Dr. Svante Pääbo「An Ancient DNA View of Human Origins」

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JapanPrize

JapanPrize

2 жыл бұрын

Humans are said to have originated in Africa some two to four hundred thousand years ago and started spreading to the Middle East approximately 70,000 years ago. Our research group compared genomes from ancient and modern humans and demonstrated that people in our modern world carry 1% to 2 % of the genomes of Neanderthals, people of Mainland Asia carry approximately 0.2% of the genomes of Denisovans, and about 5% of the genomes of Denisovans are mixed in with those of Papua New Guinean and Aboriginal Australians.
Studies of ancient genomes can lead to significant medical discoveries. For example, there is a genetic variant for gene encoding a progesterone receptor and that variant exists outside Africa but can hardly be found anywhere in Africa. A variant that is associated with preterm birth has been identified in Neanderthals and Denisovans. We used the UK BioBank to investigate why the variant associated with the risk of preterm birth is inherited and found that the variant could also decrease the risk of miscarriages.
Moreover, the chromosome 3 variant related to resistance to the novel coronavirus also suggests an association with Neanderthal genomes, showing that this variant may increase the risk of dying from the novel coronavirus by approximately two times yet also suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The variant in chromosome 12 is a gene to produce an enzyme that degrades viral genomes in an opposite manner suggesting increased resistance to the novel coronavirus.
Currently, specific genomes in modern humans have been investigated in mice and by using stem cells in a joint effort with the Max Planck Institute in Germany and Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology and Kyoto University in Japan, we discovered a genome responsible for chromosome segregation. Further investigation as to whether or not the chromosome segregation function in ancient humans may bring about a difference in brain functions is warranted.
全人類の起源は20-40万年前のアフリカであり、約7万年前あたりから中東に広がっていったとされています。私たちの研究グループは、古代人ゲノムから取得した情報を現代人ゲノムと比較し、ネアンデルタール人の遺伝子が1-2%、デニソワ人の遺伝子がアジア本土では0.2%前後、オーストラリアのアボリジニやパプアニューギニアでは5%前後が混入していることを証明しました。
古代人ゲノムの研究を進めることは、医学的に有意義な発見をすることにも繋がります。例えば、プロゲステロンの受容体に関するバリアントの一つにアフリカ大陸では見られないものがあります。この早産に関連する変異体はネアンデルタール人とデニソワ人でも見られるもので、UKバイオバンクのデータを用いて早産のリスクを抱える変異体がなぜ遺伝したのか調べたところ、流産のリスクを軽減させることがわかりました。
さらに、新型コロナウィルスへの耐性と関連する染色体3で見られる変異体もネアンデルタール人ゲノムとの関連性が示唆され、この変異体のキャリアは新型コロナウィルス感染症で亡くなるリスクが約2倍高いが、逆にHIV感染は抑制する遺伝子であることが証明されました。染色体12で見られる変異体は反対にウイルスゲノムを分解する酵素を生成するための遺伝子で、新型コロナウィルスへの耐性を高めることが示唆されています。
現在はドイツのマックス・プランク研究所や日本の沖縄科学技術大学院大学、京都大学とともにマウスや幹細胞を使って現代人特有のゲノムを研究しており、染色体分離に関与するゲノムが存在することを発見しました。古代人とは異なる染色体分離機能が脳機能に違いをもたらすのかが、今後の研究課題となります。

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