Let's Crack Zodiac - Episode 2 - Bigrams (RE-UPLOAD)

[@panakid2nd]

David you should make tutorials for beginners with homeworks at the end of each video. I think a lot of people would be into that.

[@pianothrone7965]

Definitely, that would be really cool and fun

[@doranchak]

That's a good idea! Cryptography is a big subject and there are a lot of interesting things to learn related to ciphers like Zodiac's.

[@pianothrone7965]

@@doranchak would love to see it in the future

[@bk2524]

Or at least make a video recommending books or something.

[@styro1680]

These videos are amazing: very easy to follow even for someone with no knowledge of cryptography. Thank you David!

[@doranchak]

Thanks for watching!

[@larazanz]

So cool watching the guy that solved this demonstrate his process while trying to solve it. 😊

[@arciks11]

Hindsight is 20/20 but 8:05 is fascinating to watch anyway.

[@meaningless4845]

Yes

[@FollowingStorm0]

Truly

[@Godmil]

The quality of these videos is extraordinary.

[@doranchak]

Thanks very much! And thanks for watching. 🙏

[@mrmojorisen1973]

Wow, scary !!! You came close to the solution several times Dave! Formidable!

[@timetraveller6643]

Rewatching the solution to the previous cipher, it occurred to me that the diagonal motif can be produced by writing out the text twice. First virticaly on a 19 column grid, then transposing that horizontaly on a 17 column grid. Thus eliminates any math, counting, or knights tour. Grid paper and a light box would be very helpful if I were trying to reproduce this. Does z's dimensions match any comercially available grids?

[@User-jk8po]

Hope the 340 gets cracked 🤞 I think you should look into the diagonal patterns more. Best of luck!

[@nocapskenzo]

It has been cracked!! This is a reupload, he posted the solve last December.

[@panakid2nd]

@@nocapskenzo Maybe his comment is a REcomment?

[@nocapskenzo]

@@panakid2nd 🤯

[@PinkeySuavo]

@@nocapskenzo why did he reupload this?

[@MileHighVlogs]

Love your videos man. I have a strong feeling you will decrypt the zodiac messages. Not today but one day. I find you very very smart. Keep up the nice work !

[@hecdudeh2o969]

Thanks so much for the reupload, super interesting watch :)

[@wailnshred]

This is interesting. It helped me understand how you distinguish a real cipher from gibberish, and how tou cime up with transpositions.

[@normanbrandi3901]

The video work here is as superb as the explanation! As an aside, the signature Zodiac sign (circle overlaid by cross) looks like it could be the face of radar screen.

[@faisalgreatest]

good video dave, alot of knowledge in ur vids

[@konukuauleki]

thank you for the reupload.

[@1S9P8C7]

The chess move transposition reads the same as odd columns followed by even columns and then diagonally

[@copescale9599]

thank you for the re upload (really, because the audio in the original was really bad yes i read the description)

[@PinkeySuavo]

3:40 i think it would be a nice fill if you also added a 1,000,000 actual words to see the distribution in real language

[@dosisregia6680]

This should be your PhD thesis. So much research

[@lconocIast]

Ok, sup with the cipher at the end of the video: 11:19? Is this a challenge?

[@doranchak]

It is. :)

[@jonlenzmeier5332]

very informative!

[@sulatlalaki]

Kevin Robert Brooks. The ONLY person who has actually SOLVED the Zodiac Killer ID.

[@unrealzocker]

Background music is not really necessary.

[@AntonioEating]

I wonder what would have Period 19 transposition have yielded if you plugged "I hope you" as the starting solution (guess).

[@doranchak]

Good question. I went ahead and tried it and sure enough, that starting solution leads to the correct decryption of the first 9 lines. Crib: zodiackillerciphers.com/images/i_hope_you_are_crib_cipher.png Result: zodiackillerciphers.com/images/i_hope_you_are_crib_result.png

[@AntonioEating]

@@doranchak I was not able to open the first image, but the second one is amazing. Nice work!

[@doranchak]

@@AntonioEating Oops - I messed up the first link. Try it again: zodiackillerciphers.com/images/i_hope_you_are_crib_cipher.png

[@AntonioEating]

6:25 you can't really do that, because you don't know the Zodiac's key, thus the different symbols per letter are different... am I correct?

[@doranchak]

At the time, that was correct. We had to make assumptions. So the experimental question was basically this: Given a reasonable distribution of letter to symbol assignments, how many repeating bigrams can we expect to see after the substitutions are done? Experiments like those were ways to explore the different ideas about how the cipher may have been constructed, and how they could be producing the repeating periodic bigram behavior we observed.

[@AnGhaeilge]

Looking back now knowing what we know - is it false to assume bigrams will appear sequentially on rows, given the diagonal nature of one of the ciphers? Should we calculate bigram accounts symbol-by-symbol horizontally, or in every possible direction?

[@guitarslim56]

Anything can happen. But as David showed with the solution to the 420, the bigrams in the Zodiac's ciphers are purely coincidental.

[@TGBurgerGaming]

Noob question here. If you replace the bigrams with a single letter or interchangeable single letters does it make it harder to decipher or can you still tell that they are in there?

[@doranchak]

Thanks for your question. If the 340 had used symbols as substitutes for entire bigrams, then it would have needed at least 100 different symbols to represent them. That is because the known solution to the 340 has more than 100 different bigrams in it (in other words, there are at least 100 different unique combinations of pairs of letters). If he kept the cipher length at 340, it probably would have made the cipher a lot more difficult to solve. I'm not sure the use of bigram substitution would be easily detectable, either, without just trying to decode it under that assumption. If the cipher was much longer, on the other hand, then the frequency distribution of the symbols will likely match the expected frequencies of bigrams in English, unless homophones are still allowed (such as more than one allowed symbol for a bigram).

[@tonyt3530]

You will have a lot more bigrams (different bigrams and repeating number) if they were to be translated into a single letter.

[@TGBurgerGaming]

Thank you.

[@zachgraber2496]

z408 and z340 have been solved, the next logical step on finding clues about the Zodiac Killer is to solve the z32 cipher, there is this thing where they make it to say radians and inches along the diameter. I am 99% sure this is not the actual solution of the cipher. I may know some actual words from the solution of the cipher and knowing them could make cracking the cipher significantly easier. The actual solution of the cipher is similar to the solutions of his other ciphers, straightforward sentences. I could tell you some words from the cipher I believe and it would make cracking it easier/be a first step in cracking it. The radian's and inches along the diameter thing is incorrect I believe.

[@Solitaire_Guy]

May I just say you look so handsome. The intelligence with which you explain these concepts just adds so much more.

[@mattiasakemalm1412]

You're a hero

[@aurizzzas123]

Would be great to see you dig into Ricky McCormick's encrypted notes. If there's anybody who can crack that, I believe that's you :)

[@chrisd5016]

Would every language have roughly the same amount of repeating patterns?

[@guitarslim56]

No.

[@groshuard]

11:21 I found the solution. It was fun to solve! Thank you!

[@doranchak]

Good job, and thanks for watching. :)

[@PhoenixPhire22]

@@doranchak Not really sure what that means but then I’m not a runner 🤷‍♂️ lol. But yes thanks for the puzzle 😁 I was glad to see no zodiac shenanigans trying to solve it lol

[@stupidminotaur9735]

Did they get 17 from the amount of victims he claimed to have killed and I know he claimed a higher kill count with your puzzle does that higher count help solve your puzzle you solved?

[@lordlouckster2315]

6:24 Plaintext?

[@doranchak]

I believe it's: A SPURTING LIVING EXULTATION AND THE WORDS WHICH HE HAD NOT PRONOUNCED BUT FELT WCRE GOD BLEESS YOU ELLIS WHATEVER YOURE DOING WWHEN HEE HAD GRASPED THE IMMPLICATIONS OF HIS LAUGHTER ___________ HE HAD KNOWN THAT HE WAS NOW CONDEMNED TO CONSTANT VIGILANCE AGAINST HIMSELF LIKE THE SURVIVOR OF A HEART ATTACK HE KNEW THAT HE HAD HAD A WARNING AND THAT HE CARRIEND WITHIN HIM A DANGER THAAT COULD STRIKE HIM AT ANY M

[@mrchuffy6535]

Are you going to try crack the last two unsolved? is there any particular reason you arent? too much time taken? or are they not worth solving, thanks!!!

[@rickh3714]

Z32 has 'a' solution. "Take pi to read it,it" Symbol v Character Morse. Switched around on the line change.

[@doranchak]

I hope to address the last two ciphers in my next video about the French engineer's solutions.

[@mrchuffy6535]

@@doranchak Thank you for the reply, Im not badgering you to do them, just interested in why they havent been done as such. love the videos and thank you for your work

[@tonyt3530]

I was more interested in Operating Systems whilst studying computer science 6 years ago. I would take cryptography courses after watching your videos if I was still a student.

[@willhighsmith9898]

Interesting name. Tony T

[@NewLevelAuto]

I am so amazed that the transposition method of 19 brought you so close. And then the choice of 18? Just brilliant. I am however convinced that the spelling errors are not errors at all. I do believe there is still another piece missing in the final decryption 🧐. At no point do I think anything this person created was an accident or mistake. Now to figure out your closing Cypher

[@nocapskenzo]

There were multiple spelling errors on the 408 cypher, so seeing them on the 340 does track

[@Booklivre]

Dear Dave : ( And everyone reading this comment ) Can you recommend book titles That talk about bigrams and trigrams extensively ? And possibly list them all ? From a language point of view And from a cryptographic point of view Thank You Very Much

[@KConny]

I think I just stumbled on a solution! Read it like a knights move in chess, starting at top left and go two right and one down. Then wrap around to the top! jk Great job David, I can for sure watch this video again.

[@meaningless4845]

Yeah ... It is solved though.

[@TheStacanova]

I’m sorry, I may have missed it, did you cover, there could be fewer repeating Bigrams, because a single symbol is being used to represent some of the common English Bigrams, like “Th” & “ER”, etc. ? Also, with all the Zodiac correspondence, you must have a “common” word usage percentage that could possibly be paired to the Bigrams. Example: If the Zodiac uses the “LL” Bigram, in roughly 10% of his text, and a Bigram pattern or single symbol shows up roughly 10% of the time in the Cipher, try plugging that one in? I’m sure these are things that have already been tried.

[@doranchak]

Bigram substitution was an idea that we tried, but as it turned out, the period 19 bigram repeats pointed us in the right direction, towards a transposition scheme. See episodes 5 and 6 for more details.

[@Thatfalloutgirl]

You are a genius! But maybe like the one you cracked, maybe it has many spelling errors. Maybe the zodiac wasn’t a genius at all, but how can I say this nicely, very stupid.

[@LouGuise]

Fantastic presentation, I’m still convinced it was more about Time and Space ( fourth dimension) with a splash of Catholicism and Metaphysics. Lou Guise. 11/5/1928 - 12/31/2019.

[@sultanmurad3350]

you have to find the zodiac if you don't find it no one will

[@NancyRuthOwens]

Vallejo is the name of a family. Not a town. I am the real Zodiac proven by Polk County, Fl.

[@James_Bowie]

Already been solved in December 2020.

[@14dogday]

I have the video.. Zodiac

[@mrtoothless]

Way too much padding.

[@daveyjones5702]

if i mae a cipher that was to easy, and wanted to make it more difficult in a subsequent cipher, what i would do is use multiple layers of encryption: encrypt your text, then encrypt the result. using different encryption techniques on each layer it is fairly easy to create a code that is uncrackable by conventional means. i think if there is a solution it will ultimately be found by an AI using brute force methods.

[@IwieIch123]

KZbin is a joke

[@samjam2376]

But here you are.

[@guitarslim56]

KZbin is Jesus.

[@colonelreb1014]

Don't do that Re-upload shit again please. I have your notifications on. I was let down it wasn't a new video. Please discredit or prove the Gary Poste aspect

[@skittybug6937]

Wasn't that recently done?

[@colonelreb1014]

@@skittybug6937 not this one. Another one more recent was though

[@skittybug6937]

@@colonelreb1014 Yea but I'm saying that he already went over the alleged findings and concluded that unless the evidence being held is released to the public, Poste isn't any more a suspect than the others.

[@karakenio]

"KZbin broke the original upload due to a rights issue with one of the songs in the video, so I uploaded this fixed version."

[@doranchak]

The original episode got messed up by KZbin which is why I needed to re-upload this one. Episode 10 is about the Gary Poste aspect. There isn't much more I can say about that suspect until Dale Julin reveals his decipherment method. He won't do it because he's saving the information for his book which hasn't been published yet. It's annoying because the other Case Breakers team members, when asked which evidence is most convincing to them, consistently point to Dale's decipherments as being the best evidence. They even said in a live stream yesterday that they have only revealed 10% of their information and are holding the rest (which I assume means all of the info from Dale's book). So their position is: Please give us attention, because we want people to help out with our suspect, but we're not going to tell anyone about the very thing that convinces us that he's the guy. Ridiculous!