Naval Logistics - Keeping your fleet in fuel, food and guns

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Today we take a look at the logistics of keeping your navy combat capable.
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[@Drachinifel]

Pinned post for Q&A :)

[@Jon.A.Scholt]

Just wanted to say: "you know it's going to be a good day when you find an hour-long Drach video in your recommendations!"

[@caspernonkes5543]

drach, what happend to the USS Franklin video?

[@threeinoneoil]

The image at time stamp 4:58 appears to be building 128 in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. This used to be a machine shop for making marine engine components. I am happy to say that this has been fully restored and is now being used for the manufacturer of clothing, helmets, and body armor for special forces. It would be great if you could dig into the history of the BNY for a future episode.

[@lexington476]

7:11 during the age of sail, did the crown or Royal Navy have managers of the forest?

[@firefox5926]

27:57 dont forget about canals .. the rail ways slower but higher capacity older brother

[@TomSedgman]

“If you’re going to listen to 8-10-12 hours plus of narration, you want to make sure you enjoy the person who’s speaking to you.“ That’s why we’re here Drach!

[@Darthdoodoo]

I checked the video time hoping it was 8hrs lol. Ever heard of dan carlin hardcore history? His stuff is 6 hrs and longer its crazy

[@scooterdescooter4018]

​@Darthdoodoo his series about the how and why japan became the way it did was fantastic. i think it was called "supernova in the orient "

[@RailRoad188]

​@Darthdoodoo I tried some Hardcore History but it is quite a time investment and I struggled with him jumping around and felt it needed to be better organized.

[@orlandofurioso7958]

I often play a long Drach episode as if it's an ASMR episode for relaxation. His voice is soothing.

[@Avalanche041]

"Spare parts" *shows a picture of an officer being hoisted between ships* It was subtle but I loved it.

[@markmogk4814]

I thought it was hilarious 🤣🤣

[@jarvisfamily3837]

Ah, the breeches buoy! We had to practice with that to verify that we knew *how* to do it (but almost never used it in practice - helicopters were quicker, easier, and safer), and to do so loaded our chaplain - a full commander :-) - into it and proceeded to haul him over to the other ship. On the way back the guys tending the line just *couldn't* keep it taut and he got dunked ever so gently into the briny. He returned to our deck sputtering like a wet hen. And everyone felt just *awful*! :-)

[@dropdead234]

Given how "useful" most officers are, "walking organ donors" fits.

[@williamgoin139]

I've seen it done. 1977, but our ship didn't have a helo.

[@johnwilson1094]

@@dropdead234 As Abraham Lincoln is alleged to have said, "I can easily make more Generals, Mules cost money!"

[@sergarlantyrell7847]

"Why is the Rum always gone?" Drach: "Well... Let me tell you all about logistics."

[@sergarlantyrell7847]

@Jo Daniel what has that got to do with pirates of the Carribbean?

[@matthewclark7885]

Oh, is that why it's called the Wednesday Rum ration

[@ajalvarez3111]

@@sergarlantyrell7847 Very clever. Hip, hip…

[@Kevin_Kennelly]

Naval logistics. Put another way: Water, water everywhere. And not a drop to drink.

[@kaltaron1284]

Not if you're the Swiss Navy.

[@thehandoftheking3314]

Kinda salty

[@rictusmetallicus]

That's what not to do when the bird shits on you - THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER!

[@JainZar1]

"Doch wär für uns das Wasser zum trinken gedacht Hätte Gott den Ozean nicht salzig gemacht" - "Blau wie das Meer" from Mr. Hurley & Die Pulveraffen

[@Groza_Dallocort]

We just need to modify our kidneys with cells from a cats kidney apperently cats can drink saltwater without any problem

[@GrimpakTheMook]

Ah yes. Logistics. Boring, a huge hassle, and, literally, *what wins wars*

[@ROTTERDXM]

Wars also tend to be mostly boring (punctuated with extreme violence and sheer terror) and a huge hassle for all involved ;)

[@ReneSchickbauer]

I think the best example of this is the Berlin airlift. Nearly 300.000 flight delivered 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and supplies in 11 months. It was a big blow to the soviet union and most likely prevented the West from having to start a war against to east to free Berlin.

[@TheLunacyofOurTimes]

70% of any army is logistics. Probably more for a Navy since it has 0% chance of foraging.

[@a6mzeke1]

Amateurs study tactics, professionals study logistics.

[@francoistombe]

An army marches on its stomach. ~ Napoleon. My soldiers can eat grass if they have to, but my tanks gotta have gas. ~ George Patton. My soldiers can walk to the front and fight. Why can't you start a western front? ~ Stalin. Western allies: Err....sea, ships, logistics.

[@WayneBorean]

Don’t laugh folks. I worked on a project about standardizing packaging. We had to consider the size of the shipping pallets, size of the packaged components, weights, etc. to come up with a way of maximizing the amount of cargo that could be shipped using the least expensive packaging (read wasteful for expensive). It was an amazingly complex project, especially considering the tech we had - a Compaq 80286 luggable running DOS 3.3 and DBase 4. We had to measure thousands of components because that was just as CAD software and computerized record keeping were becoming common. Edited to add - always a great start to a day when a new Drach video surfaces. Damn, but do you do a great job of making everything associated with Naval warfare interesting. I didn’t even notice how long the video was. Until a dog told me I needed to get up and take her for a walk...

[@darrellsmith4204]

God yes... a 286 at a screaming 16Mhz and a green screen CRT. Running Windows '67 with less memory than Ronald Reagan.

[@whiskeytangosierra6]

@@darrellsmith4204 Don't you mean less memory than Biden? Otherwise, no shit. And DB4. Gads, what headaches. Still, I remember freezing outside a computer store at 5 AM because there was a shipment of 56.6 modems arriving that day and they would be sold first come, first served. People today do not understand the thrill of hearing your modem actually connect.

[@LemmingFNSR]

Wayne, Oh you poor bastard! I was a company quartermaster and had to get that stuff to the forward pits. I believe the correct reply is oh you poor bastard 😜 Cheers Bro’ Mark

[@darrellsmith4204]

@@whiskeytangosierra6 Either/or.. And try to explain to kids these days about 14.4 dial up modems.

[@TayebMC]

@@darrellsmith4204 14.4 was fast U late to the party Bro

[@kpdubbs7117]

1:15 Drach - "Lets have a quick look at the logistical supply chain..." Checks run time and sees almost 57 minutes. Sweet!

[@Highwind79]

Can't wait for a detailed look at the logistical supply chain!

[@deathsheadknight2137]

@@Highwind79 It's a book 3 inches thick. That's vol. 1.

[@karlvongazenberg8398]

@@deathsheadknight2137 And VOL1 is mostly made of "Tables of contents"

[@Aethelgeat]

In the long view of logistics, that pretty much is a quick summary. I sometimes wonders if logistics officers were prescient about strategy and tactics, so they could start moving the supplies before the commanders asked for it ASAP.

[@CFarnwide]

Hour long “quick looks”, 5 minute guides actually being closer to 20... makes me wonder how a “quick” chat over “one” beer would go with Sir Drach 😉😎

[@Big_E_Soul_Fragment]

"The amateurs discuss tactics: the professionals discuss logistics." -Napoleon

[@williamchamberlain2263]

@@francescomiele6601 I know, right? Had to invent the infographic just to show how badly it went down. Edit: fact-checked myself; Charles Joseph Minard was far from the first author of an infographic, and the history of the medium is great: www.smithsonianmag.com/history/surprising-history-infographic-180959563/

[@89Keith]

Ahhh, the roboute guilliman speciality

[@DukeofTxtspeak]

Currently doing a degree in military history This phrase is one that gets thrown around a LOT.

[@USSAnimeNCC-]

Nothing worst than being unprepared or runing out of ammo lol

[@AnEnemy100]

Usually expressed as: “An army marches on its belly.” “Une armée marche avec son estomac.” N

[@evanulven8249]

For all that the supercarriers and mega-submarines get the glory, it's the *gigantic* logistics capability that makes the USN the titan it is. Looking at the supply chains and the sheer volume of everything they move, it's outright mind boggling.

[@DarkFire515]

Very much so. Large and very capable logistics is also the reason that there are only two navies in the world that are genuinely capable of operating anywhere.

[@TheStefanskoglund1]

The ability to do that is also the main reason why the UK were able to defeat Argentine in the Falklands war.

[@chefchaudard3580]

@@DarkFire515 French navy can do it too...

[@steveschulte8696]

The Armed Forces Canada maintains fleet resupply capability for world wide reach. NATO, in its anti-piracy mission, is dependent on replenishment at sea. The US Navy calls it Underway Replenishment (or UNREP). I know from personal experience that even replenishment of food from the quayside is an arduous task. It can take an long afternoon to resupply a ship of 150 sailors, or several days for a aircraft carrier. Resupply at sea in the 1940's required going along side three ships for the various parts of the logistical train. Oil came from the AO ship, explosives from the AE ship and food and spare parts from the AK ship. Every one is praying to Daniel Bernoulli that the ships are not sucked together.

[@JainZar1]

@@steveschulte8696 With RAS or UNREP the main advantage is, that all that stuff comes pre packaged. If you are in peacetime ops and replenish every week, a frigate with 250 sailors needs ~5 tonnes of foodstuffs. A modern aircraft carrier with nearly 5000 sailors needs ~100 tonnes of food in 7 days.

[@erikgranqvist3680]

Forrest nerd here; a very long, straight and well grown tree is quite difficult all in itself. Becuase nature tend not to keep straight lines all that well. Things like long bows on a tree is a very real thing - and you may need a very keen eye to even spot it before the thing is on the ground and somewhat prepared. Moreover, a good mast need to have grown even thru a century and a half. You cannot have things like a trunk that has grown more on on one side, have dry knots, have been damaged (on a storm, for example - trees can splinter internally while keep on growing and looking healthy. Such a tree is useless as a mast. Today they become made into paper or heat) etcetera. The longer the mast you want, the more difficult will it be to find such a tree. And that is when the tree is in the forrest. Getting a whole tree out of that forrest, down to the coast and on a boat to another country - undamaged - is only increasing how complex an operation it is.

[@ROTTERDXM]

I had no idea how complicated this was... thanks for the fun facts Erik!

[@paulwoodman5131]

I've read that growing masts was quite the process. Pick out a likely candidate then cut down other trees around it to strengthen the trunk by exposing it to more wind.

[@Kevin_Kennelly]

I've read that foresters would use 'braces'. Devices that would force the tree to branch/grow into specific shapes. Ostensibly, this gave the wood a natural-shape and a natural-strength when it was harvested.

[@its1110]

Even though upper masts were generally pieced, it still took good wood. And the lower masts took some damned big trees in Ships O' th' Line.

[@nickrumpp1541]

Now I want a video on choosing masts for age of sail ships!

[@larskjar]

There is a very nice letter in the danish navy's officers school from the forrestry department say that the trees for the replacement of the navy lost in the napoleonic wars are ready. It was sent in 2000ish.

[@martinh8784]

Hospital ships and the naval medical services might be an interesting, related topic for the future.

[@Colt45hatchback]

I agree, my great grandfather apparently spent most of ww1 floating around in hospital ships as he apparently repeated the process of arriving in the combat area, getting on his horse, falling violently ill, riding a ship back to england getting back to full health, essentially getting back on his horse, then falling into near death illness and being carted back to england again (cant verify if its accurate, but its the story i was told)

[@markmogk4814]

Fun fact. The current Hospital ships, converted tankers, were built at the same pier as the Exxon Valdez. I spent a year and a half watching that from pier 1 at NavSta San Diego next door to NASSCO.

[@NashmanNash]

@@Colt45hatchback Well...your grandfather seemed to be similar to our local pastor/chaplain than...That lazy,actively work avoiding overweight man is sick again...And promptly,the church is visited more during services...

[@Colt45hatchback]

@@NashmanNashhaha im not 100% sure he was actively avoiding work/the war more likely he was just not forged from the right material, my mum is quite often sick also, guess it was just bad genes/poor immune system, although she has been known to be a little alergic to continued effort, so maybe a bit of both haha

[@NashmanNash]

@@Colt45hatchback Oh,in no way i meant to accuse your grandfather of being some sort of coward or opportunist(is it written that way?)..Just from your story,his "bad luck"(or in his case very good luck,apparently having collected several guardian angels and chained them to a wall..considering you may not be writing on youtube today if it were different ) is somewhat similar to my local chaplain...Although...that chaplain IS rather lazy(please don´t disturb on mondays...Sir,you have a 7 day work week,that´s why you get around 40 days of instead of the usual 24ish),i still doubt that he would injure himself on purpose

[@vridiantoast7096]

Fuel? We don’t need fuel! Emperor Hirohito will supply us with sheer will!

[@KatyushaLauncher]

I'm sure that went soo well for the Japanese

[@Big_E_Soul_Fragment]

If we believe hard enough, shells will start shooting out of our guns! -wait, this isn't 40k-

[@theleva7]

@@Big_E_Soul_Fragment Too orkish for IJN, IMO.

[@presidentmerkinmuffley6769]

@@theleva7 Idk, maybe just a touch too much. They did build the Yamatos, planned bigger ones and flew themselves in to ships, after all.

[@TheTokkin]

Or just pour crude oil

[@gregtag874]

A BRILLIANT presentation. As an Army officer I was briefly exposed to the rudiments of naval logistics on a professional development FYI basis. Your presentation was hands sown better the any official instruction by the US Army. Plus, you made this potentially snooze-worthy subject REALLY interesting. Thanks Drach. Thumbs Up.

[@its1110]

One great point of this channel -- In comments people discuss points instead of yelling at each other, as do so many other You Tube channels. Hi, everyone.

[@lycossurfer8851]

"Bullets don't fly without Supply" But your explanation does that expression way, way better!

[@calvingreene90]

The first rule of warfare is, "Never start a war with your source of munitions."

[@calvingreene90]

@Graf von Losinj Ammo factories are real easy to blow to hell.

[@benholroyd5221]

I thought the first rule was don't start a war with your source of fuel and food *cough* Barbarossa *cough*

[@dropdead234]

I thought it was "Never engage in a land battle in Asia."

[@calvingreene90]

@@benholroyd5221 The first rule of warfare is, "Never start a war with Russia when fighting anybody else. If you haven't noticed it is always the first rule of warfare. Over on Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur it has become something of a running joke.

[@benholroyd5221]

@@calvingreene90 Id say the rule should more accurately be, don't invade Russia from central Europe. The Japanese didn't really do badly against them, neither did the afghans or the fins

[@BrianSmith-nu3lg]

I’m a simple man. I see a video with warships narrated by Drachinifel, and I watch. Thank you for your hard work.

[@burnstick1380]

Since you mentioned that superfiring turrets have disadvantage: how about a video explaining the advantages and disadvantages of different turret layouts?^^

[@kenoliver8913]

I'd reckon the pros and cons of superfiring are obvious. Pros are taking up less deck space and a full arc of fire. Cons are much higher centre of gravity and more exposed to fire.

[@dcbadger2]

I see an one-hour venture into all possible turret designs in our future.

[@KPen3750]

I´d think a Con to the superfiring layout is about ranging where because one turret is higher/lower, the relative angles to get the shells to hit a target will be different from one turret to another (IE: one turret will have to be elevated less or more depending) but by the time of WWII, those issues were mostly sorted out

[@calvingreene90]

@@KPen3750 I do not see a 3 or 4 meter difference in the hight of the guns being very important when firing at targets like ships and fortresses.

[@Delgen1951]

@@calvingreene90 Lest see at 3 meter (30 feet) the shell hits, at 4 meters it misses by a inch, thus does no damage, no difference you say.

[@kurochi89]

As a member of a supply team I can agree that supply is the most under appreciated part of a well oiled machine. You dont think much about it until you dont have what you need. Nice to see a video speaking to how difficult and important a supply teams job really can be.

[@deonmurphy6383]

Thank you for the comment about the Neosho, it getting sunk does get mentions in the history books, it’s actual importance as a fast fleet oiler is usually not even discussed.

[@its1110]

IIRC there were but a small handfull of these vessels. Not enough to have a proper war. We couldn't have used those BBs if they'd not been creamed.

[@billbutler335]

@@its1110 Still couldn't use them after they were repaired. The US Navy was so short of fleet oilers it was we can supply the carriers or the older battleships but not both. Carriers won. Battleship support had to wait till the North Carolina and South Dakota class fast battleships became available with their more efficient engineering plants.

[@Edax_Royeaux]

"Supplies are never late, nor are they ever early. They arrive precisely when I mean them to!" - Logistics Wizard

[@MonkeyJedi99]

Commodore Gandalf!

[@TomFynn]

Never anger a logistics officer for they are overworked and quick to reroute you to Alaska.

[@emjackson2289]

"Where should I dump this load of Pipe Weed?" "How the hell should I know?! Do I look like the Beach Master?!" Saving Private Baggins

[@mbryson2899]

BTW, *please* keep the robovoice outro. The nostalgia factor is huge for me, it gives me the warm fuzzies. Normally I don't enjoy robovoices. Yours was the first channel using one whose content hooked me solidly enough that I was able to get past that prejudice. I like the small bit of it you've retained as a nod toward the beginnings of your channel.

[@Kevin_Kennelly]

The channel was only CG voice when I got here. And I miss it. The C made some spectacularly bad/funny mistakes. Especially with "naw__tit__ickle" words and phrases. Ship names were always a crapshoot.

[@loneneotank.5687]

the robovoice reminds me of the meme channels that use the robo voice.

[@harrisonrawlinson5650]

Completely agree, there was never been a robo voice channel that I would watch until I found this one

[@glenmartin2437]

My father was in the US Marines in WW2, Korea and Vietnam. At age 12, logistics caught my attention. You have skimmed the surface of the topic! To me as a retired professor, logistics is terribly complex, even mind boggling. Most people haven't a clue. Thank you for covering this very, very important and critical topic!

[@yewenyi]

My grandfather, who was a farmer had to get special approval to join the RAAF in WWII because farming was an essential industry and farmers were not allowed to leave the farm.

[@DingyHarry59]

My (American) grandfather was not subject to the draft, for the same reason.

[@mikeklaene4359]

As a guy who was part of the US Army's Transportation Corp during the Viet Nam mess, I have some familiarity with the subject. But only from a "grunt's" viewpoint. For most of 1968 I was at the only munitions port in Thailand - at Camp Vayama near Sattahip. All munitions that came in by ship for the Air Force bases in Thailand came through this port. Most of the ships carrying munitions were old WW2 era Victory ships. It was an interesting time.

[@lorddatastorm7139]

“The war has been variously termed a war of production and a war of machines. Whatever else it is, so far as the United States is concerned, it is a war of logistics.” - Fleet ADM Ernest J. King

[@Delgen1951]

The American Military Best Logistics train on the planet.

[@lordgarion514]

If you added up all the war goods made by all the countries fighting, Americans made just shy of half, and we got a late start. You have to build it before you can ship it.

[@GoranXII]

@@lordgarion514 There's a reason for that, starting with two key factors: 1) The USA wasn't being bombed, so its industry wasn't taking any damage 2) The USA is _big_ . CONUS alone is almost a quarter bigger than all of non-Russian Europe _combined_ .

[@lordgarion514]

@@GoranXII Oh indeed, there were many reasons for America being able to do what it did. The abundance of natural resources being a major one. But even with all the advantages we had, it was far from certain that we could pull it off with such a late start.

[@stephaniewilson3955]

Once again, Drach highlights a neglected aspect of naval history and gives you a taste of how important and complex it was.

[@samrobinson566]

"Very pretty if slightly sinky shore defences" Perfect 🙂

[@whiskeytangosierra6]

Such a way with words, one of the reasons I love this channel. "Slightly Sinky" snicker, chortle.

[@davidtuttle7556]

Nice description of Tirpitz.

[@Anglomachian]

Gunnery officer: Keep it simple. A ten step process will see you through. Supply officer: Numbers are life. Life is suffering.

[@Johnnycdrums]

I served on an ammunition ship for a period of time while in the U.S. Navy. It felt weird always sailing independently, as nobody wanted to be within about 20 NM in case we went off.

[@williamgoin139]

On USS BUTTE (AE-27) we were told that someone did the math and if we went up all at once in the middle of the ocean it would take eight minutes for the sea to go back to normal.

[@legobut6949]

@@williamgoin139 how many tons of tnt where on board

[@calvingreene90]

That certainly explains why the USofA Navy specified that the new duel purpose 5 inch would have to fire the same ammunition as the existing 5 inch 51 caliber guns already in inventory.

[@VintageCarHistory]

Coming back from a deployment, my ship was low on fuel and the only port nearby that had a sufficient supply was in Ecuador. I recall the engineers grumbling and griping about it as the quality of the fuel was pathetic at best. They had to filter all of it, and there was not enough fuel filters to do the job. They ended up using just about every coffee filter on board to get the sludge out of it.

[@CSSVirginia]

Which created a whole new problem, I'm sure.

[@calvingreene90]

Was that for boilers or more modern engines?

[@calvingreene90]

@@CSSVirginia A well washed T-shirt works as a reusable coffee filter.

[@CSSVirginia]

@@calvingreene90 Gotta do what you gotta do. I have worked with guys that get down right hostile without coffee.

[@jeffreyskoritowski4114]

Did the crew throw the Captain and the Navigator overboard?

[@johnunverzagt9387]

Drachinifel, your remark at 54:48, “after all that effort, you now have a navy ready to fight. Just hope the enemy makes it worthwhile”, almost made me spill my coffee. Excellent video! Every time I think about military supply and logistics, I realize that Eisenhower was right. Your supply chin wins the war. That is often overlooked because it is so mundane, and unglamorous when compared to the shooting, and fighting. Thank you for the video.

[@hugmynutus]

> Americans lucked out and only had to supply 5" ammunition Having worked with US Military Logistics; A stopped clock is right twice a day.

[@whyjnot420]

In the context of the military, shouldn't that be 'once a day'?

[@Delgen1951]

@@whyjnot420 Not really as militaries clock is just a reskinned Civilian timepiece still a 24 hour period of real time.

[@whyjnot420]

I am sorry if the humorous intent of my question was lost in transmission. Also, they make 24 hour analog clocks, electrical and mechanical as well.

[@BobSmith-dk8nw]

Well ... actually ... 24 Hour Clocks are the exception - depending on where you are - most of the clocks are standard civilian office clocks - because they are cheaper. .

[@whyjnot420]

@@BobSmith-dk8nw That was only a reply to the statement of the clocks used being analog, trying to make the point that just saying analog does not automatically make them 12 hour clocks. While today the argument of 24 hour analog clocks being that much more expensive is questionable due to how cheap a quartz clock can be made, that is easily still true when talking mechanical clocks/watches, also its not only more complex, it requires more precision in any given space. Another big reason for 12 hour clocks is that a 24 hour analog clock is harder to read for many people due to everything being squeezed into smaller increments. Yet another reason for 12 hour analog time pieces is simply tradition, a 12 hour cycle for the day goes back thousands and thousands of years (as does the base 60 used for min and sec). Tradition is why you will also see the roman numeral of IIII used instead of the more modern IV for 4. I actually prefer to wear mechanical pocket watches myself, old school hand wound. I have a couple of electric quartz ones as well. Anyways, like I said I didn't by any means want to even hint at implying that 24 hour analog timepieces were common, only that they are a thing and that it is wrong to conflate analog with 12 hour. Also my original comment was simply a joke about military time. One other thought about how cheap clocks can be these days, I remember in high school, the clocks in the classrooms were all analog. Yet I do not think any one of the ones in classrooms actually did any work other than moving the hands, as they were all maintained and controlled by a central system. They might have been semi-independent and had proper movement, but they were certainly able to be manipulated remotely. None of this involved wireless of any kind as these clocks had been there since the 1970s or 60s when the school was built (and I graduated in 98 for some context). All were wired into the schools electrical and you could see them move when being set from time to time, was always weird seeing the clock suddenly seemingly speed up for a min as the time was set ahead or back for whatever reason. If they were actually controlled completely from a central location, that would mean there was nothing but a couple of motors to keep them moving and if they were semi-independent, that means their movement did not need to be precise at all since all they would need is a periodic update from the control system. Both factors would mean any individual timepiece used in that system would be cheaper than a fully independent one (in theory anyways). And its not like you need the precision of a marine chronograph to tell you class has ended so extra cheap is fine there, perhaps even desired. Didn't mean for this to get as long as it did so I will end it there.

[@Kevin-mx1vi]

The function of logistics is quite simple; It is to have the right stuff in the right place at the right time. The *Art* of logistics is to arrange this while everyone and his brother is doing their best to mess things up.

[@theokamis5865]

Ahem..."mess things up"? Surely the logistics section would have been, shall we say, more colourful with their language than that?

[@terencewinters2154]

You might add in the right order of priority loading and unloading . Failure to " combat load " was a big problem at guadalcanal, market garden, and stalingrad. When Hershey bars and beer come before bullets and weapons your army will have problems doing what it's supposed to do.

[@Kevin-mx1vi]

@@terencewinters2154 Personally, I'd say that combat loading is part of the "right stuff, right place, right time" algorithm. If you don't have the right stuff in the right quantity then logistics has failed anyway. And yeah, Stalingrad, where I believe the German logistics train managed to waste at least one precious supply flight by sending a plane load of condoms to their beleaguered troops - *WRONG* stuff, wrong place, wrong time.

[@grahamkearnon7853]

Was a baby greenie on HMS Hermes during Falklands flap, I hear we were almost down to ice cream & broccoli at one point. On the other end of warships, I served on a wooden mine hunter which required food & water replenishment very fourth day which meant pulling in to what ever harbour was handy, easily the best part of my career. The replenishment at sea is clearly the soft underbelly of any warship. Sink supplies is the go to offensive measure.

[@jb76489]

23:24 “very pretty if slightly sinky shore defenses” absolutely beautiful

[@Fred_Bender]

During WW2 my father was in the navy.He lived near Norfolk,VA so joining the navy was the thing to do.After training he was put on a train to Portland,OR .An LST had just been finished there. Like so many LST's and Liberty ships it was constructed where a corn field used to be along side the river .They manned the ship and took it down to San Francisco .There it was loaded to the gills with barrels of aviation fuel.They delivered this fuel to a beach in the Solomon Islands.While they were unloading two Japanese planes dropped one bomb each targeting his ship.Luckily they fell one on each side missing the ship and all of that fuel.That was the first act of aggression he experienced during the war.Back in those days racial segregation was the norm.The black people were assigned to the engine room.One of these guys from the engine room had a pet monkey he had picked up in the islands. That pet monkey roamed freely on the entire ship. The crew grew to hate this monkey as he was always stealing tools and tearing stuff up.His LST (Landing Ship Tank ) was used to carry supplies,jeeps,guns,trucks . My father said that whole time he was on that ship it never carried one tank .He was on board for many beach assaults from the Solomon's to New Guinea . They would go down to Australia to pick up supplies . At Sydney the officers on his ship picked up these women and kept them up in the officers quarters .As there was gasoline rationing going on it was somewhat valuable . The officers were paying off these women with gasoline. He could tell when women on board by watching the monkey .The monkey would get excited and start jerking off. Whenever they left a port(such as Sidney or Brisbane) it was done at night .There were Japanese submarines patrolling off of the coast and sometime ships got hit. There were women who stayed on board (in officers quarters) from Sydney to Brisbane where they got off. One day someone turned on a ventilation fan and the blade chopped off the head of the monkey . He was not missed .

[@ironmantooltime]

Straight to the red seat for those officers, guessing those ladies were carrying unwelcome guests 😎

[@markblix6880]

Well, that is quite a story! I thought LST meant Large Slow Target.

[@PeterNebelung]

Makes perfect sense when you think about it. Invasions only happen once every few months. Supplies need to get somewhere all the time. LSTs are perfect for the job. I suspect they were the first Roll on, Roll off type of ships. Much easier if a forklift can just trundle a skid full of beans to the exact spot on the ship.

[@cp1cupcake]

I really hate reading stories where any mention of logistics is ignored.

[@Bird_Dog00]

Many writers tend to aviod it like the plague because they realise, that their super cool army of doom the dark lord sends to crush the noble rebellion will have all the staying power of a dry leave in a wildfire should the rebels realise how fragile the army of doom's logistical situation is and start to employ scorched earth and guerilla warfare. Having the super cool army of doom desintegrate into mutineering bands of starving soldiers long before reaching the rebel strong hold is somewhat anticlimactic... Also: Writing a story that is internaly consistent is hard work...

[@cp1cupcake]

@@Bird_Dog00 I thought it was more that many authors don't understand that it exists, kinda how much most authors don't understand how basic science or math exists.

[@tomhernonjr]

Thats always

[@SpiritOfMontgomery]

@@Bird_Dog00 after reading this, I have a big question. How the fuck does logistics work in the Star Wars Universe (for example)????? Like props to the Republic and Empire for managing to maintain these huge fuck off capital ships and never seeming to have any fuel shortages etc

[@DuraLexSedLex]

@@SpiritOfMontgomery There's a whole lot on Star Wars logistics actually. It's just mostly on extra side material, fan speculation, the side stories etc., and is left out of the movies for obvious reasons.

[@kendunn6124]

Having spent many a wet hour on deck whilst RASing, I appreciate the effort put into it! Excellent video as always.

[@dangarrett8676]

"once the USA decided to go it's own way" such a polite wording for a revolution

[@EFCasual]

We will go our own way again.

[@calvingreene90]

Actually colonial rebellion.

[@dangarrett8676]

@@calvingreene90 eh depends on which side your on as an ungrateful colonial I'll stick with revolution

[@iberiksoderblom]

Logistics can win you or loose you the war. Even today I'm often surprized (in a bad way), that standardization in ammunition and materials and methods are not taken even more serious than it is, even though a lot has happened in that area.

[@its1110]

Logistics is infrastructure. Infrastructure is often and badly taken for granted by people who have never had to do it. ... and they YELL. "We told you this would happen in 3 months 5 months ago... and we've been working our asses off (while you didn't even notice) since 2 months ago. Now it's STILL gonna take 2 months to fix." (Saw a whole IT department burn-out and quit.)

[@johnparrish9215]

I can't even imagine the amount of resources it would take to build a Navy from scratch. The warships would be the cheap part.

[@bullettube9863]

If I remember reading correctly, 30% of the hundreds of ships involved in the Philippines campaign were warships, 30% carried troops and their supplies, and the rest carried fuel and supplies for the warships. The number of carriers involved alone exceeded the number of carriers of all nations before WW2! The fleet included repair ships, diesel electric destroyers which would be used as offshore generators, hospital ships, tenders for destroyers and submarines, and a ship just for the mail. And of course, refrigerator ships for frozen meat and making ice cream. As Admiral Jingles asked in one episode "what were the Japanese thinking when they went to war with America?".

[@kemarisite]

Note that many US WW1 and interwar designs started WW2 with 5"/25 AA guns and/or 5"/51 single purpose anti-ship guns. Many of the battleships recovered from Pearl Harbor had mixed batteries of 5"/51 and 5"/25 replaced with a uniform battery of 5"/38 (looking at you, California and Tennessee). While these guns used many of the same shells (Mark 35 AA common, for example), the 5"/25 used fixed ammunition while the 5"/38 used separate shell and propellant, with the propellant in a brass case, and the 5"/51 used separate bags of propellant. So while the commonality of shells simplified manufacturing, there are still separate ammunition trains for all three guns because of the way the propellant is handled. It wasnt fully resolved during the war, either, and USS Indianapolis, for example, still had those 5"/25 AA guns in 1945 when she was sunk.

[@potatosinnato1767]

Is this like a sequel to the navy planning episodes, and also when is the next episode on the history of naval guns?

[@Welshman2008]

Also keeping the Royal Navy supplied with Rum up until the mid 1970s is just as important as food,fuel, and guns

[@Grimmtoof]

Don't forget the most important item of all..... tea!

[@its1110]

@@Grimmtoof Cocoa!

[@maryholder3795]

​@@Grimmtoof yes ☕ Yes ☕ YES, plus sugar and milk ( that's if you take milk in your tea) ☕ and if your very lucky a 🍪 biscuit with you tea. UK residents here, coffee is for breakfast. Sorry USA

[@darrylkenes7424]

With the attack on Pear Harbor it was decided the US Navy needed a supply site close to all train,truck and water infrastructure, and so the Mechanicsburg, Pa. site was chosen for a Naval central supply Depot. The Mechanicsburg Naval Supply Depot sprang up quickly adjacent to the largest rail classification yard on earth at Enola, Pa. The base went through numerous iterations up to the present day where dozens of DDG 51 engines can be seen on rail cars every day along with millions of items in que awaiting delivery to the fleet.

[@mikeklaene4359]

Not to mention that the Philadelphia Naval yard was only about 2 hours away. And electrified so no need to burn either coal or oil. Baltimore harbor was also close and a quick connection to Newport News and Norfolk.

[@williamgoin139]

Big place that. I was a station keeper at the Harrisburg Reserve Center. I think THAT reserve center existed to provide reserve officers to support the base. And when I was in the fleet, LOTS of mail from there.

[@kuwabatakesanjuro1453]

Last time I was this early, Virginia Woolf was dressed as an Abyssinian royal aboard the HMS Dreadnought.

[@lordbaysel3135]

Last time i was that early, SMS Cap Trafalgar was dressed as RMS Carmania

[@Errafri]

Last time I was this early "Kamchatka" wasn't under attack.

[@mattspare8835]

Hahaha, love that story!

[@jimtalbott9535]

Bunga Bunga!

[@kevinconrad6156]

Canals were the main transport before trains in many countries.

[@its1110]

They were an amazing change to commerce. Extensive systems were relatively recent, waiting for the steam engine to run pumps and such for construction and better explosives and harder drill steels. And Engineers to brain it all out via the Art of Hydraulics. And today so much are now ruins.

[@kevinconrad6156]

@@its1110 England still has an active and regrowing system. I watch several narrowboat KZbin channels. very calming.

[@lunettecph3064]

Not many countries. Some yes, but once the railway was invented it quickly overtook the canals. There was an extensive canal network in the UK, US, Germany, China, France & the Benelux. There wasn't much in Eastern Europe, Italy, Japan or Australia. It's bit like the telephone network: those who came late tended to skip a step, like Sub-Saharan Africa going straight to cell-phones.

[@Delgen1951]

Rivers in North America, then trains and the Mississippi and it tributaries and then the interstate highways and the intercostal water way.

[@davidtuttle7556]

@@Delgen1951 and then there's those two bicycle builders from "Ahia" who decided that a heavier than air machine that could fly into the wind while carrying ppl was possible.

[@jpjpjp453]

Look up US Navy Service Squadrons in WW2. The logistical support requirements and effort in the Pacific was staggering to say the least.

[@its1110]

Months before a big invasion operation they and the CBs would bop into some little remote atoll, w/in heavy bomber range of the targets, and build some airfields and supply and repair facilities. Then they'd run the operation out of there for a couple-few months. ... Then bop off and leave the place just as remote as it'd been for a couple hundred years. Read up on the Cargo Cult religions of the Pacific.

[@CFarnwide]

Anything related with the Pacific Theater of Operations... mind boggling the logistics involved with that. 🤯

[@73Trident]

@@CFarnwide Absolutely, an almost unbelievable amount of coordination involved to win the war in the Pacific. Could the USSR have done this? The answer is NO.

[@CFarnwide]

@@73Trident I seem to remember someone mentioning the logistics involved to win the war and how staggering they were... but wanted everyone to remember the logistics involved AFTER the war was won. Getting everything and everyone home safe was no easy task.

[@davidtuttle7556]

@@CFarnwide we didnt bring everyone home really. We maintained occupation armies in both Japan and Germany for nearly a decade after. And then the Cold War fired up and we had to increase troop levels again. We STILL Ahave troops along the DMZ in Korea, Marines on Okinawa and Airmen and Ground forces at Landstuhl in Germany.

[@davidwright7193]

Bituminous coal is a little bit harder than what the Irish call “turf”....

[@stevemolina8801]

Thank you for this fine work! I served in the US Navy from 71-75, 1971 to mid 1973 was on a Fleet Oiler USS Manatee A0-58. We supported the Battle Groups in the Gulf of Tonkin and the waters off South Vietnam. We provided Fuel, Ammo, and Food, we would work non stop for two weeks day and night rain or shine. Sometimes we would resupply from smaller oilers and return to the Battle group and sometimes back to the PI to resupply. Never a pat on the back. From 73 to 75 I served on a Destroyer Escort USS Blakely DE-1072 and did a Med cruise. This was literately like being on a cruise ship than a war ship. Well with the exception of playing chicken with a Russian tin can now and then.

[@patfontaine5917]

I truly appreciate all the hard work in researching and producing these first class videos. Thank you!

[@Archangelm127]

I would love to see much more on this topic. It's criminally underappreciated, and you just can't find good info on it without diving into that literal mountain of technical stuff Drach mentioned. A middle ground like this is wonderful. :)

[@IJustKant]

Napoleon said it best, an army marches on its stomach.

[@Scooternjng]

As a US Army support battalion vet (50th MSB/42ID (now 250th BSB/50th BDE)), it's nice to see a video about the most important, yet "underrated" portion of any military branch.

[@vvvppp6021]

You and Mark Felton are the only channels I can listen a complete hour video, great job sir!

[@jeffreytam7684]

2057: Drac makes an hour long video on the various types of design for oil tanks found on naval bases Most of Drac’s audience: claps joyfully

[@notshapedforsportivetricks2912]

If somewhat feebly.

[@wanderer651952]

Very interesting video, Drach. 2 little known facts re topics covered:- (1) The officer largely responsible for early U.S. Navy adoption of the diesel engine was ... Chester Nimitz; (2) The officer who pioneered under-way refueling/resupply in the U.S.N. was ... Chester Nimitz. Oh, and he also pioneered U.S.N. submarines; AND built the submarine base at Pearl Harbour! Looking forward to further vids on the subject.

[@mattblom3990]

I just imagine Oprah: "And YOU get a shell, and YOU get a shell, and YOU get a shell!" Each audience member getting a different size.

[@jeebus6263]

An hour of drach naval history, makes for a good day.

[@jeebus6263]

15m in, he's talking about ammo... just waiting for him to rag on Italy!

[@sarjim4381]

"Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil" by Rear Adm. Worrall Reed Carter. While editing to correct the title, The rest of my post disappeared. Rats! At any rate, it's the best book on WWII logistics, and that's now the correct title.

[@JohnReall]

I have that book. It's a Fascinating read.

[@admiralsirrusty3465]

Hate to be the pedant, but it is 'Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil' a rare book

[@sarjim4381]

@@admiralsirrusty3465 Whoops!. My brain apparently went into vapor lock on that one.

[@williamgoin139]

$100 at Half Price Books, $183 at Amazon if you want a book. $2.99 on Kindle if you are into that.

[@kennethward9530]

@@williamgoin139 Also available free on google books

[@DreadX10]

3:56 components, where are they coming from. Made me think of the intro of "lord of war" showing the production, logistics and use of an AK-round. 24:15 "8 cases kidneys" Oh good, spare parts!

[@Axel0204]

Without going into details, I'll just say that I've been in a spot or two in my time serving on a US Navy submarine where food supplies have become a significant limiting factor on operations. Gave me a whole new perspective on the importance of our Supply Department and logistics in general.

[@esejony65]

This is the sort of video that gives nightmares to the wehrmacht high command.

[@tonyvancampen-noaafederal2640]

C. S. Forester managed it in several short stories particularly Rendezvous and USS Cornucopia. I find that even after nearly 20 years of retirement that Rendezvous brings back memories of bad weather and night underway replenishment on an Adams class DDG.

[@its1110]

His novels do a pretty good job on logistics, in general. Food and the men are so often his subjects.

[@eric24567]

Kamchatka [visibly confused] Kamchatka does not understand logistics, but Kamchatka has spotted wild Japanese torpedo boats.

[@toveychurchill6468]

Are you sinking or you got a hole in one of the pipes

[@eric24567]

@@toveychurchill6468 I'm happy to report that the skip is NOT sinking. However the midshipman is reporting multiple Japanese torpedo boat sightings coming from all directions.

[@toveychurchill6468]

@@eric24567 Well that sounds unfortunate,for rest of the squadron , we'll just cross fingers and hope your gunnery won't help making enemies for Russia

[@eric24567]

@@toveychurchill6468 No need to worry, Kamchatka has guns but they're in storage. We will toss binoculars just like Admiral Rozhestvensky has showned us many times. For the Tsar!! Yes I had to google Rozhestvensky's name.

[@gmanbo]

was looking for the Kamchatka comment

[@karlvongazenberg8398]

3:40 Drach: Food, fuel, ammo and spare parts Altmark: wounded crew, prisoners, prize crew...

[@tedbaxter5234]

Thankfully, there are others that have to manage and worry about these things. Add land armies and air forces to a national demand and add theaters of operations - mind boggling! Thank you for this overview!

[@yurimow]

congrats! you do understand though that you are the main competitor of audible, do you?

[@louierenault7344]

Audible decided if you cant beat em join them

[@tomhath8413]

Fun fact regarding fuel. Most WWII battleships burned about 2.5 tons of oil per mile at their most efficient cruising speed. Of course if they had to move faster the consumption rate went up dramatically. Sending out a task force of carriers, battleships and cruisers burned a tremendous amount of oil.

[@bobwehner7881]

Excellent story! Some consider maintenance, especially repair, as a part of logistics. I'd like to see repair of ships ( during wartime) in the future.

[@johnshepherd8687]

Back in the 80s we ran an "attack the logistics" scenario in the OP-961 ASW appraisal. The shuttle ships only had the protection of a couple of FFG-7 or FF-1052 class frigates. It turned out that it was far easier to defeat the battleforce by starving it than attacking it.

[@grizwoldphantasia5005]

One of the problems with fore-and-aft resupply of oil was the fuel line dragging in the water and cooling the oil. Ship oil in those days was so thick it had to be heated for easy pumping. Several hundred feet of oil hose meant you'd have a hundred or two floating and cooling. I was a supply clerk on a carrier and unreps and vertreps were amazing to watch. Anyone who thinks deck apes are the lowest of the low has never seen the skill and alertness required during an unrep.

[@TheBenchPressMan]

Interesting point being made in regards to propulsion, the PRC today still strips Russian fighter jets to take their engines and place them in their own!

[@ThommyofThenn]

It's been a singular joy in my life seeing how my interest in history has evolved with time. Yes, I still like reading about big tank brawls and critical CAS strafing runs , but now my first thoughts are "was the faction able to procure enough metal to upgrade the armour once reports of flaws in the original design came up?" "How would they actually transport the abyssal amounts of fuel needed to keep flamethrowers operating?" "How often was ice cream available on Allied naval vessels during WW2?" The sheer amount of work, fuel, funding and determination/courage that goes into making logistics operations is truly awesome to realise. War is horrible and will probably be the end of us ultimately but seeing how hardworking people unite to project their ideals/ambitions on the world, knowing we have the potential is almost hopeful in a way

[@meanmanturbo]

Speaking of oak trees, Sweden really planned ahead in the early 19th century and planted special oak forrests for the navy to use, Then in 1975 the head of the Swedish navy got notified that the trees were ready for harvesting. Such foresight!

[@costakeith9048]

Ah, another treat, naval logistics right on the heels of detailing salvage operations. Good to see you getting into the fun stuff and not just talking about things that go boom.

[@MemorialRifleRange]

You would be an AWESOME Narrator for them, I have listened to you for years and I love your voice and enunciation.

[@Sunnbobb]

My father served on a water supply ship in the Pacific during WWII. He said it was sunk and the survivors were stuck on overcrowded lift rafts for quite some time. He stated his skin was damaged by sunburn, and was always easily sunburned after that.

[@Echowhiskeyone]

Food, fuel, guns... and toilet paper. Also, ice cream and soda and beer(for beer days). USS Sacramento(AOE-1) 97-02

[@blueseanomad7435]

Ah, you were in the fun Navy. We only had one beer day (two per sailor) for a 9-month deployment. USS Essex, LHD-2

[@tfwomble]

USS Camden (AOE-2) 92-93

[@rushbicketybam1868]

@@tfwomble The Powerful Pachyderm of the Pacific!

[@rushbicketybam1868]

I love seeing the Working Navy representing here- "Haze gray and underway" A Gang on AOE 2 Camden and RAS Div on AOE 7 Rainier.

[@follker]

@@tfwomble USS Camden "90-"94 M-Div

[@quietsolopursuits1414]

Got to love a channel that takes on these "boring" topics that actually are as important as the designs of the warships and the capabilities of the people and officers manning them.

[@admiraltiberius1989]

If you can't make then move the beans, bullets and boots, then you shouldn't go to war. Also I think its worth mentioning that crude oil quality varied from place to place much like coal. And if the refinery that refined the crude into bunker oil wasn't a high quality facility then you'd end up with a poor quality fuel. Fantastic video as always Drach.

[@apolloreinard7737]

Having served as a plank owner on the USS Platte, AO 186, I recall that often we replenished water in addition to fuel. We transferred mail and various other goods and supplies on occasion. I was in charge of the forward CIWS mount. My UNREP duties were firing the initial shot line across to the alongside vessels and standing by with an explosive-bolt cable-cutter in case we had to cut away the tension line in an emergency. I just wanted to mention that topping off the drinking water was a needed luxury in addition to all the rest you mentioned.

[@scheimong]

Any dinner is best served with Drach's one-hour Wednesday special.

[@guidor.4161]

These videos are almost works of art. I especially enjoy the appropriate visual footage (many channels just stick in pictures which are often not even vaguely related to the content)

[@rickashcroft8226]

Having worked on both the T-AKE and T-AO designs for USN, I can assure you that the design process is interesting. The final product is, as are all ships, a compromise, but work well and will keep the fleet supplied as necessary for operations.

[@TooLateForIeago]

My dad loved being a logistics officer in the US Coast Guard. Every once and again, he'd find treasures: One time, he came home with the barrel of a lyle gun with a tag on it from 1890.

[@propyne5460]

"crew and other consumables"

[@kaltaron1284]

I love how they sometimes call the consciptts for shps in 40K "human fuel".

[@ew3612]

Yeah I caught that one too!

[@colormedubious4747]

Grim but hilarious nonetheless!

[@loneneotank.5687]

yummy.

[@Heegaherger]

@@kaltaron1284 Applicable to both modern day and 40k

[@nvo7024]

The drawing at 24:00 is something that always bewildered me. That the great dreadnoughts and the great skyscrapers of the same era were built in the Age of Horse. There were railroads, there were powered derricks and gantries, but almost anything else was "powered" by horses or the men themselves. They'd cast and drill the most sophisticated gun, but then it will take two dozen horses to move it across the field, and these horses will be completely exhausted, if not dead, after a few days' work.

[@Plaprad]

"Who is on catching duty?" Duh, the new guy. Why do we have to go over this?

[@Delgen1951]

guess who gets to oversee the new guy?

[@Plaprad]

@@Delgen1951 The NCO who pissed someone off.

[@oulipolesceptique9449]

Again, a to-the-point discussion of what really matters in warfare. The necessary counterweight to stories of heroic naval battles: which side prepared better? One feels comfortably much closer to reality in these videos. Very well done.

[@RocketGurney]

At this time of year for the USN, I have to wonder how much the extra turkeys on order for the galleys compounds the logistics problem.

[@noneofyourbusiness8800]

Probably not much. It ain't Navy turkey if it hasn't been sitting in the back of the freezer for at least 4 months.

[@ashesofempires04]

The Navy has that sort of thing perfected. Un-rep ships bring the stuff out to the carrier groups, surface groups, and other ships a month or two prior to the day of, they sit in a freezer until the day of. Subs that are out at sea on their 90 day patrol mission simply stuff them in the freezer such that they're the next thing to get pulled out and cooked on the right day. One of the most fascinating aspects of logistics is just the sheer amount of planning and attention to detail that allows them to simply have on hand the stuff necessary for a turkey dinner 70 days out at sea.

[@timberwolf1575]

@@ashesofempires04 Yeah, the degree of planning that goes into simply packing the freezer is nuts. USN logistics manages to casually achieve detail levels that can be terrifying. True S tier status.

[@tomhath8413]

We were sailing through a tropical depression one Thanksgiving. When the ship took a 45 degree roll the oven doors popped open and the turkeys slid across the floor - cooks had to chase them down and put them back in. Most of us were too seasick to eat much anyway.

[@williamgoin139]

@@tomhath8413 I was fortunate - I would have been one of those that could eat. Weather thinned out supply lines.

[@michaelsullo3698]

Bravo, you got the basics out succinctly and accurately in less than an hour! Contrary to popular belief, naval/military logistics is a very interesting and most of the time very challenging.

[@jamesharding3459]

Speaking of power projection, the US Military Sealift Command possesses more tonnage and hulls than the next ten naval auxiliaries combined.

[@pouch2598]

Great video! Having been a WW2 historian since childhood (particularly the Pacific Theatre), I’ve always been amazed at the huge supply chain the Allies maintained. Enough has been said about D-Day (and Operation Neptune), but not so much about the refueling/resupply of the vast fleet of ships crossing the Pacific Ocean. I’ve had people argue with me that the largest fleet ever assembled was at Normandy, but I counter that both the invasion of Okinawa, and then to the lead-up to the planned invasion of Japan proper was unparalleled just by the sheer logistical nightmare of maintaining the forces of the Allied Powers [primarily Britain and the United States] whose nations were respectively half a world away! I also get asked sometimes why there wasn’t a great carrier presence at Normandy as was in the Pacific. My answer is obviously because no amount of carrier force could compete with the nearby airfields of England, and then I preface this by positing what your video just explained, that such ships require logistical support in addition to, and as well unique unto themselves. I want to say I appreciate your videos immensely. As I am a history buff-and Western Civilization has largely been defined (or at least greatly influenced) by naval history, I digest all of your discussions with much enthusiasm. If you plan a trip to the U.S. anytime soon, I should like to meet you (and “Mrs. Drach” of course) in person. I am most enthralled with battleships, and have visiting each museum on my personal bucket list. If you plan a trip to see any of the East Coast ships, I would gladly tag along. I apologize in advance for being an unabashed Anglophile. I do revere the Royal Navy and its great legacy. In fact, some years ago when I bought a boat, I was determined to name her “HMS Warspite” after, in my humble opinion, the greatest ship that ever sailed, but was ultimately overruled by my wife at the time, and the boat was named “Rhiannon” instead. She and the vessel are both now gone! Once again, thank you for your almighty work.

[@richardfairbrass5760]

Logistics, dull, is that the SS Kamchatka on the horizon?

[@DukeofTxtspeak]

o god

[@kingquackie7284]

Binoculars: Why do I hear boss music!? Edit: spelling

[@josephdedrick9337]

@@kingquackie7284 Fish: why are there binoculars in the water.

[@johngregory4801]

Nah, just a Japanese torpedo boat. Move along, nothing to see here.

[@razorburn645]

Open fire don't let it come close! For the love of God why.