Evil Numbers (extra footage) - Numberphile

[@chrisyeager2849]

If you add the digits of 16161 it equals 15, which is divisible by 3, which means the original number is divisible by 3

[@Craznar]

Video needed to be 10 seconds longer.

[@Cosine_Wave]

ah yes, 7:06, classic

[@Craznar]

6 minutes + 66 seconds is 7:06 indeed :)

[@IronWarrior4Ever]

Should have been 616.

[@Jivvi]

6:66

[@SavageGreywolf]

You mean it needed to be 11 minutes and 6 seconds long

[@gzachar77]

'1(nzeroes)616(nzeroes)1' is always divisible by 3 therefore it is never a prime. :)

[@tc14hd23]

Yeah, the digit sum is for all n 15

[@ChrisMMaster0]

@@tc14hd23 wait, some number can be determined if prime or not by adding up their digits?

[@ChrisMMaster0]

@@tc14hd23 if so 1(n 0s)666(n 0s)1 does not work.

[@tc14hd23]

@@ChrisMMaster0 Yes, you can say that some numbers can't be prime by looking at their digit sum. If the digit sum of a number n is divisible by 3, n will also be divisible by 3 and therefore n can't be prime.

[@KrisPBacon69]

@@ChrisMMaster0 this works for checking if a number is divisible by 3, and if I'm not mistaken it also works for 9

[@octopus44445]

Well... Yeah... 1(n zeroes)616(n zeroes)1 is always going to be divisible by 3.

[@wdkeil]

CountAlaric outstanding observation. +1

[@razor1869]

Sum of digits is divisible by 3 so yes(obviously)

[@redsalmon9966]

Oh... that’s right

[@jordanweir7187]

well spotted my bro i did not think to try that

[@Jetpans]

Woosh

[@fanaticlychee]

The Padilla Prime, just assume they find out it's not prime at all, then it's right up there with the Parker Square

[@PC_Simo]

Indeed 😅.

[@adammullan5904]

It’s not that strange that the Voynich manuscript contains letters that you only find at the start/middle/end of a word, Arabic is an example of a script where each consonant has a different form depending on its position in the word. Even the fact that there’s a mix of position specific and non-specific letters isn’t a stretch of the imagination (even in English, letters like r and s once had position specific forms, others like a and g still have multiple non-specific forms, others still like h or k have always had only one form). The real fascination is that sometimes there’s a letter that only appears once in the entire manuscript, other times you’ll get the same letter three or four times in a row, yet other letters can be ordered by frequency just as you can order English letters like E T A O I [...] K J X Q Z, meaning the language behind the cipher appears sometimes natural and other times entirely non-human. There are also a bunch of weird unearthly animals and plants mixed in with known and recognisable species. As you can tell, it’s a manuscript I find really cool lol

[@EebstertheGreat]

I noticed that the Wikipedia article also cites the claim that having letters with grammatical function at the end of words (like s in English) never appear in the middle of words is unheard-of. But that's clearly nonsense, since as you pointed out, s itself would never appear in that form in the middle of a word in many English documents. I mean, in other documents it might, but there is only one Voynich manuscript. It's a weird thing to say.

[@livedandletdie]

It's a Turkic language. Because there are entire pages that has been translated. But still yes, in old cursive letters were specific to beginning or in the middle or the end of a word. S in old Cursive German had 3 shapes. There's a whole page about sunflowers in the Voynich Manuscript.

[@EebstertheGreat]

@@livedandletdie The Voynich manuscript has not been translated, in part or in whole.

[@renatap.6100]

There are people claiming the opposite kzbin.info/www/bejne/pmfOloCdgdJ5e80

[@EloNaj]

@@renatap.6100 Well it was claimed a lot of times in the past.

[@brucemckay6615]

Is there a number called Optimus Prime??

[@shireenyap1377]

Maybe a movie?

[@matek9975]

they even made several movies about it. They do some transformations on it there!

[@PyThon253]

Optimus Prime: 15-16-20-9-13-21-19 16-18-9-13-5 With A1Z26 Cipher (What he used) You can substitute any alphabetical string with a numerical value. Use a rotation Cipher such as Caesar's Cipher to change values by shifting by a given amount. Python is best for these tasks.

[@SavageGreywolf]

@@PyThon253 it's not prime, though. It can't be, it ends with a 5.

[@lonestarr1490]

@@SavageGreywolf Since it's about Optimus Prime, you clearly have to transform it first, before it assumes its prime shape.

[@MeLoonn]

That manuscript was written by dolphins to tell us about the vogon fleet arriving soon.

[@shanematthews1985]

Time to grab my towel

[@Nemelis0]

Than it is a long way to say: so long and thanks for all the fish ;-)

[@Lord_Skeptic]

I seem to be having this tremendous difficulty with my life style

[@adam2aces]

42 to be exact

[@xxnitro9248]

Time to get some fishing rods and fish for silk touch books

[@NocturnalJin]

Seems like 616 is a better candidate for the "number of the beast" since it refuses to satisfy you.

[@LuisAldamiz]

It does not satifies primeness, to begin with, when surrounded by ones (is always multiple of 3).

[@snbeast9545]

Satisfaction is a means of deception. Checkmate.

[@james_subosits]

Hold on - Adam Savage from Mythbusters supports Numberphile on Patreon? That's crazy.

[@The_Omegaman]

He was in a Parker video I think too

[@mickeyrube6623]

4:52 Arabic works exactly like that. You write a letter differently depending on weather it come at the start, middle, or end of a word. So three different symbols for the same letter. It could be that the letters that appear in the Voinovich (sp?) Book do in fact occur at different points of words, but they only appear as different letters.

[@bandie9101]

i just want to note, unless it has been noted yet, that 665 is also occured in some manuscripts as the number of the beast. this is due to the spelling variations for emperor Nero's name.

[@koenth2359]

10000....0000061600000.....00001 is always a multiple of 3, because the sum of the digits is.

[@kaaiplayspiano7200]

Much.. shut up

[@kedarsontakke1394]

Came to comment that, but a year late.

[@thangarathinavelvelayutham89]

Kudos for your excellent observation

[@CerebrumMortum]

5:00 - Actually we do have a language that has this property: Biblical Hebrew. 5 Hebrew letters have specific start-word and end-word forms. Which is why it was suggested the manuscript is somehow related to Hebrew.

[@christianp7200]

tested it up to n=100000 was a joke, wasnt it? 10..06160..01 always will be divisible by 3 as the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3.

[@gildedbear5355]

he could have "tested" it by writing a little program that tries to divide by 3 and tells you if it was successful? that could take a few minutes to test up to n=100000.

[@Jetpans]

Woosh, it was obviously a joke xD he even winked at one point xd

[@gildedbear5355]

@@Jetpans I'm the kind of person who, depending on mood, would actually run the test, even though I don't need to, just to say that I did.

[@cristiandelvillar3121]

I’m so confused what does the sum of the digits have to do with anything? The sum of the digits in Belphegor primes are divisible by 2

[@danielroder830]

I can imagine he didn't initially thought about it and just put in the numbers in his program to test for prime and then the computer always was super fast in finding 3 as a divisor and could test all up to n=100000 in seconds without struggle. The program could be smarter than him and use those divisibility tricks before actually doing calculations to hardcheck for prime.

[@KurtSchwind]

I jumped in here to say that 100.0061600.001 is always going to be divisible by 3. (no need to test 1000s) and a dozen others have beat me to it. Love Numberphile.

[@Aventium]

Padilla wasn't wearing that Hollister shirt on coincidence. Padilla is Belphegor.

[@jonadabtheunsightly]

"There are letters that appear, or symbols that appear, only at the starts of words, or only at the end, or only in the middle, and there's no language that we know of that has that property..." Wat? Lots of languages have symbols that appear only at the starts of words. Most languages written in the Latin alphabet, for example, only use the capitals at the starts of words. (Modern English is an exception to this due only to the proliferation of lexicalized abbreviations.) Other alphabetic writing systems with two cases often have this property as well. A number of languages have distinct end-of-word letterforms, including Greek (sigma), Hebrew (kaph, pe, daleth, etc.), and Arabic, among others. Symbols that occur only in the middle of words are less common, but not entirely unattested, especially if ligatures count, e.g., some historic European typesetting had ligatures for doubled consonants, such as ff, ss, and sz. This last gives rise to modern ß, which I think is only used intervocalically, and thus only in the middle of words, never on the beginning or end, if I understand correctly (though I'm not literate in German, so I could be missing something). The Voynich manuscript /is/ unusual in a number of ways; but this isn't one of them.

[@Krumpetify]

Hebrew speaker here, kaph, pe, tsadik, mem, and noon have different forms at the end of a word, but not daleth as you've said.

[@jonadabtheunsightly]

@@Krumpetify Oh, right, I was thinking of nun. Not sure why I said daleth. Maybe I was getting confused with the list of letters that can take a dagesh forte (a list which also includes pe), but that's irrelevant here.

[@Krumpetify]

@@jonadabtheunsightly I didn't know it was called forte, that is so cool. However, on reading about it on Wikipedia it seems like every letter can accept it, though it's more common for some.

[@jonadabtheunsightly]

@@Krumpetify Dagesh forte, "strong dagesh", is when dagesh actually changed the pronunciation of the letter (v => b, voiced th => d, voiceless th => t, f => p, etc.). The other kind is "dagesh lene", weak dagesh. (The distinction is based on ancient Hebrew. Some of the pronunciation changes are different or not used at all in Modern Hebrew, which also has a number of other phonological changes.)

[@Kumaryoku]

There are several words in German that have ß as an ending, although some of them have been changed to ss. But even some common words like süß (sweet) still have the ß ending

[@Porglit]

I love how he knows all these numbers are just goofy and laughs like a little boy throughout it all XD

[@GilesBathgate]

G = 7 I = 9 L = 12 E = 5 S = 19 7912519 is prime!

[@DemoniteBL]

Joshua (1015198211) is also prime. Yay.

[@crushelnast6657]

Giles Prime? O yeah

[@EsperantistoVolulo]

Gyuhwa(72521831) is also a prime!

[@EsperantistoVolulo]

And G+Y+U+H+W+A+L+E+E=107 is an another prime!

[@EsperantistoVolulo]

We need a list of 'prime names'

[@davidp.7620]

3:20 They are all divisible by 3, for every n

[@whitherwhence]

About the manuscript that has symbols that only exist in the beginning/middle/end of words and how no language does that: Arabic and Manchu do that. In their alphabets, each letter connects to the letters next to it, and letters have up to four shapes, one to connect only forwards, one to connect only backwards, one to connect both ways, and one to connect either.

[@gsurfer04]

I think they mean that there are unique letters, not just letter forms, that only appear in specific positions.

[@whitherwhence]

@@gsurfer04 It's can be hard to tell different forms from different letters. Look at Arabic's ha, for example

[@CerebrumMortum]

@@gsurfer04 How would they know? The Hebrew m for example looks entirely different when used on the end of a word. Such a code could be using a similar end-word/start-word letter forms which is very common in Semitic languages

[@nbvehbectw5640]

As far as I know, Greek language has two different sigmas: σ and ς, and the second one is used only at the end of the words.

[@ragibhasan5745]

Today, 2/13/2021, is the day when Numberphile2 reaches 222k subs.

[@ucantSQ]

Never thought I'd hear about the Voynich manuscript on Numberphile.

[@bengrace8808]

The Voynich manuscript is the coolest thing, glad it got a shoutout.

[@oatmilk9545]

yeah, totally

[@jasonmintzchannel8902]

“It’s got 7s at the end” Luck: Am I a jok- “7 bad sins”

[@lotoreo]

may the power of the lord (x raised to the power of 105.192.119) compel you!

[@PyThon253]

Optimus + Prime: (A1Z26) 15-16-20-9-13-21-19 + 16-18-9-13-5 1516209132119 + 16189135 ... What does this mean Optimus is Not Prime after all? #Megatron!

[@azialifaziz6652]

*j e s u s p r i m e*

[@PyThon253]

1(13)777(13)1

[@UCLAursinho]

The Belfegor Prime with a 1 at each end, 616 in the middle and zeroes elsewhere is never prime. Its always divisible by 3.

[@FoxDren]

In relation to the voynich manuscript could it be possible that these symbols which only appear at the start middle or end of the world might just be that certain symbols change depending on where they are in a word like in Arabic.

[@OriginalPiMan]

I was thinking the same.

[@nebelung1]

Trust me people have tried to apply Arabic to it too... it's not that simple

[@OriginalPiMan]

@@nebelung1 Sure, but the claim in the video of there not being a language that has characters that only ever appear in certain positions in words is false.

[@GamePackAlpha]

Of course 1n616n1 won't be prime, one cool fact about base 10 is that when you add all the digits together, if it is divisable by 3, then the whole number will be divisible by 3. 1+6+1+6+1 = 12+3 = 15 so the number will always be divisible by 3 no matter how many 0's

[@Owen_loves_Butters]

That’s actually the case with any base. Take the base, subtract 1, and all factors of that number will follow that rule. 10-1=9 and the factors of 9, excluding 1, are 3 and 9, which the rule works for. In hexadecimal (base 16), the rule works for multiples of 3, 5, and 15.

[@primordial.sounds]

From the wikipedia article about the Voynich Manuscript; "Discovered earliest information about the existence comes from a letter that was found inside the covers of the manuscript, and it was written in either 1665 or 1666"

[@StefanSchmalhaus]

666 is no longer alone He's getting out the marrow in your backbone And the seven trumpets blowing sweet rock and roll Gonna blow right down inside your soul

[@ax999]

Maybe 616 is the number of the beast, and primes are too pure to be corrupted!

[@LuisAldamiz]

Who says The Beast is evil?

[@TruthNerds]

_Seven_ deadly sins - too late I guess.

[@MegaMinerd]

Actually, as of a few months ago, one of the leading theories about the Voynich Manuscript is that it's connected to Turkish, not Hebrew. Ahmet Ardic and his sons proposed the theory, and it's currently under peer review, but it's still an intriguing proposal.

[@LuisAldamiz]

There's some Latin annotations in the text and, critically: "f70v-f73v: The astrological series of diagrams in the astronomical section has the names of 10 of the months (from March to December) written in Latin script, with spelling suggestive of the medieval languages of France, northwest Italy, or the Iberian Peninsula[27]" So something from Western Europe rather than Turkey.

[@mina86]

Claim at 5:00 sounds dubious. In Greek, lower-case sigma has two forms: one which only appears at the beginning and another which only appears at the end of the words. In Polish, ą and ę never appear at the beginning of the word. There’s only a handful of words in English that end in ‘q’.

[@andyplayz3745]

My ad started by saying “put me on the naughty list” 💀

[@rDnhey]

Great video!

We know of languages where certain symbols only appear at the start (or end): In Greek, lowercase Sigma has two variants, one is only used at the end of words.

[@mileswilliams527]

Voynich has been translated by a Turkish bloke and his two sons I believe, he noticed the similarities to an old dialect he was familiar with and that piqued his interest, he then recruited the assistance of his lads.

[@gigaherz_]

Actually this would prove the opposite -- the number MUST be 616, because the beast wouldn't be hiding in something so "orderly"? I mean I'm not religious, but one could argue that prime numbers are more "godly" than an average number? So for the number of the beast to appear in them, they'd be "tainted"?

[@Dagobah359]

1:23 I think you should name it after Hell's ambassador to England: Mammon's Prime.

[@yassinenacif418]

1 + nZeros + 616 + nZeros + 1, the sum up of any number in this way will always lead to a numbers divisible by 3, so no primes there

[@EebstertheGreat]

Are there Belphegor-esque primes of the form 9(n zeroes)616(n zeroes)9? Maybe we were just going about it wrong.

[@lonestarr1490]

I've found one: the smallest prime of this form appears for n=18. So 90000000000000000006160000000000000000009 is prime.

[@EebstertheGreat]

@@lonestarr1490 Nice! It has 616 in the middle rather than 666, the alternate number of the beast. Instead of being 31 digits long (13 reversed), it has digital sum 31. And instead of 13 zeroes on either side with ones on the ends, it has 18 with nines, and 1 + 8 = 9. I guess it's Belphegor's Other Prime.

[@almoglevin]

Hebrew and Arabic have letters that take on a different shape when they are at the end of a word.

[@mal2ksc]

So does Greek: σ/ς for example. Same letter, just one is a base form and the other is a final form.

[@HighMansx]

Parker Prime

[@Markovisch]

It's a fully correct prime though, so this shouldn't be called a Parker Prime. Perhaps if you subtract those primes by 1, making them ALMOST prime, you could call them a Parker Prime.

[@void9720]

Grime Prime, it rhymes

[@Elnadrius]

@@Markovisch I think 1 should be called Parker Prime. It's kind a prime, but not really.

[@patrickgono6043]

60000006660000006 It is even, so not prime for sure, but eeeh, close enough. That's a Parker prime

[@msolec2000]

No, the 616 version is the Parker Prime.

[@steveburke1519]

616 numbers can never be prime. Take 16161, 1061601, 100616001, etc. All numbers of this format are divisible by 3 because if you add the digits up they sum to 15, which is divisible by 3, making all such numbers divisible by 3.

[@maxhaibara8828]

Where can I buy "Padilla Prime" merch

[@louis-philip]

Well, this episode was fun!

[@MrDavis-oz6uw]

Importantly can you tell us if the moon is made of Wesleydale or Stilton?

[@MalcolmCooks]

all belphegor primes are beastly and most are naughty

[@lawrencecalablaster568]

Welcome to Numerologyphile!

[@SolinoOruki]

Well in persian (and arabic) script we do have symbols that come only in the beginning of words and symbols that come only at the end of words.

[@TimJSwan]

They found out recently that the Voynich manuscript is Turkish with a weird handwriting. Noone updated the wiki yet.

[@canadianpsycho1867]

heres what could have saved a hundred thousand attempts: the sum of the digits of any number only containing 6s along with three 1s and a bunch of 0s is always going to be a multiple of 3 which means NO number of the 1061601 form could be prime.

[@andrewmirror4611]

Well, we missed the opportunity to name it TrumPrime

[@StefanReich]

KZbin comments are so underrated. I truly love them

[@veneficuscomrade9059]

I lost my mind when it zoomed in on his shirt lmaooo

[@veganwater381]

Who's Everton?

[@dragoncurveenthusiast]

4:51 in Hebrew some letters look different when they are at the end of the word. It's the same letter, but the character looks different. It's funny you say we don't know of any language that does that just seconds after mentioning Hebrew. Meanwhile, in German, the ß character can never be at the start of a word. It doesn't even exist as a capital letter. It can only be in the middle or at the end of words.

[@mal2ksc]

ß does exist as a capital letter in Unicode: ẞ. This is for things (like road signs) that are traditionally in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.

[@EloNaj]

@@mal2ksc The capital ẞ is a very recent invention. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F#Capital_form

[@JefferyMewtamer]

Hmm... E is the fifth letter of the alphabet, so using the replace each letter with its position and concatenate the result will always be divisible by five in base 10 for any word or phrase ending with e. In bases 11 through 36, letters are used for values starting at ten, and strangely enough, odd letters take on even values and vice versa(e.g. A in hexadecimal is 10 in decimal and F in hexadecimal is 15 in decimal), so any word written in a base that uses all the letters of the word will be even and thus not prime if the last letter is e. Hmmm. grid positions are often given with a column letter and row umber or vice versa, with the lettering going: a, b, c, ..., x, y, z, aa, ab, ac, ... ax, ay, az, ba, bb, bc, ... zx, zy, zz, aaa, aab, aac... If we continued in this vain, what would be the numerical value of the word prime? and ould it be prime? And is there an easy way to convert such strings to their numerical value?

[@hebl47]

6 years ago, I'd have taken offense to that dig at Man United not being worthy. But nowdays, I completely agree.

[@ivangetta]

a paper published recently that explains language of the voynich manuscript, look for Ahmet Ardich

[@andersbendsen5931]

Didn't age well. 🤷‍♂️

[@rkond]

Numbers 100…0061600…001 are all divisible by 3 because sum of their digits is always 15.

[@TheMysteryman32]

Did anyone noticed Adam Savage as patreon? (Hint - 6:43)

[@Einyen]

30000006160000003 and 300000000616000000003 are prime (n=6, n=8), and it is also prime with n=450 zeros on each side, no more for n

[@DanielKarbach]

"Symbols only at the start of words" hmmmm, can't be capital letters, right? ^^ (also, there's languages with special letters that go at the end of the word, such as farsi)

[@ivanwidmer7811]

“1 (n zeros) 616 (n zeros) 1” will never be prime because 6+6+1+1+1=15 which means it’s immediately divisible by 3.

[@GreenMeansGOF]

He really Parker Squared this one, ha? If we use 616, the number is always divisible by 3.

[@Radditz770]

I think that The Everton Prime should be called the Lucky Prime! Because seven is a lucky number, and because of the saying "luck of the devil" :D

[@00BillyTorontoBill]

Voynich is a magicians prop.

[@ganrimmonim]

The letters only appearing at the start and ends of words isn't that surprising Hebrew has final forms of some letters Mem and Nun for example and other languages have different forms of letters for when they appear at the start of words.

[@yogitshankar6348]

The manuscript looks like a herbarium file or something with hand drawn samples Interestingly the inverted π looks like a small plant's leaf

[@newbooksmell4163]

If anything the fact that 616 is just NOT therr in any prime makes it more ominous

[@danielw.4876]

What method is used to test numbers like 100000...0000061600000...000001 to see if they are prime?

[@danielw.4876]

nevermind its always divisible by three, thanks Comments section.

[@dimasgomez]

Just for fun, I would call 70000006660000007 the Devil's Jail Prime, because it reminds me of the prophecy of Revelation 20:2 that "He [an angel] seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years". I don't know much about it, but the sevens at the extremes would be the jail or "(...) hand the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain" (Rev 20:1), being the zeros the bottomless pit and the great chain.

[@dleuthold]

I agree

[@bagelnine9]

Personally, I would've called the "everton prime" seventy quintillion, six trillion, six hundred sixty billion and seven.

[@coreyburton8]

Sadly 'Optimus Prime' is not a prime number (151620913211916189135)

[@Macieks300]

In Polish there aren't any words starting with "y" except for yeti.

[@fernandocarrazzoni]

05:52.

[@yjonesy]

Padilla's Prime! 😂

[@carnsoaks1]

was some arcane paperwork for an alchemist

[@Nippontradamus]

Adam Savage?

[@CaptainWolff]

Who is Everton? Among the list of Evertons on Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton) non of the stands out as particularly evil, unless you consider footballers to be evil.

[@anthonymarantino8762]

I know a language that has letters only appear at the beginning or middle or end of words: contracted braille. But I also know that they tried all contracted letters for that weird ass manuscript so don't think that's the secret of the manuscript.

[@redsalmon9966]

5:32 Vsauce intensified

[@LedZeppelinForever13]

Any interest in doing more gematria videos?

[@CaseyShontz]

I’m not evil! I don’t think I’m evil, anyway...

[@realcygnus]

an interesting ad .....1st time for everything

[@Mornys]

I don't know. I once saw an 8 kicking a puppy.

[@timmy18135]

Do Angel numbers next

[@ceruchi2084]

4:51 No one knows about Arabic?

[@kylehendrickson8527]

Ironically, 13 is the 6th prime number in order. 6+1+6 = 13

[@anastasiaklyuch2746]

the HOMEWORK prime!

[@malferguson2548]

Everton's chances of winning the title are 70000006660000007/1.

[@movax20h]

1000..000616000...0001 is always divisible by 3.

[@PC_Simo]

For me, the 1’s represent the Devil’s horns 😈.

[@jackbrennan7891]

A joke about Parker's prime, anyone?

[@arturzathas499]

"i'm not evil. "i don't think i am anyway"" - i know we have to question everything, but that's a bit too far isnt it