces for planets. Cheaper, sharper and you don't need a wide apparent viewing angle for planets. 😅 I built a 17.5" mirrow Dob for the Parkes Radio Telescope. They had all the optics and I built the rest for them. I could see a hint of color in it. It was a BIG amateur telescope. I did that in the eighties, and I heard (only a few years ago) that they were still usiing it.

[@markwilson7013]

That gravitational lense looks happy Hubble and JWST are working together 😅

[@NiiloMuje]

Hi Fraser, is it possible to see a gravitational lens with your own telescope?

[@absalomdraconis]

Fraser, the thing about a nuclear rocket is that if you're sending humans on one, then you've presumably _already_ had a successful _cargo_ flight with that same rocket, meaning that an equal or greater (which is what I think more likely) mass of cargo is already at the destination. On top of that, for anything that doesn't need e.g. life support, you can just send it on a slow trip anyways, maybe with an ion engine if you're going past Mars so that it arrives on time. For a competently designed n7clear rocket mission, the real supply constraint is the longest duration trip (which, presumably, will be a late mission abort of some sort), not what you'll need at the destination, because the supplies should be at the destination _before_ the crewed mission arrives.

[@ApteraEV2024]

CAIN, you're Much More than a Journalist ❤🎉😊

[@agentdarkboote]

Why do galaxies have different morphologies? Do spiral arms appear in elliptical galaxies because of collisions, or do they arise gradually over time because the stars want to bunch up?

[@christianwilliams8797]

Your the man Fraser.

[@ApteraEV2024]

DANG CAIN!! YOU TAKEN IT TO ANOTHER LEVEL!!😂🎉❤❤❤

[@oberonpanopticon]

10:17 I love speculation about what kinds of large-scale structures might exist outside of the observable universe. Is the end of greatness really the end? Probably, but it’d be really cool if it wasn’t!

[@DanaBallinger]

Could that unusual 21 minute pulsar be a regular pulsar that precesses slowly or even flips over periodically like those zero gravity demonstrations of spinning T handles on the ISS?

[@alexjband]

Janus. I'd love to watch you build your observatory.

[@Violingirl79]

I think Remus was my favourite this time - conjured up images of aliens doing the housework 😂

[@nunofernandes4501]

I'm finishing Kim Stanley Robinson's "Aurora" and loving it, thank you very much for mentioning it months ago. But what do I read next?

[@vicentellopis7421]

I love your videos! I’ve always wondered why and how cosmologists can theorize about seconds after the Big Bang. What’s the deal with the certainty at 2 seconds? …or 1 second? How do they create those models and what is preventing us from edging closer to t=0?

[@agentdarkboote]

Why does the Nancy Grace Roman telescope's sensor have the shape that it does?

[@blogsfred3187]

Question, can you explain the surface of last screening? I struggle to understand how the cmb can be receding but at the same time not have been far away?

[@ArkFen]

ha ha cool )) could too many coincidence also be a coincidence ... who knows)) thanks for sharing - great stuff as always

[@jessesoneff3696]

Question: Wouldn’t it make sense to do another Kepler mission? It seems like we could still learn so much from that platform, and I would imagine we could build it again for much cheaper than the first time around. This time we could pile on the reaction wheels :)

[@zapfanzapfan]

And make it slightly bigger since other stars turned out to be noisier than the sun so Kepler didn't get any Earth sized planets in one year orbits.

[@OzoneTheLynx]

I mean there is TESS which basically continues where Kepler left off. (And many other exoplanet mission, like ESAs Plato Mission which will specifically look for and charachterize earth like planets).

[@laurachapple6795]

Vendikar: I would want to see the event that formed Saturn's rings. Whatever it was, that must have been a hell of a thing.

[@jacobsoley4296]

Hi Fraser. When a star goes supernova the neutrinos get emittee first but the light travels faster. Could we use the delay between detections to determine the distance to the supernova?

[@corneliusstein9117]

Hey Fraser, sorry to ask a question regarding a relatively old Q&A, but maybe you still see this: What does "relatively close" mean in regards to your answer of the binary system, where one is stripping away the other? (depending of kind and size of each object of course). Is it a couple of AU, a lot or even less than 1 AU?

[@agentdarkboote]

Could we use the SGL to image M87*, or Sag A*?

[@moondog6004]

Hi Fraser when you spoke about how they gathered the 250g sample. You said there was a blast of air used to capture that dust. How certain an they be that the blasted air won’t contaminate the sample or interfere with the experiments

[@CatBarefield]

exomoon. My new fave word

[@samdahl4014]

Hi Fraser, I have learned from you channel about how most asteroids are just rubble piles that are held together by their mutual gravity, and there are a couple of asteroids that are iron balls that were once planetary cores of early planets that no longer exist. Are there asteroids that are solid chunks of rock that could be carved into giant floating space sculptures sometime in the far future when humanity has spread out across the solar system?

[@Dazller59]

QUESTION: Hello Fraser, Love your channel! What do you think is the maximum speed a manmade spacecraft can accumulate with the gravity assist method? For example: Can we program a spaceship to do gravity assists from the planets in the solar system for 9-10 years, reach a very big speed and then tell it to go to Alpha centaury ?

[@ZerozenOnes]

QUESTION: The matter-antimatter annihilation event that happened within a few seconds of the Big Bang must have released a quantity of energy that defies all adjectives, and absolutely everywhere at once if I understand correctly. Is this thought to have played a role in early expansion? In general, what were the aftereffects of such a mind boggling event? Also, as an habitual audio listener, I'm amazed by the production quality of the video version! Wow!

[@BobbbyJoeKlop]

Question: could a galaxy formation like Hoag's Object be used as a gravitational lens telescope; where changes in the space between the center bulge and outer ring could be used to focus at different distances? And if so, what would the magnification power be? After all, it's pointed right at our sector of the Universe.

[@peteedwards8439]

Question. If you magnetized a roll of videotape and let it unravel in zero g, what would it do? Superstructure objects in space are waiting for your answer.

[@cussic]

I watched David Kipping video about terrascope (using earth or other planet as a gravital lens telescope). Is there any talks about trying to make it real? Isn't it wortht to try?

[@mrtoastyman07]

Question: why do some telescopes have wide vs narrow fovs? (E.g. hubble vs NGR)

[@gregmarsters2434]

Question: Now that we have gravity wave detectors is there any theory that might match observations indicating what the internal structure of black holes looks like? I.e. singularities vs. one dimensional spinning rings

[@DavidChipman]

About you last segment in this video, Cheron, why not turn the ship around part way through the trip and use that to slow down?

[@suyapajimenez516]

I was watching this presentation from NASA about Psyche mission and when was the Q&A time, it gave the impression that people are not understanding the whys . Example Osiris-Rex landed on Benu an brought samples back and now is going to a Apophysis or Dart mission, Lucy mission and others even greater like the Voyagers. Could you help us to understand and what is going to happen with that pro after it finishes this mission.? Thank you

[@Guy_Jepson]

Hey Fraser! Could Callisto be the new Ganymede? I know you are famously quoted saying, "Ganymede is the new Europa" arguing that it has a magnetic field that protects it, but from what I've heard Callisto still receives less net radiation, without having a magnetic field, by virtue of it being outside of Jupiter's powerful Van Allen radiation belt. Can you confirm this on your end? By the way, you have the best channel on KZbin. Don't change a thing!

[@JurijSlavec]

DAVID KIPPING would be a great one to invite to talk about exo-moons! Just saying :)

[@rossmcleod7983]

Any thoughts on the Chuck Schumer bill ? You know, the one that is absolutely astounding?

[@me1970]

(Vendikar) Hi Fraser, I have a question. If we can't explain how Gravity keeps Galaxies from tearing apart, how can we be sure the far off Galaxies are where we think they are? Surely Gravity affects the light we measure from the far off Galaxies.

[@KitesofFury]

Hi Fraser, Question: As imagined in Three Body Problem or Inhibitor series would it be possible for a hyper-advanced galactic civilization to change the laws of physics and the nature of space time? For example the ability to remove dimensions from a part of the universe or to change the force of the Higgs boson and therefore the mass of elementary particles?

[@frasercain]

We don't know, but it's one of the coolest ideas in the book. Environmental destruction at a cosmic scale.

[@ionutb.9170]

Hi Fraser, if 2 entities (planets, stars. Etc) go in different directions from each other in the universe with half light speed each... Does that mean that they are traveling light speed relative to each other? Greetings from Romania

[@kmaxon23]

@fraisercain question? for next week: lets say we are 8~10yrs down the road. Starship is progressing well and we've already landed autonomous ships full of supplies in support of the first trip to mars. Now it is time to send humans. If we have to choose, let's say, a crew of 12 for that first 2-yr mission. What 12 would you choose. Assume 2 are dedicated NASA astronauts with over the top generalist training, like so many of them have. What other mission specialists would you choose if it was your choice? Medical Dr with ER experience or specialty? Physics / Optics / Chemistry folks? Engineers in consturction / scientists / biologists / botanists / SpaceX structures guy / SpaceX engines guy / Psychologist / etc? Such a hard question when we can send more than just 3. I'm curious to hear what you would choose given how much exposure you have to all of these topics as a science communicator.

[@oopskapootz7276]

Any advice for which photography-friendly telescope to buy for a $2000 budget?

[@BrettCoryell]

I can't answer you well, but you will need to specify whether you already have everything else you need like an equatorial mount, eyepieces, power, and the final camera you intend to use. Does 2k need to cover all that or only the scope?

[@sadderwhiskeymann]

I asked this again, sorry if i missed my answer (some kind fan can point me out to the right direction if i did) so, my question is: although solar flares and when in general the sun is acting up is scary dangerous, is the heliosphere protecting us from anything (for example cosmic rays)? I ask this because when i ponder the concept of a dyson sphere that comes to mind. Cheers from greece Poll: Vulcan!

[@Adamhairycow]

Question: Fraser I live just to the south of you and I have discovered that anytime I buy a new piece of astronomy equipment it is cloudy for at least 2 weeks, Is this normal, do other amateur astronomers have this luck or am I just cursed? How would I remove such a curse? What type of sacrifice is demanded?

[@CoachZuri]

Question: Do hurricanes storms & and galaxies have anything in common? They both spin, have spiral arms, and the eye seems like the area of a black hole. Are the formed the same way?

[@NiiloMuje]

Hi Fraser, you mentioned that roque planets would be good stepping stones when travelling to another star system. Aren’t stepping stones in space useless since stopping and landing are a problem in themselves? I guess this is the case at least when it comes to one mission/spacecraft. Wouldn’t using stepping stones require building a whole infrastructure to that stepping stone?

[@JohnKpl]

[Q] Hi Fraser. If we use the gravitational assistance of the same large planets many many times, is it possible to achieve a speed so high that it would catch up with the Voyager 1 probe?

[@navid7522]

Question: Hi Fraser, in your Q&A episodes, you've often mentioned the absence of an effective radiation shield for astronauts similar to Earth's magnetosphere. Nonetheless, you've given the example of a meter-wide sphere of water as a potential shield for astronauts in space. If we take this idea seriously, would it be plausible for early astronauts visiting worlds abundant in water resources like europa or enceladus to protect themselves using such spheres?

[@frasercain]

They would just drill down into the ice and hide underneath. As long as they have a meter-thick roof, they're safe from radiation.

[@arjundubhashi1]

Question! - why can’t we measure gravitational waves using time dilation instead of space dilation? If we can measure time to a resolution of 10e-18s why can’t we use 4/5 atomic clocks instead of LIGO.

[@marknovak6498]

The supernova in the LMG had one neutrinos detector dect 11 neutrinos before the supernova was seen. If we had three such detected on the globe placed right would not 10 or 11 from each with them sync up with a price atomic clock not be able to point everyone in the right direction before the nova light arrived?

[@synaxarion]

Can you do a chapter about archival astronomy, especially about DASCH at Harvard, which has recently had issues finishing their project, and APPLAUSE in Europe, which is still releasing new scanned plate collections?

[@RICK82873]

Question. Could all the anti matter be in the original black holes and this is why we are looking at a dominant matter universe as all the anti matter is in the black holes?

[@moondog6004]

Hi Fraser. You spoke about holeman transfer which is the most fuel efficient way to travel to mars. What are the other methods to travel to mars?

[@frasercain]

Just less efficient and more direct. If you're willing to use more fuel, you can take a shorter path.

[@science.hippie]

I have a question, in the Foundation series, there are creatures that can fly between a plannet and its moon because they have a shared atmospher. How phesable is this, could two objects (moons or palnnets rather than sars) share enough of thier atmospher and would it be dense ehough to "fly" between the two. I know stars can have a shared ovelope when they exceed thier roche limit, but could a plannet and a moon behave similary with thier atmosphers, while not destroying one fo them due to tidal forces, and how long could this type of situation last?

[@bhar2855]

Question: If we were to plant plants in the equatorial regions of Mars enclosed in domes that would open when it is warm and then close when temperatures drop to retain/produce heat to keep the plants from dying, would having the presence of plants actually have any sort of noticeable impact on the planet?

[@ioresult]

I have a question: When we consider the mass-energy budget of the universe, what's the energy proportion? I mean photons. What's the ratio of EM energy versus condensed particles energy like leptons and baryons. Thanks. Edit: also the ratio of other particles like neutrinos etc.

[@djblackprincecdn]

Are there any crowdfunded citizen interplanetary or deep space missions?

[@zapfanzapfan]

The Planetary Society has flown two solar sails on cubesats but they were both in relatively low Earth orbit. Those are the crowd funded projects I know of.

[@BabyMakR]

As a follow up question to Andoria. In the Expeditionary Force series by Craig Alanson, the Ancient race that inhabited the Galaxy and then "ascended" before any other life existed was able to move stars and planets and actually moved gas giants close to the star to extend the star's life span. Would this actually happen? Would the gas from the gas giant feed the star, or would it build up on the surface of the star and cause a mini Nova explosion like what happens with White Dwarves with a companion star?

[@ganymedemlem6119]

H*ll yeah for Ganymede! Also my favorite in the Solar system.

[@Aledahal]

I understand how we can use the relative luminosity and absolute luminosity with cepheid variables to work out the distance - but how do you know the distance to the source of gravitational waves? The detection is just a blipp!?

[@tomv5782]

@frasercain How would a Dyson Sphere stay put around a star? Would it have to rotate, its equator orbiting as a planet would? (Like a chain of connected planets.) If so, what would keep it from "sliding" along its axis, eventually impacting the star at one of the poles?

[@oopskapootz7276]

Are there new space telescopes being designed to use the starship payload capacity?

[@yomom5548]

Ok ive got a ? Its a lil esoteric but has stuck with me . Is Itzhak bentovs theory on the nature of the cosmos plausible?

[@thanielxj11]

What do we know about the biggest stars?

[@ApteraEV2024]

26:00 BlackHoles because of Accelerations ❤🎉 if we had a Big Bang, we wouldn't have an Acceleration ❤

[@anthempt3edits]

You sometimes talk about using asteroids to do gravitational manipulation/siphoning to move planets into habitable zones. Given requisite time, would it be possible to go a step further and use asteroids to move a planet to then move a star? Would it be impossible to due to three body problem calculations?

[@ChristophersMum]

VENDIKAR ...I would stay right here and watch Earth form and life being created 🌲🐞🐳 Cheers from Scotland...🥃

[@YTEdy]

Question: I understand why neutrinos precede supernova light. What I don't understand is how they know what direction the super nova is when the Nutrino's are detected in higher numbers. Neutrino flashes wouldn't give directions . . . at least, I don't think they would. Is it triangulation from more than one neutrino detector?

[@jessesoneff3696]

Question: is mercury the remnant core of a hot Jupiter?

[@davidlhamilton3305]

Thank you for asking. I don't have a question, really, only a concept. If my simple understanding is correct, I would like you to address it, please. If the entire light spectrum represents (E) in E=MC2, and considering that all matter in the universe either emits or reflects light and within that light is all the information of that body. With virtually an infinite number of bodies in the universe all emitting light in a sphere that we can see in every square inch of that space. A sphere of light expanding outward at twice the speed of light. Hence, everything exists everywhere within the first light's sphere as energy. Converting their mass (M) into light energy (E) multiplied by the speed of light (C) squared(why not qubed). That is more information than every microchip on this planet can hold in the palm of your hand (standing outside). We only need to look. Thank you, DLH

[@mahoganyk]

My understanding of quantum physics is flawed, so I might be misunderstanding this process, but if there's this moment where a particle could be anywhere and then it's observed and its placement is defined, does that information travel faster than the speed of light to the observer? And, does this determination of the placement of the particle happen faster than the speed of light? For the first question, I know that we wouldn't be able to observe it faster than the speed of light because that's the speed we're limited by, but is it possible near a black hole for example, to tell if the determination happens faster than the speed of light? Like would the black hole observing the particle occur faster than light or something? Sorry if this question isn't clear, I'm not sure exactly how to phrase it.

[@angelainamarie9656]

I have a 10" Dobsonian, Sky-watcher. it is a delight to have.

[@frasercain]

Ooh, nice telescope. A total light bucket.

[@the-chow-hall]

Question: Do you have personal plans for the upcoming Annular and Total eclipses passing over North America soon? I think the Annular on the 14th is passing close to you, and the Total in April next year is passing over a large swath of Ontario to New Brunswick? Have you brought it up in a video yet and if not would you talk about it to let people know and get them excited for the opportunity?

[@frasercain]

I'm not going to travel to see the annular, but I am going to Texas next year for the total

[@the-chow-hall]

Thanks for the quick reply@@frasercain!

[@extropian314]

24:35 Yeah, nice analogy, Frasier. And also I'd say that if people realized that the Observable Universe is not a physical boundary -- much like a border between countries -- they'd see it as even less of a significant coincidence.

[@extropian314]

Like, astronomers place the emphasis on both "Observable" and Universe. But normal folks naturally focus on Universe, not having context. I guess it could quickly be explained as the Observable Pocket of the Universe? :)

[@extropian314]

More context here is that if one looks further out, assuming the density of energy stays the same, the _event horizon 'shoots' outward even faster_ -- becoming far larger than the observation sphere. And conversely, at _shorter_ distances than the Observable Universe, the event horizon is much _smaller_ than each distance.

[@KOSTNOT]

Does a gravitational lens have any affect on matter other than magnify its image when we observe it?

[@frasercain]

No, it's potentially billions of light years away from the lens.

[@mihan2d]

Q: I know I already asked that but you think it's worth making a video about all the oddities of the Roche worlds? Do you even think those are even possible as a stable system of two habitable worlds with common atmosphere?

[@oberonpanopticon]

One of my favourite interactions I’ve seen on the internet, regardless of how true or false it may be, was someone asking what it was called when two planets shared an atmosphere and someone else responding with “A collision.”

[@mihan2d]

​​@@oberonpanopticonRoche worlds are basically a way to bypass that, say one in a million chance that two equal sized solid bodies are gonna stay within a very short distance from each other and be stable. I wonder just how stable it can be in theory, without say the atmosphere leaking towards one of the planets and the other one thus becoming lighter and floating away over time.

[@chrisstearns10]

Question: If you were trying to solve the Drake equation what would you come up with?

[@toddsaint-pe9726]

What is the likelihood that Bennu is material ejected from the collision that resulted in the Earth-Moon system? Or some other circumstance that would preclude Bennu truly being primordial?

[@Nomad77ca]

Is there enough mass within our galactic halo to cause a lensing effect, or distortion, when we look into deep space?

[@chaichantheshiba5902]

Question 1: What happened to the news of chemistry likely from living things in venus’s atmosphere? Has the data been quashed definitively? It’s seems highly probably that there could be living organisms in venus’s thick organic atmosphere, what are we doing to figure whether there’s life there once and for all?

[@chaichantheshiba5902]

Question 2: same highly anxious question about highly probable life on moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Liquid oceans, tidal heat to power life! Why aren’t we racing to answer this question in the best way we can at warp speed?

[@jessicachristine4602]

Question for ya! If you take a given star, and place a black hole right next to it, how massive would it need to be relative to the size of the star for the black hole to sustain itself and consume the star? What would happen if a cute, relatively itty-bitty black hole could encounter one of the most massive stars we know about?

[@deepdrag8131]

The smaller a black hole is, the faster it disintegrates due to Hawking radiation and that releases a mind boggling amount of energy. So watch out for those cuddly little black holes with the adorable eyes. They can cause you WAY more trouble than the big ones!

[@ztublackstaff]

Been watching your videos for a while now and I finally have a question… Is it possible for JWST to see a biosignature in the atmosphere of an earth like exomoon orbiting a Jupiter or larger exoplanet, orbiting an M-type star in the habitable zone? Even though the moon would be tidally locked to its parent planet, its orbit would create a regular day night cycle.

[@kolbyking2315]

I was going to ask "How would we make the fuel to get dyson sphere mirrors into formation?", but then I realized we could use them as solar sails. It would only take ~3 hrs to slow down a 0.25AU 100nm Al mirror launched from a Lunar factory. Go solar sails!