When Apes Conquered Europe

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Today, our closest evolutionary relatives, the apes, live only in small pockets of Africa and Asia. But back in the Miocene epoch, apes occupied all of Europe. Why aren’t there wild apes in Europe today?
Special thanks to AfricanFossils... for allowing us to use their images of Proconsul and Ekembo fossils.
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
anthropology.u...
www.nature.com...
humanorigins.si...
johnhawks.net/w...
news.google.co...
www.smithsonia...
europepmc.org/a...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
science.science...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
www.nature.com...
anthropology.u...
anthropology.u...
www.scielo.org....
journals.plos....
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
www.sciencedir...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
journals.plos....
www.sajs.co.za...
science.science...
pubs.geoscienc...
pdfs.semantics...
www.bioone.org/...
sciencepress.mn...
www.sciencedir...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
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[@zddxddyddw]

I'd like to see an episode on the evolution of grass and how the world looked like before it existed. It's hard to imagine: a world without grass.

[@garybutler1672]

Excellent idea. It showed up not long ago geologically and changed the face of the earth. So much of today's life has evolved to take advantage of grass. It's also one of the staple crops that allowed agriculture to begin. 32 of the 56 species of nutritionally viable grasses evolved in Europe, that really effected history.

[@Dragrath1]

@Ambrose Burnside Pretty sure most if not all lawn grasses are European Middle Eastern or African in origin as Lawns are formed from spreading grasses and Europeans believed North American grasses were inferior and cattle didn't take well to them. Most names come from where the cultivar was first developed such as Bermuda Grass and Kentucky Blue Grass which are based off crosses of European and Middle Eastern grasses. Lawns also only date back to the medieval period so there isn't much of a history as it is one of those newer than it seems that only really became possible with continuous influence of servants and later toxic and environmentally destructive chemicals. Lawns are native to nowhere and are purely a product of human selection by rich nobles that wanted to show superiority over nature and nowadays are the worlds most cultivated crop despite providing no ecological or productive value whatsoever. Wild grasslands are instead a diverse mixing of many species of herbaceous plants most of which we have labeled as "weeds" because they are of course far better suited to the environment than our nonnative lawns that are helpless without constant human intervention.

[@darthdrake3095]

Just go to the beach

[@PallahDaOracle]

@@Dragrath1 thank you. Will you be my grass husband?

[@johncurtis118]

Ill tell you. Rock. Not that hard.

[@nromk]

There are no wild living apes in Europe Homo sapiens:am I joke to you

[@bosniencommie1202]

We are superior

[@nijinoshita3301]

thats what I wanted to comment lol yep

[@antoniong1449]

Underrated comment XDDD

[@rexyjp1237]

@@bosniencommie1202 nah We are the dumbest creature ever

[@brq267]

Well if you count us as "wild"

[@Verisky1]

Hey can you guys do "The Bone Wars". It wasnt exactly a story about natural history, but it was one of the biggest milestone of our natural history's history. So many fossils were discovered, but many were destroyed too.

[@marekdzurenko3449]

Check out the documentary Dinosaur Wars (2011) by PBS.

[@frankteng5476]

Y

[@thoperSought]

1:48 is Dryopithecus just an Oreopithecus that ran out of milk?

[@TheGodlessGuitarist]

Love the image at 1:18 Beautifully shows the relationships between ape species

[@veggieboyultimate]

Amazing 😉 Can u do a video on the early spiders?

[@clothescircuit]

🕷

[@dankaroterdoo6912]

I said that too✋✋✋

[@JosephOR]

One of the few channels I click the bell for. Very consistent AND high quality, keep it up steve!

[@SushiAddiction]

So this is where Slavs came from

[@TheDinosaurus99]

Next episode: Evolutionary history of pinnipeds please

[@MandrakeFernflower]

Bouncy Bois

[@magnuspeacock5857]

Swimmy bois

[@Ezullof]

That would be an interesting topic.

[@johnnyfavorite1194]

TheDinosaurus99 Sirenia > Pinnipedia

[@HellebrandCuriosity]

Bear mains specced into flippers, case closed.

[@ichifish]

I really appreciate the work that PBS Digital Studios does. It helps me be a better person. This is why everyone needs PBS.

[@indraneilpaul1309]

Please make a video on Elephant evolution including some giant recent discoveries like the Asian Straight-Tusked Elephant!

[@thefatgelfling8781]

What? I need to look that ☝. Thanks fer the head's up

[@renatao6330]

Oliphants mister Frodo

[@dankaroterdoo6912]

Thanks hi

[@celtgunn9775]

I love watching EONS, Thanks guys. I'd love to learn more about Horses!

[@naturegirl1999]

Can you do a video about the evolution of crustaceans?

[@AjrAlves]

They already talked about ancient arthropoda in various videos, the crustacean-like animals are probably the oldest arthropoda...

[@Dragrath1]

Its interesting how diverse the whole group is there is also evidence particularly genetic that insects actually are a suborder within Crustacea having "recently" split off from fairy shrimp somewhere between the Ordovician to early Devonian time frame probably the Silurian around 400 million years ago Arthropods go back ways back "suddenly appearing in the fossil record as a diverse assemblage indicating they go back even further in time.

[@syafiqjabar]

Anyone else think crustaceans are so widespread today because the Permian extinction killed off the trilobites?

[@search895]

First appeared as a core, a hard core, then evolved into crust, crust core, or crust punk, sharing some convergent evolution with grind core, which unlike the Earth or Death metal is not metal at its core, but a hard core of punk actually.

[@amiereid3773]

Loving this channel! Great host.

[@Diepzeevis]

I love you PBS Eons

[@thatguy04444]

Love this channel! I'd like to see an episode on organisms that inhabit the deep earth and permafrost and other places that were once considered lifeless. When did they evolve? What do they tell us about the evolution of primitive life? And since they live so long, do they act as a repository of ancient genes that get traded with more active organisms? Thanks!

[@Radi0ActivSquid]

Evolution of carnivorous plants

[@davlor86]

huh?

[@AlyxAesthetics]

Like the fly trap

[@paige1925]

I misread this as coronavirus plants and just died a bit

[@DaviSilva-oc7iv]

I will I will I will

[@mosquitobight]

I think carnivorous plants started out as plants that had hairy leaves that were just trying to keep insects from eating the leaves. Later the hairs evolved to produce a sticky drop of sap to gum up the insects' jaws, then get them permanently stuck if they didn't go away. Then as the insect bodies decayed, the decomposition products would be absorbed by the leaf, fertilizing the plant as a side benefit. This encouraged the evolution of the sticky secretions having digestive enzymes to break down the insect body faster. At this point we have the Sundew. Later refinements caused the evolution of trigger hairs that cause the cells on the opposite side of the leaf to divide all at once, causing the sticky side to curl in on the insect. As the trapping leaf mechanism became more efficient, it became unnecessary for the inside of the leaf to have sticky hairs, so those disappeared, leaving just the trigger hairs in the middle and the interlocking "trap" hairs along the edge of the leaf. At this point the Sundew evolved into the Venus Flytrap. And then there are the Pitcher Plants, a completely separate development evolving from plants with curved waxy leaves trapping rainwater that insects just happened to slip and fall in. Originally the pitcher mechanism was just to funnel rainwater toward the roots. Pitchers that developed sweet-smelling leaves trapped more insects and got better fertilization from the rotting bodies. Later generations of the plant secreted their own water into the pitcher so they didn't have to rely on rain water to fill them up. Later, like the Sundews, they evolved digestive enzymes to break down the insects faster than decomposition.

[@Vininn126]

This music makes me feel like I'm watching a 1950's education video. "Isn't that right, billy?" Not complaining, more just... noticing

[@LukeHatchet]

Anyone go back and watch all these just for satisfying documentary feels?

[@BJETNT]

Your videos are very well done!!! I can't think of anything I would change off the top of my head. They're short so you don't get bored there upbeat so you don't get bored. And they are chock-full of information. I'll give you a 10 out of 10. I always am grateful for people to do things like this to better educate us. I don't think these type of videos get enough praise.

[@binky2819]

Can you make a video about the origin of land plants? There seems to be no universally agreed date on when they first showed up, it would be interesting to know about the different theories and evidences we have on when and how they evolved.

[@christurnpenny2355]

your videos are what keeps me on youtube. this video was amazing, thank you.

[@nickhowe6762]

An episode on felines would be awesome.

[@guileniam]

Done

[@traceursebas]

Please do a video on the origins of pterosaurs!

[@91abe]

This channel is a hidden gem!

[@MossyMozart]

Oh, apes are still all over Europe and some are quite wild, indeed! ;^)

[@calvinwallis2634]

I know you already did an episode on dimetrodon but I'd love to see an episode on his sailbacked relatives like Secodontosaurus

[@troygoodridge8755]

Do an episode on map making, then please include us in it. Thanks, New Zealand.

[@failed_K]

Can you do a video on the extinction of the Ice age creatures

[@dankaroterdoo6912]

Your comment warms my heart✋✋✋👍👍👍👍💜💜💜💜💚💚💚💚💚💘💘

[@MANGUKOCF.18]

Do one about how prehistoric Antarctica and the north pole were.

[@dustyprater7884]

Great video! Could you do a video on the history of Neanderthals? I find them very facinating.

[@hectorbacchus]

Excellent! Really enjoyable documentary 😊

[@raminsadeghi7358]

Excellent as usual. Thanks for hard work.

[@cotchicotnan4087]

If the image at 2:01 is at scale, the one on the left is pure nightmare

[@aaronsaunders6974]

oreopithicus: never heard of that, before. thanks for the tip. just barely heard of *dryopithecus* .

[@Magicslothaeswersdyel]

He = delicious

[@dankirslis5279]

I lo e your videos. Studying prehistoric wildlife is one of my hobbies and your videos tell me a lot of cool stuff I never knew before. This video here was by far the most intriguing.

[@ronleak7209]

I’m curious how monkeys ,snakes,ratites,and cats come to be in both South America and AfricaEurasia after Pangea broke apart?Did snakes cross the Beringean landbridge ?

[@corvus1374]

How about a report on octopus intelligence?

[@dimitrioss.g.chytiris2053]

thanks Steve

[@marssilver]

please do episode about penguins!

[@wesleymcspadden5437]

You should Cover the Evolution of claws of both vertebrates and invertebrates

[@rachell1794]

I'm digging the music in this video

[@Zedigan]

Hey bro! What do we know about the evolution of marsupials?

[@hannabaal150]

Thanks! You have an excellent presentation here.

[@greenmountainbrownie6473]

I don't use Patreon any longer due to the fact it thinks it needs to delegate to people what political views are and are not acceptable in society. As a company it seems to not respect that consumers are diverse. For those who have done the same I encourage, even implore, you to disable ad block. PBS Eons is a wonderful and very educational channel.

[@deltan6212]

nah

[@smurfyday]

It's okay to be intolerant of bigots, contrary to what bigots try to get us to do (allow them to go public and flaunt their powers}.

[@greenmountainbrownie6473]

@@smurfyday bigot = anyone who isn't a progressive

[@christianb4256]

I LOVE YOU'RE VIDEOS SO MUCH!!! THEIR SO VERY VERY INFORMATIVE! :D :D :D :D :D :D

[@jamesathersmith2191]

Video on South American canids

[@rockbore]

"...apes conquered the European continent." Imperial language just sounds so wrong now. The climate allowed some migration and supported those apes in Europe. They didn't subdue a continent, they just got to visit during the fine weather.

[@kcinkcin3808]

I bet these graecopithicus had huge civil wars

[@rlicon1970]

Now I want some oreos and milk.

[@zurog7742]

Can you do the evolution of crocodiles or alligators

[@davemurray4858]

Cool. Always wondered about this

[@TheAntoine185]

So much emotions in this video :')

[@cruzada07]

thank you for telling the story of my great 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000x grand parents

[@AndrewCasad]

My marine paleontologists would love to see an Eons about pinnipeds. Maybe featuring our local #PDZA walruses?

[@aislinngraves4291]

I have heard that hippos lived in what is now England in the past. How and when did they get there???

[@chrisrus1965]

More apes, please.

[@isaanderdonau31]

Please don't add distracting background music anymore. The episodes are great and packed with facts, the music was a bit too much and unnecessary and made it harder to focus on the information, especially given how fast you are all talking :) EONS is an amazing channel, thanks for all the amazing content!!

[@a.kitcat.b]

This is so interesting!! I never really thought about this but its nice to know. But what if one day we found a secret group? Can that exist?

[@kyle1richmond]

Was that the silhouette of the furtive Pygmy?

[@tpope2044]

I would like to see an episode about the evolution of teeth, particularly wisdom teeth.

[@reenatai75]

Wonderfully done 👍👍👍👍👍

[@dragosbogdan1409]

A small population ,wild apes.,lives in south Spain.bringed in Europe from Africa .they escaped and stil here.100-150 years ago i think

[@mikeburkholder9153]

What about the apes on Gibraltar? When did they get there?

[@MrStensnask]

You guys continually ignore my request on an entire episode about the evolution of the egg - from invertebrates to vertebrates, we all share this fascinating, wonderful, protective capsule to a higher or lesser degree. It would make for a great and very educational episode.

[@glennelliott4759]

Like some grapes. Grapes. Man

[@spambaconeggspamspam]

Video suggestion: LECA and the Asgard Archaea

[@Dragrath1]

Yes they are so fascinating if only we learned to take our studies to them instead of the reverse as they don't survive that. Oxygen RIP... :|

[@wouldyoubesokindasto]

could you explain what specific changes in climate stemmed from the himalaya rising up? I mean europe cooled down as you said, but how exactly did that happen?

[@user-ci7vj8vw3h]

Monke

[@interestedmeow]

You guys need to do an episode on climate change due to the Himalaya uplift!

[@tattoobyboggstory5662]

How did human ever survive with our rather noisy infants in dangerous times?

[@tattoobyboggstory5662]

@No Name its a mobile that i think your talking about

[@creativeusername6453]

@No Name I find this information interesting, funny and legitimately terrifying

[@cdarbo9818]

The evolution of pandas would be interesting. Like they should have died out so long ago.

[@josephlilley9249]

It's crazy how so many species of animals went extinct before modern humans took over. Alot of animals in the ice age that are related to even animals of today use to dominate continents. Like the saber tooth cats use to dominate America and now there isn't anything close to it here but mountain lions and they are pretty rare. Or Mammoths use to dominate the whole Western world and now not one exists anywhere on the planet.

[@perfectplayingplaids]

Based

[@turmunhkganba1705]

Would you cover the evolution of blood and or hearts or other organs Please

[@magnuspeacock5857]

Yes please

[@dust001]

They left a heart to your comment!! they are probably gonna talk about it👍

[@Ezullof]

I have no idea how they could cover this topic on a vulgarization channel. It's really not as cool as you all seem to think it is, given that we obviously have very few examples of fossilized blood and other internal organs (except brains probably). It's already hard to have strong opinions about things when we have a lot of skeletons to begin with, what makes you think that the evolution of blood would be interesting? It would mostly be speculative stuff based on how certain proteins look and what does arthropod blood look like. We do have some examples of fossilized blood (including from dinosaurs) but there's a reason why it's not a very popular topic: all there's to say about them is only interesting for specialists. Anyway, this is a better topic for a biology channel, not a paleontology one.

[@WetWillie67]

You've been asking this for so long, I hope they do it.

[@FiftyOneCatalin]

Of eyes.

[@That-Google-Guy]

What I want to know is the Origin of Steve and his appearance on Planet Eon

[@That-Google-Guy]

Origin of Steve-Cies? Sorry I had to.

[@guyh.4553]

😂😅😆😁😁😆😅😂

[@dogjumpsthroughahoop]

PBS Eons is the best I hope they continue making videos at a good rate.

[@Krokoklemmee]

inb4 PBS Space Time

[@TaterKakez]

Hopefully they won’t go extinct anytime soon I had too

[@Ipanophis]

I want to hear about the Neanderthal musical instruments. I.e. The bone flutes.

[@Ipanophis]

@Juan Cespedes Well that both enriched my knowledge and crushed my spirit. lol. Thanks for the info though.

[@2008-wii-remote]

SDD525 no? We interbred and our group had more people so we ended up overpowering them.

[@Ipanophis]

@@2008-wii-remote I think it's more that we have much lower metabolic rates, much better immune systems (because we are more social), much broader diets, and being endurance predators is many time less dangerous than ambush hunting like they did.

[@2008-wii-remote]

Tim Wolford II huh, okay, thanks!

[@ZOOMPZ00mp]

Skin flutes

[@THESAMMANCAN]

I have an idea for your next video. When did plants evolve to bear fruit? Is it possible these early apes only ate leaves because fruit didn't exist yet? I have no knowledge on this and would love to find out find out from you guys.

[@eons]

oo that's a good one! (bdep)

[@mosquitobight]

I'm no paleontologist, but my guess is fruit evolved from a covering of thick fleshy leaves grown together at the edges, originally to protect the seeds from animal bites. At first they would protect seeds by being thick and hard, and then by poison. Later, some fruits would lose the poison and evolve sweetness to reward some animals for spreading the seeds, in cases where seeds could survive the animal's digestion. Notice how some fruits are safe for some animals and poison for others, which suggests animals and their favorite fruits evolved together.

[@paleozoey]

Photo- Scribble fruit fossils exist from the late cretaceous at the very least; considering that plus the diversity of fruits today, there were definitely plenty then. at least in the tropics/not europe, that is

[@tiyas5378]

Fruits have been around since the Cretaceous. Some 120 million years.

[@yes.2913]

@@mosquitobight what do you mean “Rewarding”? Do you mean they had a brain and they were conscious things who could make decisions?

[@samrizzardi2213]

Please do one on the evolution of hyenas. It would complement the canid evolution videos you've already done quite nicely, by showing how convergent evolution works.

[@Gibbons3457]

It would be interesting to do, especially with hyenas being more closely related to cats than dogs, could make a good way of explaining that.

[@raminsadeghi7358]

This is my request too.

[@ScareBear1982]

This is a great idea, I second!

[@AramatiPaz]

People say that Foxes are software of cat in a hardware of dog. I think hyenas are software of dogs in a hardware of cat. kkkkkk

[@juniperlychen9448]

I'm still eager to watch a video on the history of the placenta, as well as more on land animals that thrived in the Permian, right before the first dinosaurs. Learning about Brachiopod evolution would be cool too. :)

[@graphite2786]

Oreopithecus wasn't as tasty as Timtamopithecus. Just sayin'.

[@ambrosius4603]

oreopithecus tasted Like oreo

[@derlinclaire1778]

LOL!

[@ambrosius4603]

@decembrist the joke flew right over your head

[@michagrill9432]

😂😂😂

[@generalleenknassknotretire9180]

Your snacksentric bias makes me wanna puke! ...and then eat s'mores.

[@azdgariarada]

"What do you want to learn about?" I want to date a paleontologist. Wait... no, that's not right. I want to learn about dating methodologies for various paleontological discoveries. How are we able to tell that this ape lived 16 mya, and the other ape was 12 mya? Is there always a "plus or minus 500,000 years" included? I think an entire video explaining the in-depth fundamentals of dating methodology would be fascinating. How do we know what we know?

[@azdgariarada]

Oooh thanks! I had previously searched their back catalogue, but because their titles are so obfuscated I had a hard time finding any that discussed this topic. That raptorex video really should have been called something like "how to date a raptor". Eons is great, but they need to fire whoever titles the videos. In case anybody else is interested in the dating methodology subject... kzbin.info/www/bejne/govMeX-Bdt6gmq8

[@halosawz]

@@azdgariarada Google Carbon dating

[@AlexAzureOtaku]

i want to date a paleontologist.

[@MrIsaiahdix]

Great suggestion

[@RileyRampant]

radiocarbon dating gets out to 75K max. to date older fossils, radioisotopes of potassium & uranium are used. sediments surrounding the fossils are correlated with other corresponding layers of igneous deposits containing the required radio-isotopes. science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/dinosaur-bone-age1.htm

[@John77Doe]

Apes pre-date the Himalayan Mountain range?? 😮😮😮😮😮😮

[@baderminahdin9450]

deep time is fascinating 😥

[@iordanneDiogeneslucas]

the himalayas are so big because they are young, not enough time for nature to weather them back down

[@gapetheapegod7976]

@@iordanneDiogeneslucas aren't they still growing too?

[@halfcool5014]

Monke

[@doctor_meme9881]

Those apes still inhabit Italy , we Italians call them "calabresi"

[@justcallmeSheriff]

Crocodylomorphs! They were super diverse and widespread all throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. They filled a variety of niches as grazers, fast running predators, and possibly even filter feeders. And fully terrestrial and marine species died out only very recently, so early humans likely had to deal with them as a natural hazard of life! I would not be surprised if a lot of myths about dragons and sea monsters are based on these very real creatures who we shared the world with.

[@lilitheden748]

Sword of Tauberg an excellent choice. Those beasts are magnificent and very diverse indeed. There was even one that walked on his hind legs...

[@ilovecheez7769]

As in creatures related to crocodiles and alligators? I'm not quite sure. If so, that could be an interesting topic for a video.

[@justcallmeSheriff]

@@ilovecheez7769 they are one of the three big groups of archosaurs, which also included the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. They survived The Great Dying, diversified alongside the other archosaurs, and some survived the Cretaceous extinction alongside the flying dinosaurs. They diversified again into many terrestrial and aquatic forms, including marine species. Today we have just a tiny fraction of what was around just 10,009 years ago.

[@ytsarmani196]

Christians will even deny this.

[@RK-uw1xr]

Plz do austrailias megafauna e.g marsupial lion and aboriginal interactions. Or the giant eagles of new Zealand 😁

[@dankaroterdoo6912]

Say it brother or sister nice work.👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👌👌👌✋✋✋

[@wonderman7166]

PLEASE PLEASE do "The evolution of Bears and how they ended up in different places around the world" 😊😊🐻🐼🐨

[@SkySilverFire]

Yessss!!!

[@COVID-19_Crab]

Btw koala bears are actually more closely related to wombats and to the infamous Thylacoleo

[@AngelRojasTV]

Can you make one on fungi? From the beginning of earth to the Vikings using amanita muscaria before fighting, or why do magic mushrooms evolved to be psychedelic ?

[@canibaloxide]

4:45 motorhead voice "The apes of Spain!"

[@lindenstromberg6859]

Hahahaha

[@gamermthegreat8229]

How do i become a paleontologist? (Classes and stuff like that)

[@bryndel]

University

[@gamermthegreat8229]

@@bryndel well da

[@nw932]

@@gamermthegreat8229 Look up colleges/universities with good or well renowned paleo programs and start applying.

[@Thumbsupurbum]

Study, study, study. I hope you like reading really dry science books.

[@gamermthegreat8229]

@@nw932 im in high school and in Indiana there's not really schools for paleontology ariund here.

[@AjrAlves]

I swear I understood "Wi-Fi molars"...

[@eons]

Yeah but wouldn't that be awesome! Full bars everywhere you go! (BdeP)

[@mammy188]

Same here!

[@josephb1404]

Built-in Bluetooth

[@rolandfelice6198]

Loved this video. It illustrates the nonlinear nature of evolution. And greatly expands our family tree. What fun!

[@brendarua01]

our bit appears tree-like. But maybe the big picture is a non-linear bush?

[@GhazMazMSM]

Do when dogs and cats were one

[@vippsmillennial6336]

There was an old Tv series named 'The Velvet Claw' where they show it in cartoon-animation. And that show had a super-cool opening score!!

[@istvansipos9940]

@Internet User it was a cog. or a dat. a cag. or a dot

[@amogusinsuster9560]

So good boys expect they Actually have hunting skills

[@user-qo6bn7jp4q]

You mean Miacids?

[@JoeyVol]

That was the late 90s. CATDOG! (Plays intro music)

[@kiranroye6498]

May you please do the evolution of terrestrial arthropods or, if possible, the differences between juvenile dinosaurs and adult dinosaurs. Thanks for the awesome videos!

[@andrewmazza5184]

Evolutionary history of bears.

[@dankaroterdoo6912]

Well done

[@lightningboltt5437]

Moth light media did a video

[@rasmusn.e.m1064]

Thanks a lot for this video! Very interesting to see apes apart from humans in Europe! The transition from sub-tropical forest to deciduous forest mentioned in the video made we want to ask this question: Is it possible that you could do a video on the evolution of trees?

[@Dragrath1]

Which type of trees? Plants seem to have independently converged towards what we recognize as trees quite a few times from the Giant Horsetails, and Scale Trees, progymnosperms(ancestors of gymnosperms) of the Paleozoic to the later "seed ferns" from which Angiosperms would emerge from to convergent achieve treelike structures multiple times even among the woody plants we think of as hardwood, if that wasn't enough even Ferns got in on the action in the southern hemisphere as has giant Bamboo in eastern Asia. So really there is no one group of trees given the plants we call trees emerged from very different branches of the Plant kingdom/family. It is just a really really popular form for convergent evolution....

[@rasmusn.e.m1064]

@@Dragrath1 Is this a question or a replacement for a video that mightn't come? xD Jk, thanks for the info that I wasn't aware of. I really just think that plants are very underrated in popular paleontology and want to maybe learn a bit about how they came to be the way they are today, and I thought perhaps I should ask broadly if they would cover trees before specifically ditto.

[@mailio4536]

Will you cover the history of jellyfish at some point? think that'd be a really interesting topic

[@francescadibologna4143]

i'm fascinated in all those surreal and alien-seeming soft-bodied sea creatures. i'd love to see something that covered the evolutionary trajectory from the jellyworld of the proterozoic, when almost everything was soft-bodied, to the spectra of soft-bodied sea creatures we have now; jellyfish, octopus, squid, and creatures like the cuttlefsih that are kind of inbetweeners between softbodied and crustacean. so a long way around of saying +1. i would def like to se this one too.

[@francescadibologna4143]

ps. @mailios if you haven't seen these already they are along similar lines to your jellyfish proposal, so may well be of interest to you. all superb eons naturally. How the Squid Lost Its Shell kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWXZqaKGYq55aK8 The Other Explosion You Should Know About (aka Proterozoic). kzbin.info/www/bejne/gKHMY4mAn5qDnrs

[@Dragrath1]

There is really cool stuff about Cnidarians which molecular genetic and developmental studies have found to be far more complex than anticipated with differentiated tissues analogous to those in Bilaterians which likely shared a nerve net bilateral symmetry stuff related to cell differentiation I don't quite understand and genetic stuff.

[@francescadibologna4143]

@Mac Mcskullface agreed re scarcity, but as this site (random example) shows www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Precambrian-Fossils.htm proterozoic eon (precambrian) 'fossils' (be they physical, indexes or chemical signatures) are increasingly being identified as our understanding (of what exactly we are supposed to be looking for and where) and tech (to be able to detect ever subtler traces) advance. another area i'm fascinated by are those lost branches of life that existed simultaneously with LUCA for a while, a long while, until LUCA eventually out-evolved and superceded them. many wiped out by the great oxygenation event (anoxic life forms). jurassic gets the mainstream ateention and the clicks re web media, but the proterozoic is what gets me buzzing. along with everything else. the history of earth is a pretty big subject. hence my abiding affection for these eons vids.

[@petarzhotev7512]

They don't fossilise. Sad.