When We First Made Tools

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The tools made by our human ancestors may not seem like much when you compare them to the screen you’re looking at right now but their creation represents a pivotal moment in the origin of technology and in the evolution of our lineage.
Thanks to Fabrizio De Rossi, Julio Lacerda and everyone else at Studio 252mya for their excellent hominin illustrations. You can find more of their work here: 252mya.com/
Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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References:
humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/h...
humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/h...
www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
www.nature.com/articles/d4158...
www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc...
anthromuseum.missouri.edu/exh...
De Heinzelin, J., Clark, J. D., White, T., Hart, W., Renne, P., WoldeGabriel, G., ... & Vrba, E. (1999). Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science, 284(5414), 625-629.
Ferraro, J. V., Plummer, T. W., Pobiner, B. L., Oliver, J. S., Bishop, L. C., Braun, D. R., ... & Hertel, F. (2013). Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PloS one, 8(4), e62174.
Gabunia, L., Antón, S. C., Lordkipanidze, D., Vekua, A., Justus, A., & Swisher III, C. C. (2001). Dmanisi and dispersal. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews: Issues, News, and Reviews, 10(5), 158-170.
Harmand, S., Lewis, J. E., Feibel, C. S., Lepre, C. J., Prat, S., Lenoble, A., ... & Taylor, N. (2015). 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521(7552), 310.
Kappelman, J. (2018). An early hominin arrival in Asia. Nature, 480.
Scott, G. R., & Gibert, L. (2009). The oldest hand-axes in Europe. Nature, 461(7260), 82.
Stout, D., Toth, N., Schick, K., & Chaminade, T. (2008). Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 1939-1949.
Tuffreau, A., Lamotte, A., & Marcy, J. L. (1997). Land-use and site function in Acheulean complexes of the Somme Valley. World Archaeology, 29(2), 225-241.
Williams-Hatala, E. M., Hatala, K. G., Gordon, M., Key, A., Kasper, M., & Kivell, T. L. (2018). The manual pressures of stone tool behaviors and their implications for the evolution of the human hand. Journal of human evolution, 119, 14-26.
Zhu, Z., Dennell, R., Huang, W., Wu, Y., Qiu, S., Yang, S., ... & Ouyang, T. (2018). Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago. Nature, 559(7715), 608.

[@Tekrothebountyhunter]

What I find amazing is the archeologists' ability to distinguish early stone tools from random rocks.

[@VitalMusic217]

Yeah, they are probably debating about who made that piece of rock that randomly fell from a cliff and got shaped like that from the impact.

[@patricknelson]

@@VitalMusic217 You’re right, they probably didn’t think of that!

[@rednecked7462]

They dated them by looking at the bottom. Y'all never seen an old bottle. Got date on bottom.

[@Anialatedable]

@@VitalMusic217 Yes these PHD holders forgot about random chips. You the great KZbin commenter figured it out

[@DilipKrJha-yb6nv]

@@Anialatedable lol these mfs think they know more than professionals.

[@bjarnes.4423]

Progress: Use Tools to make more Tools

[@Robert399]

The origins of classical economics :P

[@srpenguinbr]

achievement: tools requires: tools

[@lyreparadox]

Progress: Make tools that can make better tools on their own. Achievement: Robot Apocalypse

[@DragongodZenos]

just like mmorpgs

[@swordtaker2]

A tool uses a tool to make more tools

[@coltonross5414]

Keep them coming especially these “story of humanity” ones.

[@hieratics]

There is to much already human videos 😯

[@Shenron557]

Yeah, it's really interesting to learn about our past.

[@Catp00p]

@@hieratics You spelled "not enough" wrong.

[@senorsombrero1275]

It’d be nice to find out how we domesticated dogs

[@jaredmackey4511]

Senor Sombrero I want to know how all the features of dogs today came about.

[@sanders555]

Damn. We've been looking for tools in oldowan places.

[@heatherleon5764]

Underrated comment 😂😂

[@dexterhanson2206]

Wow... that's good

[@itsalily_lei_lei]

Beautiful.

[@tommills896]

Dude! You have the first "Weird Al" verse. Do the whole song!

[@dray174]

that was young padowans tools he gave them the knowledge

[@SirSilicon]

I think it is underestimated how much wood early humans used because of the lack of fossils. I`m sure humans used wooden tools long before stone tools. I would love to see an Eons episode about that.

[@KevAlberta]

No doubt

[@Nathan-yk5km]

Would it not mostly be limited to sticks? I would imagine you’d need something harder than wood to make a wooden tool much more useful than a stick. Unless they ground it against say a stone to be sharp like a blade? Maybe that was the advent of fire though if you’re correct; could’ve been using a wooden tool particularly vagariously until they realised it gets very hot or it caught fire.

[@SirSilicon]

@@Nathan-yk5km If you look at cultures living in the Stone Age today. Like hidden tribes in South America or in Afrika 50 years ago. They use wood for a lot of things. Like building shelter, crafting alot of tools baskets and more. Spear tips can be also hardend in fire. For sure they use stones to carve the wood. But wood is the more versitile material. Imo without wood, human progression would have been impossible.

[@ConWolfDoubleO7]

It's a popular theory that in Asia bamboo would have been used extensively because it's more abundant than rocks and even easier to craft with. But again, don't preserve well.

[@garethbaus5471]

@@ConWolfDoubleO7 plus it is harder than some other plant fibers and can be used to cut soft materials.

[@WickedWildlife]

How about a video on wolves and early humans, and how it may have changed both out species?

[@Morgwic]

You mean hypothetically?

[@brandonrepo4]

Lol I talk about this topic about hour ago.

[@htoodoh5770]

Why is the horse left out?

[@AugustinianThomist]

We domesticated horses much later, but domesticated wolves while we were still nomadic hunter gatherers

[@nevio2658]

@@htoodoh5770 Horses weren't really apart of human early evolution. They certainly helped further civilization massively though. Dogs/wolves likely have had some form of impact on our evolution though, since they've been with early humans since at least 30,000+ years ago(though, it's likely even earlier than that.)

[@baiweilo136]

There’s also a hypothesis that stone tool treated food require less powerful chewing muscle to handle, which relaxed the selection pressure on powerful chewing muscles. The size of chewing muscle and brain volume are sort of antagonistic, thus smaller chewing muscle enable the evolution of larger brain size. Cooked food may also had similar evolutionary impacts.

[@alexameadow5447]

羅百尉 that... makes sense but tigers have a lot of jaw muscles but they still have a larger brain then lions... It’s doesn’t ant apply to all of evolution though

[@baiweilo136]

Terncote Hominins have a long history of using stone tools. The use of fire is relatively recent (in Homo erectus I suppose?), while the trend of increasing brain size started long ago. An interesting experiment was performed on modern humans to demonstrate this concept. The researchers recruited college students and let them eat lamb that were prepared with stone tools, cooked, or just raw. It turned out that stone tool indeed saved energy on chewing. Of course the cooked and cut meat were the easiest to chew on.

[@Feyser1970]

@@baiweilo136 you suppose ?????? , so you can t tell '' The use of fire is relatively recent ''

[@qclod]

Gotta love being a slack-jawed tool-user!

[@nevermindoff-27]

Thank you! Now, how about when we started cooking, especially with fire, but also other ways of food preservation and preparation?

[@blueberry1vom1t]

It was always been said in every civilization fire was the greatest gift of the gods. IF we revere fire so much now, I want to know just how much it affected our early evolution as well

[@IICJZII]

This would definitely be a cool video. If you're interested, there's a book called "Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human". It's a really interesting look at how our andestors taming of fire may have allowed us to evolve bigger brains and become homo sapiens. Highly recommend giving it a read 😃

[@jj-qr4ro]

Connor, that’s exactly what I was going to say! The expensive tissue hypothesis is so interesting

[@cgaccount3669]

I remind family members that like rare meat that it's a very primitive animal that doesn't cook their food

[@OMARANT100]

Add to that bread and beer...

[@battman505]

Can we have a whole video about synapsids and Protomammals

[@alperenoz1863]

Are they the same thing? I couldn't find the answer in a short-term google search.

[@andreahughes5042]

Have you seen systematic classification of life by Aron Ra? He goes through our evolution "from molecules to man" so to say. With each video covering each "step" in our evolution.

[@TiyasBMenon-td4ti]

This! please!!!!

[@marvelhasiholan5495]

@@alperenoz1863 protomammals could mean the ancestral group of mammals, of which synapsids are the case

[@diebesgrab]

@Nea Ego Kinda sorta not really. While mammals and most of their tetrapod ancestors are indeed synapsids, “synapsid” covers a pretty big branch of the tree of life, even if all non-mammalian synapsids are now extinct. So while it might be convenient to think of all non-mammalian synapsids as proto-mammals, it’s much like calling crocodilians (and all other non-avian archosaurs) proto-birds.

[@grahamscottwright]

Hello I would like to know about the evolution of the nerves, nerve cells

[@juicyblunts]

I don't remember the author's name, but check out "Physics In Mind".

[@tommym3617]

Read a book

[@Auradyme]

pain bad, look at pain spot

[@SoManyRandomRamblings]

Nerve cells exist as some of the very first things to form in the developing embryo. The neural tube is one of the very first identifiable groups of cells.

[@laughingman3777]

You're getting on my nerves.

[@genkidamatrunks6759]

I would love to see a video on ancient cave paintings

[@Reverse-Isekai_Victim]

+ This

[@someguy786]

This would be cool!

[@isra3638]

Earliest ancient cave paintings were found in East Africa, northern Somalia .

[@jasonmoore3437]

Yes! Video on cave paintings please!

[@justinmorgan2126]

@@isra3638 Yeah, that's not true. The oldest known cave painting is a red hand stencil in Maltravieso cave, Cáceres, Spain. It has been dated using the uranium-thorium method to older than 64,000 years and was made by a Neanderthal.

[@orangeSoda35]

So what happened was, tool making started in Africa and then it was outsourced to China.

[@istvansipos9940]

no. it was outsoLsd. or they just copied those tools

[@ckkeith4642]

The dawn of the Neoliberalithic age

[@perrydowd9285]

Then Africa gave up it's royalties to China and lost access to the rocks to make tools and now there doing it all over again.

[@imbatman3620]

LMAO 😆

[@ronjayrose9706]

China copying things since 1.8 million BCE

[@patrickmccurry1563]

I tried to make stone tools as a teen. I couldn't get anything that didn't look like random rock debris. Far trickier than it looks.

[@Ezullof]

The truth is that the ancient stone tools look exactly like rock debris. It takes an expert's eyes to recognize tools, and honestly it's sometimes very speculative. Tools made by erectus and later are much easier to recognize, fortunately.

[@josiahhockenberry9846]

Yeah. Same here. Recently though I've discovered a lot of videos on flintnapping. Having the correct type of stone/material (found out you can even nap glass, porcelain etc.) makes a world of difference. A little knowledge goes a long way. I say give it another try. You might be surprised😀

[@NonDelusional74611]

You need another human to show you how

[@josiahhockenberry9846]

@@NonDelusional74611 that would be preferable but, when all else fails; KZbin! It can at least get you started.

[@patrickmccurry1563]

@@josiahhockenberry9846 I'm inherently clumsy. The obsidian got slippery only for me to realize that my hands were covered in blood. When a tiny movement caused a shard to fly out and bounce off my glasses, I knew that as cool as it is, knapping was not for me.

[@davidbuschhorn6539]

When I was in college I was out fishing and had brought some hotdogs. I seriously made a little stone tool to cut the hot dog wrapper open. It was amazing how well it sliced.

[@nabilzig3797]

great job homosapien

[@davidbuschhorn6539]

@@nabilzig3797 I was surprisingly proud of myself for doing something literally millions of others have done. :)

[@davidbuschhorn6539]

@@American-Plague When I was a kid some eye surgeons were using glass scalpels for their fine edge.

[@CreatorsHubCreates]

I be a DOCTOR googler

[@GT-wj3gl]

You make our ancestors proud fellow human. Bask in your ingenuity

[@diebesgrab]

How about a video on the evolution of fur? Or maybe one on how mammals came to be the only surviving synapsids? We hear so much about the early evolution of dinosaurs or specific groups of mammals from all sorts of sources, but I don’t remember hearing much of anything about synapsids after the permian extinction but before mammals became mammals.

[@patricknelson]

Mammal evolution is so interesting, particularly monotremes.

[@synonymous1079]

Can you make a video about the evolution of monotremes?

[@magnuspeacock5857]

+

[@SongbirdOfficial]

Profile picture relevant

[@ronjayrose9706]

Dude that an amazing idea

[@celinak5062]

Like dragons

[@daniellewilson8527]

Monotremes are mammals, not sure about alotheria

[@SpazzyMcGee1337]

I just became a patron of PBS Eons.

[@chairshoe81]

Patron of Peanut Butter Sandwich Eons

[@varnikachandrasekara1478]

Congrats!

[@Cybernaut551]

Human: makes stone tools Advancement Made!: Stone Age Many years later Human: Plays Minecraft, Also Human: When have I learned this before?

[@canismajor8601]

Dejavu

[@cynocephalusw]

The central point seems to me: The externalisation of functionality away from the body. This results in new degrees of freedom: for instance portability, disengagement, infinite complexity and in present age the interaction of complex external functionality over great distances by digital electronic means. Its a kind if evolutional supernova exploding right before our eyes.

[@hollyjacobs6598]

This is my favorite channel on KZbin, I love it!! I would love to see more about early trees and flora! Thank you for the wonderful content!

[@FunkyHonkyCDXX]

I don't know if repeating yourself helps or not, but a video about the lifespan of the Appalachian mountains would be really great.

[@camillerains3728]

That would be cool. If they added to it the rise of the Rocky Mountains as the Appalachians became older that would be even cooler. I would also love to see a video of the history of Lake Baikal!

[@Gray-Wolf]

One thing I find interesting is the crafting of spears, wooden spears were made by Australopithecus, stone spears were made by many members of our genus and it's really interesting in my opinion, if you haven't heard of Clovis spears/spearheads, look it up, it's pretty genius; the spearhead is made to slide into a gap between to sides of the stick/branch, you put it in the gap then wrap it some sort of string or plant fiber to stop it from falling out (this willl make more sense if you see it, I described it the best I could lol)

[@nmarbletoe8210]

yeah Clovis is cool. Their points are amazing. The fluting helps fit to a split-end shaft like you say. Fluting is also technically challenging and risky to break the point...

[@Gray-Wolf]

@@nmarbletoe8210 yes I've heard that, Clovis points are very efficient and helpful but they're easy to break while you're making them

[@tlnn6598]

00:25 - Just like my kids. Getting up from the table & leaving their eating tools (utensils) behind.

[@Filthnails]

How about an analysis on the Clovis and Deer Cave people? I'm always curious about the obscure ancient hominids and they don't get much coverage as is.

[@duhduhvesta]

Filthnails this!

[@redshift6170]

My hypothesis is that the Deer Cave people might be the last gasp of the Denisovans. Just a thought...

[@jessielanzetti9420]

This ^^^^^

[@OmarTorrez]

Both the CLovis people and Deer Cave People were homo sapiens.

[@akiekeeper]

I'd like to see a video about what foods early humans ate and how it compares to what we eat today.

[@rocketraccoon1976]

Already exists. Watch the Flintstones. 😏

[@taylorcool4392]

I loved seeing all of the hominid skulls lined up in order. It gave a great visual of our change over time. I've never really seen it that way. Very very interesting.

[@grantcritchfieldstexastrai7072]

The world & those found in it never cease to amaze me. I love learning all this stuff.

[@3nertia]

I'm a simple man; I see a PBS Eons video, I CLICK!

[@josephl447]

Not sure if you have covered the rhino family and its evolution in many different ways - seen largely in Paraceratherium. Its fascinating nontheless

[@marcustulliuscicero5443]

I wonder if our use of tools also lead to the domestication of animals and plants. If we learned to turn one-use rocks into continous-use tools, sooner or later people might've wondered if they could turn one-use nutrient sources into continous nutrient sources.

[@NonDelusional74611]

Marcus Tullius Cicero apply for graduate school with this as your thesis

[@Dragrath1]

One issue is the findings of nonhuman animals have made the tool picture quite more complex as not only have "complex tools" been developed by other animal lineages but these stone tool traditions can arise and decline within a species and have multiple times within different primate lineages from what I've read about the emerging discipline of non human archaeology. So we can't really assume a tool came from a human ancestor especially since the vast majority of tools among tool using animals are plant based and thus don't fossilize well. Who knows how many times in the Earth's past animals have used tools without it catching on long enough to become impossible to live without or with the tool users going extinct for one reason or another? It is also probably important to keep New Caledonian Crows in consideration as they are so far the only other animals known to have evolved a tool manufacturing process to make reusable tools. After all studying independent evolutionary events of tool use should give a less biased view on the underlying sort of conditions that can lead to complex tool development and associated biological adaptations to further drive tool development.

[@patrickmccurry1563]

The definition of tool keeps changing based on what's learned of non-human animals. We want it to be something unique to us, so we move those goalposts to fit.

[@uniquepickles6804]

Might wanna add more comma's and dots.

[@Dragrath1]

@@uniquepickles6804 Sorry I'm kinda guilty for writing run on sentences... >_

[@tsopmocful1958]

@@patrickmccurry1563 Agree.

[@tsopmocful1958]

@@Dragrath1 Yes, I agree that our use of tools emerged in more subtle ways from earlier precedents that were not unique to either our ancestors or other primates. With no evidence surviving like stone tools did. But as Patrick here pointed out, we have always wanted to determine how we are 'unique' from other animals - but the more we find out the less unique in any definite way we seem to be. We are obviously different now, but it is almost impossible for us to say 'here - this is where x marks the spot where we are humans and no longer other animals'. Instead, several of our ape characteristics simply evolved together and fed off each other over time. That's why the old definition of humans as simply 'the tool using animal' sounds a bit archaic now, because we clearly aren't the only one. The same with Homo sapiens meaning 'thinking man' when we know our ancestors thought and other animals also think, but just not at our level. Our first control of fire was obviously unique, but since we were already fairly human by then, it seems to be a bit too late to be used as a 'cut off point'. But this probably only means that our psychological need for a 'cut off point' is simply misguided and not scientific in motivation. But there is ONE thing that I have heard about which would have happened quite early on, was important to our evolution, and as far as I know, still hasn't been observed in other animals. That is our ability to look at a footprint, recognise it for what it is and use it to find food. After all, this would indicate a certain leap in intellect, imagination and forward planning. It would probably also have arisen neither too early in our development to not be considered too 'non unique' or too late when we were 'too human' already. But of course even this would all fall apart if we discovered a chimp or some other animal doing it as well.

[@MrSamulai]

When man has nothing, he can make simple tools. When he has simple tools, he can make complex tools. When he has complex tools, he's unstoppable.

[@jeremiasrobinson]

If they only knew that using chipped stones would lead to paintbrushes.

[@RiiCaRd09328]

Or porn

[@LostSwiftpaw]

r/Im14andthisisdeep

[@craigme2583]

Paintbrushes, then eventually thermonuclear tools of mass destruction...who was that first tool guy?

[@faronomus1589]

@Hernando Malinche nah it's bob

[@amistry605]

I don't get it. Am I missing something?

[@revilorere]

This is what makes me love humanity.

[@isarose1237]

We just learned that my grandfather is likely dying, and as strange as this sounds, PBS Eons has been really helpful in keeping me distracted/calm during this time. Thank you guys.

[@AinsleyHarriott1]

They struggled to picked up tools so I could be depressed with an iPhone.

[@-whackd]

These stone tools are why we didn't need sharp teeth to be facultative carnivores

[@gabriels.i.780]

How did multicellular life branch out from unicellular organisms. Please!!!

[@Universaa]

Unicellar accidents or genetic mutative pressures basically everything originated from mechanical energy (darkness, impact and absorption)which was able to reverse on it self somehow prehaps due to the envitable darkness that will become are very very very long future was able to reach it's limit when absorbing it self and this creates radiant energy (brightness, force and reflection also is the the reversal of mechanical energy) then the left over mechanical energy and radiant energy were able to interact with each other (big bang) this gave rise to other energetic forces and all of them built the solar systems and planets in one way or another which eventually gave rise to circumstances such as "maybe" elementary particles but definitely sub-atomic particles, atomic particles, molecular particles, cellular particles, multi-cellular particles, animal particles, possibly multi-animal particles , virtual particles (inside machine universes -> particles) , multi-virtual particles, energetic particles, multi-energetic particles and eventually after all or between all that is done universal particles if we survive long enough we will become multi-universal particles (multi-universes particles within the original universe) and that will carry on until we become animal-like or maybe the end all be all limitation of are anatomical limit built from multi-verses of multi-verses of complexity of energetic forces and laws and or more animated fully and accurately and that will carry on ,etc,etc they might all blend into each other as well and we will become what we already are just more clearly, until we are more powerful then are original universe but we will still be forced to stay inside of it "possibly" if not we be so aware and so powerful that we can almost go anywhere in space without simplifying too soon and perhaps we will expand the walls of the origin universe we exist in today in a sense we will become energetically based magical particles and that will carry on until we become something universe manipulators and perhaps we will be able to control are universe and make it do things, so in a sense we are the early origin of universal manipulation. So we went from energetic forces and laws at their most primitive to their most complete as universe particles, we will become universe replications, we technically already are just more primitive versions of it. Even are personalities are based on energetic forces and laws :), I'm a magnetic energy human -> ENFP -> Reflecter of Contradictions which make sense.

[@walterbushell7029]

The real problem and bottlenect is the jump to eukaryotes.

[@groovyhoovy9793]

Essentially the unicellular organisms couldn’t get any bigger without working together with other cells who combined and all developed specific rolls within the whole so that they all survive

[@gabriels.i.780]

@@groovyhoovy9793 Well yeah...thanks...I still want the video, though

[@groovyhoovy9793]

@@gabriels.i.780 I agree

[@CatinaTheo12]

I just love that dudes smile as he poses with the brush and old tool, he just looks so happy and its the most wholesome thing I’ve ever seen! 😊

[@tornymctorny1611]

Yo I got a Curiosity Stream ad that advertised pterosaurs and plesiosaurs as not only dinosaurs but the ancestors of Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus. Seems a bit off

[@16montana24kobe]

Logan Cooper same

[@krb1235]

Ditto

[@perrydowd9285]

That's why I don't subscribe to Curiosity. LOL

[@Vynzent]

Yes! I hate that ad!

[@tyrannosaurhex6132]

Can concur! Pterosaurus and Plesiosaurs aren't a part of my family tree.

[@fee7013]

could you please make a video about protomammals/synapsids or maybe the development of mammals? i always got this sort of fish->amphibian->reptile evolution thing, but regarding early mammals, they have always been more of a mystery to me i never really understood how they came along. thank you for your awesome work pbs eons team! love you guys

[@whyisthomyorke]

Remember, your brain requires calories to function properly

[@himeros5527]

Please make a video about the evolution of bats. Please, it would be awesome.

[@Usulcardo]

Yes that is a great idea ! I know very little about Chiroptera.

[@imagomonkei]

There are no intermediary forms connecting them to other creatures. Bats simply are.

[@Usulcardo]

@@imagomonkei Yeah right. They just spawned from nowhere and that's it.

[@mjbgames4963]

Stone Tools: 2.8 Million BC The Spear: 300,000 BC The Bow: 40,000 BC The Sword: 14,000 BC The Trebuchet: 500 BC The Ballista: 400 BC Greek Fire: 672 AD Gunpowder: 850 AD The Cannon: 1100 AD The Matchlock: 1400 AD The Submarine: 1776 AD The Six-Shooter Revolver: 1836 AD The Gatling Gun: 1861 AD The Torpedo: 1866 AD The Maxim Gun: 1884 AD Chemical Warfare: 1914 AD Bombing Raids: 1914 AD The Tank: 1916 AD The Thompson Submachine Gun: 1919 AD The Atomic Bomb: 1945 AD The Hydrogen Bomb: 1951 AD The ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile): 1957 AD Cyber Warfare: 1980s AD The Drone: 2002 AD The Pain Ray: 2010 AD

[@GageoftheJungle]

WHEN WE FIRST DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

[@GageoftheJungle]

@TheExplorer oh I definitely agree! My guess is that the first domesticated animals were goats.

[@isahellepain5002]

@@GageoftheJungle Dogs came before goats

[@GageoftheJungle]

@@isahellepain5002 Reflecting upon my comment, I would agree. HOWEVER, my money would be on goats being the first domesticated food animals. Like cows and pigs. Make sense?

[@Paulo-py4mm]

@@GageoftheJungle wolves/dogs most likely came first. They were extremely useful for hunting big and small game and they also served a useful purpose in herding those lovely/tasty domesticated goats

[@GageoftheJungle]

@@Paulo-py4mm I would definitely say the same. And I know cats probably weren't domesticated until humans started living in organized cities. Hopefully Eons will be able to confirm our theories!

[@aceleone215]

THIS SHOW IS SOOO EDUCATIONAL..&..ENTERTAINING. .IM ALL ABOUT THE BOTH OF THEM TOGETHER..!!

[@Nexus-6]

About 2.5 million years ago, an early human ancestor used a tool for the first time. One thing lead to another, and about 2,498,031 years later humans went to the moon.

[@molybdaen11]

Just to collect more rocks :)

[@BaltimoresBerzerker]

Thank you to everyone involved! Love the educational content! Please don't stop :)

[@gradypicinich2404]

How about evolution of the immune system?

[@ElynevanOpzeeland]

plz!

[@createproducti0ns]

I love all the videos about ancient life, but this one was extraordinary, I cannot explain with words how exited i got watching this one! Could you please make one on plant domestication and human evolution linked to technology?

[@dawoodsamad7344]

You also forgot to mention about a stone tool located near Islamabad, the Capital of Pakistan is a location of historical treasure trove. The archeologists dicovered 2.2 Million year old stone tool from Rawat. At one time this was the oldest stone tool in the entire world till an older one was found in an African country. The stone tool is preserved in Islamabad Museum. The town also houses the famous Rawat Fort, an early 16th century fort built to defend the scenic Pothohar plateau from the forces of the Pashtun king Sher Shah Suri.

[@wgstec2496]

Excellent video, great recap of those two studies. Thank you PBS!

[@greendondon]

in the Southern tip of India, in the state of Tamil Nadu, there's a place called #keeladi, an archeological site with an ancient city with toilets, streets, pottery, plates, a written language (ancient Tamil) but no evidence of religion!

[@Ezullof]

There are plenty of ancient archaeological sites (especially settlements) without any evidence of religion. Anyway you are wrong, since some temples were discovered in Keeladi... www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keezhadi-excavation-what-was-found-and-what-it-means/article18991279.ece/photo/3/

[@greendondon]

i meant like religionless but with the markings of a civilization we consider more 'advance', with drain systems, brick buildings, evidences of writing and arts (dancing enscribed in pottery). there are multiple sites as well, with different stories to tell. thank you for that link, it was very informative

[@venkateshbriller4202]

@@Ezullofthere were no temple or religious traces in keeladi

[@elvis_mello]

In the video was mentioned that, when making tools, people tend to activate certain parts of the brain with more ou less demand depending on the complexity of the tool. I wonder if mathmaticians, theoretical physicists and chemists would activate the same regions when solving exercises From what I perceive, that is not much different, since they would be trying to find and deduce a "tool" to help them.

[@brandonshmandon1799]

Always great to see a new video

[@ryandika7443]

When and how did human lose tail during evolution process? Does ancient hominid like australopithecus has tail?

[@ST-vt4nu]

Australiopithicus didn't, but that is a great question!

[@ST-vt4nu]

@@worldbuildingjuice true, but its still and interesting question as to when, why and how.

[@Arthanias]

We still have a tail, it just isn't external.

[@craigme2583]

@@Arthanias i want a tail.

[@cloudpoint0]

Tails would be great for keeping flies away. But we probably would never have invented doors.

[@unvergebeneid]

It boggles the mind to think how far we've come...

[@Sigmav0]

Make a vid about the formation of the Alps

[@KillerPiplup]

Loved this episode 🤩 I love all of them but i was waiting for this one

[@vivekghlwt]

The Shengchen artefacts are not Acheulean. The authors have just reported them as Palaeoliths. By the age and type of artefacts, they are all pre-Acheulean or Mode I artefacts. That means the oldest Acheulean artefacts are from Africa (example: Olduvai George, Konso Gardula, Kokiselei 4) dated 1.7 Ma. The oldest out of Africa Acheulean evidence comes from the Indian Subcontinent, dated to 1.5 Ma.

[@Cora.T]

How do you date a stone tool, like the stone could have been formed long before it was carved into a tool. Oh wait, is it by dating not the stone itself but the stone around it? If so how accurate is that? Could you perhaps do a video in which you in depth talk about methods for dating things, from stone to fossils and whatnot, about how it works, accuracy, pros and cons, etc?

[@KevAlberta]

Agree

[@germanpotato493]

For dating they usually take soil samples around that layer and date that if I remember correctly.

[@Cora.T]

@@germanpotato493 yeah I believe so too, but I'm still curious as to how that works exactly 😅☺️

[@Cora.T]

@Thomas Headley I know about that one but that is only used for fossils right? Because as an animal is alive the ratio of ( I believe ) carbon 12 to carbon 14 is roughly the same and then when the animal dies there are no new carbons being added so ( I believe ) carbon 14 starts to degrade. But a stone is a closed system, because it's an object. I do know there is another way of dating, but I forgot about that one 😅😅

[@pansepot1490]

If you say that using tools helps developing bigger brains you give a distorted idea of how evolution works. You’re basically describing Lamarck dismissed theory. You have to explain how using tools gives a *reproductive* advantage, because that’s what drives evolution. It’s the individuals who reproduce more who survive and therefore evolve. More nutritious food = better fertility. The bigger brain is a byproduct of the process. I know that in the end the result is the same but imprecise explanations make people get imprecise ideas about evolution.

[@reddaughter8314]

I think that was implied

[@brianvillarreal2499]

Howdy. In the past week, I have watched so many of your videos. They are amazing, I love them so much. They bring out my inner child. I would love to see some content on hippo evolution if you ever get the chance! No rush and thank you for the awesome content!

[@eduardoespino3117]

In a book that I have this is covered. However, it is appreciated you guys made a video about this. It explains the huge time frame in a couple of minutes.

[@lc4468]

It would be really great to illustrate plant and animal evolution with paleo geography. It’s hard to imagine biological evolution outside of our modern geography. I love the work done by Christopher Scotese. Then with known catastrophic events and climate research would really put thing into perspective!

[@danielrayner7681]

Try reading the rise and fall of dinosaurs by Steve Brusatte. He goes into the information you are talking about, but to be fair you have much more time to do that in a book than you do in a 10 min video

[@gustavgnoettgen]

When the monolith arrived 🤷‍♂️

[@dougfairbanks8055]

As always....Excellent! Many thanks & keep 'em coming. My Brain thanks you!

[@rex90pawprint]

This is something I actually find really interesting as earlier this year, I had to do a school presentation on this.

[@ChickenWire]

Make a video about the formation and phycology of tribes

[@dino4941]

Imagine a time were you are considered a genius because you picked up a sharp edged stone

[@PainterVierax]

Actually the very thin stone blades require a lot of technique and several previous steps before detaching the desired flake.

[@manictiger]

Orlgo: What if... We tie rock to stick? Bonch: That stupid! What point of that? Orlgo: Look! I chop branch that you struggle with. Bronch: Oh... My... Stone! You genius!

[@dino4941]

@@manictiger Korog: that's blasphemy!

[@dino4941]

@@PainterVierax yeah, but the first hand axes are literal sharp edged stones. The more refined ones you are talking about came later

[@nmarbletoe8210]

"Einstein" two etymologies: one who works with stone, stone enclosure

[@cherieswannhanson1482]

I have a young child who begs to watch eons! He loves it! Thank you for giving us a something on you tube I’m not hesitant to let him watch. ❤❤

[@douglasharley2440]

love this channel so much! thanks.

[@michaellejeune7715]

And my handaxe!

[@brianmessemer2973]

Michaël Lejeune is that a Gimli son of Gloin reference?? 😂

[@cyberdroid2300]

Prehistoric Madagascar please. Also I love your vids.

[@simonj3413]

Ikua Muita yes, giant lemurs, giant fossa, elephant birds, Malagasy hippopotami, beasts like those

[@rochelle2758]

What about string? Some scholars think it’s as important and revolutionary as stone tools to early humans (Neanderthal and sapiens): nets, carrier bags, compound tools etc. yet it’s really hard to find conversations about it.

[@otiebrown9999]

Tied logs together - first boat and Doug out boat.

[@roy4173]

How different was our earth 1.7 million years ago? I feel like the climate, the kinds of food available, the terrain would all influence the kinds of tools used, if they would even be introduced at all into an animal ecosystem. I mean, would our ancestors have used tools at all if they could have gotten by without them?

[@davidbhart]

Well there were definitely a lot more mammoths to eat.

[@maddiezapss]

I just declared my major as urban and regional planning, but this whole series, every new episode that is released, always makes me contemplate whether or not I'm on the right path! I'm only a sophomore, so I have time to decide, but this and the history of the world just fascinate me so much. I'm so conflicted 😂

[@laurel6783]

What did you end up doing?

[@youremakingprogress144]

This is one of the best Eons episodes yet! So well-presented, so informative, and so much fun to watch.

[@beaubrashier7284]

We are learning about early hominids in social studys now and its the best unit I have had yet. I just think its so cool.

[@batsay6230]

Excelente, love to learn along with PBS!💕 You should do a video about the metal ages.☺️

[@floidsoda5470]

When Bows and Arrows were first invented "I wanna stab this guy but he is all the way over there"

[@fishypaw]

“We'll be saying a big hello to all intelligent lifeforms everywhere and to everyone else out there, the secret is to bang the rocks together, guys.”

[@ET-jv1wm]

Another great vidio! I've been fascinated by this subject ever since I found an austraopithicis hand axe while hunting in South Africa as a teenager . I took it to my local museum who identified it and logged and documented the find. It was amazing to pick up something that had last been by held by someone 1.6 million years ago. I went on to discover a couple of previously undocumented coastal cave dwellings and many small fossils. But that hand axe is still my favourite find and sits on the shelf next to me as I write this.....

[@sofiatgarcia3970]

Thanks, and by the by, I joined Curiosity Stream. Lots of great documentaries.

[@tailsofpearls]

the origin of hair!!

[@NikS952]

Loving the story of humanity vids, but don't be shy about the flora/non-human fauna videos either! Gotta have diversity

[@younghannibal7434]

Keep it coming. I love your channel

[@Imoldman]

In 1968 at the top of a hill just north of Cross Plains in Callahan County, Texas while foraging for mushrooms, a friend and I found numerous stone discards left there by someone that wanted to keep an eye on his sourroundings while working on his tools. There were also several highly polished gizzard stones and shark teeth near by about the size of a childs fist so we assumed it was a very old site. The objects appeared so out of place that it would have been impossible to ignore.

[@PauhovXiong]

1:01 Obi Wan tools? They made lightsabers!

[@osvaldomedina2577]

maravillosa y fantastica información, genial video, excelentes comunicadores ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

[@shatlykpenayev4954]

The more I watch, the more I understand how lucky we are to be alive. Thanks!

[@nm9864]

The music in all of the eons videos is soo Good

[@Montblanc1986]

Dinobot gave the guy a club with a rock in it... Beast Wars!

[@scorch2020]

That was such a cool show to watch growing up!! Damn now i want to watch em all again..

[@KeeganRobbins]

"Improvise."

[@Googaliemoogalie]

Really Dinobot a stick... Against a transmetal?

[@illustriouschin]

I use a 3 million year old copy of Fruity Loops for that warm Lomekwian sound.

[@mtodd4723]

Good video ! You have a great voice for this work , thank you .

[@user-qy1up4bj1w]

Keep up with those great videos! Especially the «human evolution» ones!

[@mikepotter5718]

I suspect wood would have been used for our first tools.

[@rocketraccoon1976]

Nah, bones. Watch 2001: A Space Odyssey.

[@fionafiona1146]

Asian anthropological research is hampered by the convince of bamboo blades and vessels too.

[@thangri-la]

Not strong enough

[@mikepotter5718]

@@thangri-la It's been 2 years, and I'm not going to rewatch. Would it be off-topic to suggest that it's been strong enough to hold up the city of Venice.

[@botas5254]

Amazing art and editing. 10/10 for being a human origins vid. :)

[@allangow4746]

I love these videos, excellent presenter.

[@Sweettweety666]

Short video's of Jurassic and human history in layman's terms, I love it!