Electronic Basics #37: What is Impedance? (AC Resistance?)

[@shraiwi]

*_Yeah, im gonna have to watch this one a few more times..._*

[@joshsat9106]

I am going to have to go back to "electronic basics #1" I am on round 10 and I think I get it but not on the project I am working on.

[@BillAnt]

Just remember 2(pie)FC ;)

[@chimeranzl9147]

brain blown, going back to #1...

[@northshorepx]

Ahh Impedance - this was what made complex number theory come to life for me! This is was sort of where I started to realise why electronics and maths go so well together, and how electronics were just maths made out of materials, and how electronic functions could be analysed and have further functionality inferred through mathematical manipulation - and vice versa! Thanks for such a great into!!!

[@greatscottlab]

Same for me :-)

[@sweeseen9577]

lol, how about Fourier Transform & Fourier Series and DTFT so on ?

[@vladuzz7]

yeah, but i still do not understand what are exactly complex numbers

[@Shenron557]

Vlad Ion, We use Indo-Arabic symbols for representing the values for zero (0), one (1), two (2), etc., just like how we use some random symbols for representing the letters of the alphabet. If the guy who came up with the Indo-Arabic numerals used the symbol "k" for the value of five, we would have written 3 + 2 = k. Similarly, someone started using the symbol "i" for representing the value of the number sqrt(-1). (just like how the symbol for the value of six is "6" or "VI" in Roman numerals). Thus "i" is a number just like any other number. The only difference is that "i" cannot take a physical form. For example, I can give you 1 chocolate, or I can give you -1 chocolate (that means you give me one chocolate). But I cannot give you "i" chocolates, because sqrt(-1) is an abstract concept and probably because of that, people started calling it a "complex" number. Nevertheless, it is a valid mathematical number, and you can build a number line out of it. If you delve deeper into this, you will find that the complex number line is at right angles to the real number line (exp(i*t) = cos(t)+i*sin(t)). This important property of the complex numbers has found applications in real world scenarios like electrical engineering and physics. Complex numbers make the maths much simpler. Hope this explanation helped at least a bit :-).

[@vladuzz7]

oh , thank you very much for the explanation. i use complex number every day but i did not know the representation in real life :)

[@shayanirenberg3294]

Greatscott explained this better than any college professor :) Boooya youtube college

[@JonathanKayne]

So true

[@greatscottlab]

Well, it took me around 6 hours to create just the script. I think professors do not have that much time to prepare their words in front of the class.

[@MrBrymstond]

Yeah, in college they would break this up between 6 classes and expect you to retain every detail.

[@MrBrymstond]

Most colleges and universities are politically driven so you need to go to a private college to really learn anything as they don't want you to really know much, just enough so you can pay the grants or fee's. If these professors were that smart why would they work for chump change? The love of teaching as their bills don't get paid? I think not. They would be getting paid big bucks and you wouldn't know they even existed until one of them made a major breakthrough like Zobel, Zener, Schottky, these are real name of people, it's more of a introduction then you have to grow from there by getting your hands dirty and dealing with that magic smoke that appears when you screwed up and maybe get to be friends with some of these people like this guy. When you're first starting out, this video is foreign and everyone forgets and laughs at you as if they were born with all this knowledge. This is one of the main reasons people that go to college never have careers at what they went to college for.

[@seanocansey2956]

Great Scott Is a great teacher, but maybe you had crappy lecturers? We were taught quite well in uni (not trying to sound douchey, just surprised that your teachers didn't teach you well)

[@zephalon]

You've lost me at at 00:02 even after i've studied this stuff for two semesters. But anyway, i love your videos so here's a lilke.

[@theknifesedge57]

Thank you so much GS! Impedance is always a confusing topic, but you hit the nail right on the head!

[@greatscottlab]

Thanks for the feedback

[@philipp7823]

Ouch

[@BillAnt]

Or he has hit impedance right in its head. he-he

[@akshaymomaya7666]

Well, to be honest, I have learnt a lot more than complex circuits in my life realted to AC inductance, reactance etc, but I never realized why one would want to learn that, professors in college didn't ever teach practical circuits or told why you want to use this equations, now watching this video, my theory lectures makes sense!! Thank you Great Scott!

[@geekyfreak7920]

Akshay Momaya true!

[@real4487]

Specially in India lol. I'm studying these topics in 11th standard and my teacher never told the real use of them otherwise I would have paid double attention of mine😔

[@rockyrivermushrooms529]

im annoyed by the fact that I didnt learn this in school.

[@Wolf-yp2qk]

Garage Life I’m annoyed that I can’t understand 90% of what he’s talking about, and can’t visualize it in my head

[@fabiosemino2214]

They tried to explain this to me but this explanation is far easier and understandable

[@telefon72]

It is quite complex (joke intentional) when you dig a little deeper than this. I just finished a semester of it in uni and it’s quite a big topic

[@178skaeboard]

We learn about this in Denmark at our technical high school, as an extra subject if we wanted to. I chose to work with Complex numbers. But complex numbers are only useful in certain educations, engineering for instance, so thats probapbly why you havent heard of it :P

[@rockyrivermushrooms529]

I have a 2 year mechanical engineering with mechatronics specialization. Just goes to show the level american school systems teach on..

[@justinvzu01]

It took me two years, but I finally sorta understand what Impedance is, and why it's important for my guitar Amp.

[@bishaldutta523]

How it is useful in guitar

[@ryccoh]

I think you could have explained why inductance causes impedance better. An inductor creates a strong magnetic field which works against the intended current flow because it ultimately causes back EMF said simply a voltage in the opposite direction. However only a changing magnetic field has this effect, not a constant one. This is why GreatScott says in the video that it is not an issue in DC circuits in order to not confuse people. The effect of back EMF does show in DC circuit but only when first energizing the circuit, what happens is that the current rises slowly over time to it's maximum value. Once it has reached that maximum value then the inductor no longer has an effect on the DC circuit. Moving to AC, current reverses over and over at very short time intervals, therefore usually at high frequencies the rise time of the current that we talked about earlier is longer than the time for reversal of current which ultimately places a limit to how high the current rises at it's peaks in the sine curve, this has the effect of a current limiter like resistance but through a different means, known as reactive inductance which is an ingredient in the overall impedance of the circuit.

[@pplo]

nice input

[@noweare1]

An inductor will support only so much voltage. Once the core saturates the current increases dramatically.

[@TDG2654]

I was supposed to know all this stuff last year and I never knew you could draw the complex and real impedances in a graph and get the phase angle and magnitude that way.

[@willyou2199]

Have you learnt calculus? Do you know how to solve differential equations? All these comes out when you solve the differential equation for a LRC circuit. You don't have to memorize formulas, infact, i think memorizing formulas is the reason you haven't learnt anything at all.

[@TDG2654]

@@willyou2199 Uncalled for, I can solve differential equations and I never said I "haven't learnt anything at all". I just never knew about that one particular trick

[@willyou2199]

Are you sure? If you solved the diff eq for LRC, you'd get impedance = R+1/(jwC) or R+jwL, depending on inductive or capacitive. Complex numbers have polar representation, ie magnitude and phase. Either you've no idea how impedance is calculated, or don't understand how complex numbers work, this shouldn't be new to you.

[@TDG2654]

@@willyou2199 I never used polar representation for this, I simply never made the connection

[@johnwick5901]

Basic high school stuffs

[@maximpopovic4621]

ill rather go with DC :D

[@KrisX7331]

Same

[@madfictionfpv8246]

Can't avoid A.C. forever.

[@armincal9834]

I used to think like u till I was forced to design a PCB with AC antennae. Now I'm forced to learn these things

[@BharatMohanty]

Finally basic electronic s after a long time.... :-)

[@greatscottlab]

I hope you like it

[@BharatMohanty]

@@greatscottlab Yes it is Informative and help to understand how things works... 😀

[@thom1218]

Meh... I thought there'd be some mention of impedance matching, i.e. maximum power transfer & and Jacobi's law. That's powerful knowledge for working with power sources and loads for the general DIY'er, rather than talking about impedance only as it relates to AC & calculating phase angles with no tie back to the question of what it means to someone who's not in EE class looking for some tricks for their homework due the next day.

[@taldmd]

Phasors, bring me back memories from the first circuit analysis classes from college. For a newbie, transient analysis and sinusoidal steady state might be overwhelming... just wait for the rest of the degree, and this will become a piece of cake.

[@sydmichel]

I thought Impedance was something to do with erectile dysfunction.

[@BillAnt]

I'm afraid not, for that you may want to check out Porn Hub for an erectile dysfunction boots. tsk-tsk

[@demolishedman50]

too complex... brain exploding

[@greatscottlab]

Watch it a few times. It will all make sense at some point

[@demolishedman50]

LOL I so wish I was. My BSc in Maths is a bit out of date now but I get complex numbers - one of the beauties of the universe. However, I have never studied electronics. I have learnt a lot from Mr GreatScott and get most things, but this is the first video that totally wiped me out. Perhaps my brain has reached its limit - must forget childrens names to understand impedance. I will watch a few more times.

[@johnrubensaragi4125]

So it's "apparent resistance". Resistance, as it's name implies, is "real resistance" Analogous with power.

[@EverinMalpica]

Great video; could you please create a play list with all the basic's videos?

[@carlmiguelparaiso7507]

When it takes us 4 months to learn here under mins hahah

[@NoorquackerInd]

The takeaway of the video: don't do AC

[@Elnufo]

German people speaking English often leads to interesting spellings. In particular: Cakeulations. Cake is great, no matter in what ever shape it shows up :-D

[@m.o.tondi96]

This guy ends literally every sentence with the same tone and cadence its driving me insane

[@sharadkumarsingh8972]

You are the best one along with electroboom

[@greatscottlab]

Thank you

[@LexyGamesLB]

They are my favourite KZbin channels! I'm checking their channels every day waiting for a new video to watch!

[@sharadkumarsingh8972]

Thank you sir you made my day by talking to me(Great Scott)

[@seanocansey2956]

5:31 why is the capacitor's graph exponential? Shouldn't it be linear like the inductor's?

[@pnjunction5689]

It's not exponential. It's a 1/x function. Frequency is in the denominator.

[@MrQuijibo]

This is my 3 year old's favourite channel now. Not sure how but he is obsessed with you and Electroboom videos. Hopefully one day he will understand this stuff, I'm just relieved that I don't have to watch goddamn Peppa the Pig videos or this $%^#ing idiot Mr Blippi any more.

[@supernumex]

Great video! At 7:12, shouldn't it be " (-)53j" ?

[@gustavferdman214]

He said that... "53 Ohms down" means -53 Ohms.

[@cekpi7]

I'm amazed how people have their brain hurt, meanwhile we learn this in first few weeks of college and it's basics that you need later for filters, ac motors, transformers etc.

[@sridharchitta7321]

Capacitive reactance The capacitive reactance is expressed in ohms and it is useful to determine steady-state current values to sinusoidal voltage inputs. Although the value of the reactance is expressed in ohms, it was not obtained by computing a resistance, as of resistors. The current in the wires of a capacitor circuit is due to the resultant electric field E(NET) (a resultant of the applied field and an opposing electric field, the fringe field of a capacitor), obtained by applying the relation for current density J = σE(NET), where σ is the conductivity of the wires. The field in the wire which may vary sinusoidally is always a resultant of the applied voltage which may be sinusoidally varying and the fringe field due to charge accumulation on the capacitor plates. For a comprehensive description of the mechanism of current leading the voltage across a capacitor see the book references below. Inductive reactance The inductive reactance is expressed in ohms, and is useful to determine steady-state current values to sinusoidal voltage inputs. It is to be noted that though the value of the reactance is expressed in ohms, it was not obtained by computing a resistance, as of resistors. The current is on account of the resultant of the applied field and an opposing coulomb electric field, which is due to polarization by the non-coulomb curly patterned electric field associated with the changing magnetic field, and the current obtained thereof by applying the relation J = σE(NET) where E(NET) is the resultant field of the applied field and the coulomb electric field and where σ is the conductivity of the wire. For a comprehensive description of the mechanism of current lagging the voltage across an inductor at different frequencies see the book references below. Electrostatics and circuits belong to one science and not two, that of electricity and magnetism. To know how they are unified visit this link matterandinteractions.org/articles-talks/ and view the article 'A unified treatment of electrostatics and circuits. B. Sherwood and R. Chabay, unpublished. (1999)' pdf. For a detailed discussion of the physics of inductors, curly patterned non-coulomb electric field, coulomb field and lagging currents in a inductive circuit at different frequencies of sinusoidally varying voltages see "Electric and Magnetic Interactions" by Chabay and Sherwood www.matterandinteractions.org or Fundamentals of electric theory and circuits by Sridhar Chitta www.wileyindia.com/fundamentals-of-electric-theory-and-circuits.html There is a "look inside" feature in the amazon.com webpage of the book "Fundamentals of electric theory and circuits" by Sridhar Chitta with a few pages of Chapter 1 which may be viewed and also which you may swipe left or press < icon to view the foreword, preface and Table of Contents. For a lecture by Prof Ruth Chabay on surface charge in a simple dc circuit visit kzbin.info/www/bejne/Y2i6Y2xqg8R7oc0

[@real4487]

I started watching your videos when I was in 9th standard but didn't understand anything but now as i studied mathematics in heigher classes I'm happy to say that I'm understanding everything and now I'm loving mathematics even more

[@swiftmello123]

How about if electricity was A-line made of a certain number of curves And those curves came back also so there is 2 directions of curves that stretched out through say a wire, you would have the same number of curves but by stretching them out they would get flatter and flatter which would represent less resistance which would mean you have to much energy coming back to the source or am I way off?

[@badraa7838]

I never thought complex numbers can mix up with electronics thanks

[@alico797]

Please, could you put the subtitles in English at least? So when it comes to translating into Spanish, it is much better understood. The subtitles generated automatically sucks!...

[@AnalogDude_]

Would you do a video on how to choose the right transformer. The Wurth catalog on these small little transformers is quite vast. How to find the correct one for your application?

[@denelson83]

You would have made the calculation on your TI-83 Plus easier had you switched your number format to "polar".

[@bokkenka]

I like your videos, but you can ease up on the highlighter. Scribbling back-and-forth five-to-eight times smears fresh ink and saturates the paper, both of which reduce legibility.

[@josipmagdic3077]

Keep refreshing the videos list and then this was released 6 minutes ago? WTF?

[@hobbyelectronics2121]

WOW very close to 1M subscribers.I wish that you will soon achieve this milestone. Best of lack the great German engineer!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.

[@endriasargaw8086]

Great video. Love the practical oscilloscope and signal generator sections. One thing I couldn't understand is why you read the RMS 110mV AC signal as 110mA (around 4:30), am I missing something? You did it when calculating the ohmic resistance for the inductor as well

[@atharvarohit710]

Hey great Scott as far as my knowledge goes it is Euler's form not polar form Polar form is: z=|z|×[cos(arg z)×sin(arg z)] Where arg z depends on tan^-1|y÷x| and the quadrant on which point z is lying in.

[@chelarestelar]

hi, people. i got a question. i have a 3s5p liion battery pack with a 10A bms, and to that point it is totally ok. the question comes here: i'm planning to add a BMS to each series pack and to that a microusb connector to be able of charging each pack separately but with a 5V power source (ie, any smartphone charger[besides, i got to admit that it is to take advantage of any place where they have 5V sources or if i lack a 12V one]). Also, i'd have a voltmeter for each pack to kinda balance the whole battery for myself. What yall think about that? could any problem occur besides balancing, for example, when using all those three ports?

[@MCsCreations]

Hmmm... Is there an AC project coming? 🤔 Anyway, AC/DC ❤🤘

[@greatscottlab]

Maybe, maybe not.....

[@MCsCreations]

@@greatscottlab 🤔

[@donaldfilbert4832]

In addition to seconding all the accolades below - I gotta say I also really love that keysight U1732C LCR meter !! Well ... at least I did until I looked up the price !! LOL. $489 USD !!!

[@deegl]

It's sad I'm forgetting all about it because there's almost no pratical use of this in the industry...

[@orlabrodthagen323]

(English is not my main language) Hey I am having trouble finding a good mosfet for my case. I am planning to make Arduino controlled light. I am not really good at electronics, but i think i need a mosfet. And that mosfet needs to be logic level, and can handle 220v ac (about 300 mA). I need help to buy the right one, and the wiring. Thanks

[@marksebastian6689]

It would be much more useful to show a real-world example, that demonstrates the usefulness of such information. As a practical approach, we can measure the impedance from the voltage, and current (voltage across a current-sensing resistor). Also, what's the point of knowing about a phase angle? Why does it matter, to a real engineer?

[@actyon20]

At 4:30 , from where did he get that 110mA? Because at 4:25 the oscilloscope says 110mVoltage

[@LEV091997]

Hello Scott! It is said that in an ideal inductor there is an emf of inductance that is equal to the voltage of the source but opposite in direction. So, could you please tell me how can there be current if the voltage of the source and the emf of inductance compensate each other? Also, can you please explain what's going on in an inductor when we turn on the current? On this graphic( shorturl.at/wBHP4 ) it seems that current is zero for 1/4 of period while voltage(and emf of inductance) are increasing. But how can emf of inductance increase if current is not changing? Or is it changing but by a very small amount?

[@flashmedia8953]

yes the squareroot of a negative number is a complex number times by the positive square root of that number.

[@Iulius4]

I'd like to understand correctly english. The channel seems very nice and interesting. Where is that english language from? Thanks. "Saludos" from Spain.

[@foobarmaximus3506]

There is no simple way to explain this topic. You have to calculate the impedance in an AC circuit, and it depends on lots of stuff, including the frequency. Plenty of textbooks out there.

[@gamingtutorials5938]

its 1 year late but if someone sees this plz help me out i understood everything but theres one problem which litterally breaks everything for me why how id..... how can someone calculate something and be right but the fucking thing is imaginary this just breaks my mind can someone explain it to me so i can sleep at night again please xddddddd i am dead serious xd

[@etjason1]

Eli the Ice man still rules

[@carlotheatheist]

hey if you said before basic ohms law can get wrong answer to find the true current value using manual computation without using any device like current clamp connect to oscilloscope. may i apply indefinite integral formula? and partial derivative? meaning i will use different equation??

[@HamedAdefuwa]

really struggled to understanding anything in this one other than the complex numbers part

[@gyt5r443rdf]

How much current can capacitor handle this way? It doesn't desipate much heat so where are limits? Can you dim 1000W lamp?

[@Nesh.b]

What about your blooper videos can you do one special episode of your bloopers for Christmas

[@Rayyarhs]

OK, wha i learnd and knwn is that; every component puts time shift or phase shift, to current or voltages shiftings. :D

[@MixedMuscleArts]

Why is reactance put into the imaginary number line? How was it known to use the complex number system to determine Impedance in the first place?

[@raracoakley]

So in class today we played your video and oh how wrong you were about lot of your work about impedance. Terrible explanation😂

[@kashyapkoshti]

Please make a circuit which can remove polarity protection problem in dc circuit with no voltage drop. Bridge rectifier is very inefficient way to do that.

[@LexyGamesLB]

Drone is going to be a surprise for passing a MILION subscribers? Right?

[@ashwin372]

thank you please do more fundamentals video ...like simple circuits which are building blocks in electronics

[@kvlpnd]

Though I did know about 99% of the content for being an electrical engineer, I still watched your whole video.

[@HaroutBulbulian]

Hay Scott, calacuated for digital Project for storage bits in the cassette tape by using amplitude digital storage a byte at a cycle im redy to discusse with you

[@leemcpherson3925]

At 6min 36seconds, is’n’t the top formula exponential form? (Which needs to be in radians)

[@paulfrischknecht3999]

DC in "switch on switch off situations" IS AC... There is no such thing as DC... all DC was switched on at some point.

[@GilesBathgate]

I spotted the deliberate pronunciation mistake for this video. Mick-rowe Farad. Do I win?

[@hailstorm7868]

Transmission lines next please

[@Kevin-nb6nj]

Cap: Xc = 1 / (2 * PI * f * C) Z = sqrt((R^2) + (Xc^2)) Coil: XL = 2 * PI * f * L Z = sqrt((R^2) + (XL^2))

[@mashirohakase]

I've been doing electrochemical impedence measurements for 6 months now on my Ph.D. but no one had a simple way of describing me, the basics of what do those semi-circle spectras mean.. GreatScott, GreatThanks !! :D

[@vladutlita1689]

Hello Scotty ! My question for you is - wer are u from ? Poland no ? 🤔🤔🤔 because of the accent 🤓

[@karantarade]

Check out kzbin.info/www/bejne/jarXhmirn5xrY5Y for more explanation about ESR and ESL

[@JonathanKayne]

That's all interesting, but it gets even more interesting once you Know what the implications of impedance does in circuits! (How it affects the load in a circuit)

[@ElectricalisEasy]

Your style of presentation is very effective...right on point..nothing more nothing less..

[@flomojo2u]

Great work! I’ve been working with electronics most of my life and while I understood what effect capacitors and inductors had, and how to use them, I was still unsure about impedance, how it was calculated. Thanks for helping us all to understand a little bit more about the more complex relationships between AC power, inductance, and capacitance.

[@RobertSzasz]

1:10... Uh.. I'm guessing the cap was across the LED and the resistor and inductor were in series?

[@braaitongs]

Have you read steinmetz's work? and Oliver Heaviside? and Eric Dollard?

[@tommasoseverini3767]

Dear Great Scott can I ask you if you could explain how a shift register works please?

[@prabhumskprabhu]

Why two capacitors are placed in between crystal oscillator. What is the reason behind this. Can anyone brief?

[@kadirozdinc6065]

I am so curious about which current probe greatscott use. Anyone know ? It seems hantek cc65 but not sure

[@pathakullahallabakash2672]

Thanks for your video, can you explain cat6 cable impedance, thanks

[@physicsandmathemathicssimp833]

You could maybe show us that more complex math in your electronics basic series ? Please?

[@tahmid61]

Hello bro can you please make a video about how to make any rf receiver and transmitter and how to pair it?

[@JohnDoe_x0]

wait, but at 3:13 the display shows 204.59 mV, but you read it as mA - why is it so?

[@cndbrn7975]

This is the first time i've heard him say complex circuits, and complicated math :O

[@jasonmhite]

Oh my god you actually defined i (or j) correctly as i^2 = -1, not i=sqrt(-1)! As a math guy that makes me really happy to see. And you didn't call it "imaginary", either. This was also a really good explanation of impedance, you should do more stuff about more technical EE topics like this! As someone with a background in math and a different kind of engineering, but who does a lot of work with electronics too, I've always had a bit of a hard time with this topic. Sure I could work through the equations, but something about this video made it click for me.

[@carlotheatheist]

hey i wish i have a electrical laboratory like you have. how much cost for your laboratory setup?

[@ayyadew]

I need pure sine wave inverter for my solar project. which are the best brands in Ebay and Aliexpress??

[@flexy404]

Sen çok zeki adamsın.

[@CrazyNerdInventor]

Great video, but it is slightly suspicious that this video came out just after Electroboom made a similar video.

[@bliesberg]

Trying to understand impedance for my electrical class final, I think this video made it worse.

[@baconpancakes8899]

Your explanation and animation is 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩

[@omsingharjit]

Starting with , " i guessed " when its comes to.. 😁😁

[@KevinPradeep]

hey.. please tell me the name of that stick with which he grabs those wires (that black one at 1:25 )

[@dennisl6618]

answer= 5:40 . I recommend not to skip beginning of the video, but here u go

[@svhuwagv2965]

Why not label Change in smth. the same way? You used V vor Volt and I for Ampere but wouldn't it make more sense do it this way [A for Ampere and V for Volts] or [I for Ampere and U for Volts]?

[@zanpekosak2383]

Nice video and awsome sponsor! Ordered a few PCBs from them since you said good things about them and holy sheep do they look good! All of them (100) came very nicely made and the parts supplier was very helpfull too!

[@KnightsWithoutATable]

You really should show the phase angle on you X axis in your diagrams. I would also recommend showing the unit circle (polar coordinate graph) versions of the graphs since they show phase angle shift the best and are useful to show how to calculate the new phase angle when you has inductive and capacative components. It will also show why we see pi in the equations without getting into mathematics that are beyond algebra. You can also use simultaneous equations to calculate the impedance.

[@MultiWirth]

That´s what we have done in 4 weeks of education of electrician for industrial engineering. Great job explaining it in just 10 minutes!

[@jonclarke5568]

Yep. This is why I preferred DC Electronics Class at university. Going from Polar to Rectangular and back again was a pain!! But the video was very nostalgic for me. Thanks Great Scott!!